|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2015‒03‒27
thirty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Avik Sinha (Indian Institute of Management Indore); Joysankar Bhattacharya (Indian Institute of Management Indore) |
| Abstract: | Considering the context of India, economic liberalization plays a major role in industrialization and environmental degradation, at the same time. India’s fossil fuel based energy-led economic growth and consequential carbon emissions are largely influenced by economic liberalization. In this paper, we have considered the twenty years per and post liberalization (1971-2010) and by formulation of an error correction model, we have demonstrated by the established causal associations among economic growth, drivers of growth, and negative consequences of growth undergo changes. This demonstration is based on three constructs associated with economic liberalization, namely industrialization, energy efficiency, and rural-urban migration. Analysis of missing feedback link in Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis using contextual interventions is the primary contribution of this paper in ecological economics literature. |
| Keywords: | Fossil Fuel, CO2 Emission, Economic Liberalization, Environmental Kuznets Curve, India, Vector error correction |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 Q59 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0802086&r=env |
| By: | ALI KAHRAMANOGLU (SELCUK UNIVERSITY DOGANHISAR VOCATIONAL SCHOOL); BURCU ASLANTAS ATES (SULEYMAN DEMIREL UNIVERSITY) |
| Abstract: | Due to rapid population growth and industrialization environmental problems has increased. So, businesses have social responsibility with regard to protection of the environment. Besides social responsibility, due to some legal regulations businesses use environment like an production input and there is also that take protective measures about it. For environmental protection, businesses have to both manufacture environmentally friendly products and to the reduce of hazardous waste and environmental costs information is required for the recycling. Traditional accounting system shows the environmental costs as overhead costs so environmental decision making processes constitute deficiency in the provision of the necessary information. Expressing an economic value of natural resources, bear to cost for prevention and reduction of environmental problems has revealed the concept of environmental accounting.Environmental Accounting, as a result of business activities, can be measured with money, occurring increases and decreases in environmental resources, records, reports, analysises. Environmental Accounting describes the businesses about status of environmentally in environmental information system.In this study, Ready Mixed Concrete Production Plant and Cement Production Plant which are operating in Turkey were conducted comparative analysis in terms of environmental costs, environmental accounting records in order, laws and social responsibilities about how do they reduce environmental impact. |
| Keywords: | Enviromental Accounting, Enviromental Cost, Environmental Protection Activities |
| JEL: | M41 M40 M49 |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301557&r=env |
| By: | Remus Ion Hornoiu (Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania) |
| Abstract: | Tourism, as a distinct field of activity, is strongly linked to climate change: in a positive way - by providing the necessary resources and factors to reduce the action of climate change through the use of alternative energy technologies with low environmental impact, and the controlled development of tourist flows – and a negative one – through energy consumption, visitors transportation, the quantities of waste. Among the solutions mentioned, the present research has focused on protected areas since the argument was less debated in the scientific literature, but also in business practice. As the main service providers regarding ecosystems and biological resources, protected areas meet the requirements to preserve species worldwide and are vulnerable to climate change. Tourism in protected may became a tourist travel motive more prominent in the future as the natural environment and the species from protected areas are threatened by climate change. Therefore, the paper explains different climate change impacts and implications for tourism in protected areas. The research field proposed aimed to assess the direct and indirect impact of climate changes for tourism in protected areas. The objectives were related to: determine the level of importance of different modifications in the structure of the major components of tourism in protected area under the direct climate change impact; indicate the importance level of changes in natural characteristics of environments which could influence negative tourism by reducing the perceived attractiveness of a protected area, under indirect climate change impact; highlight the importance level of modifications, induced by indirect climate change impact, in socioeconomic environment of local communities in protected areas which could affect tourism. Based on the research findings were elaborated proposals for an appropriate strategy in the field of climate change mitigation . This work was supported by the project “Excellence academic routes in the doctoral and postdoctoral research – READ†co-funded from the European Social Fund through the Development of Human Resources Operational Programme 2007-2013, contract no. POSDRU/159/1.5/S/137926. |
| Keywords: | tourism; protected areas; climate change; impact |
| JEL: | Q26 Q56 L83 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0902878&r=env |
| By: | Lapan, Harvey E.; Sikdar, Shiva |
| Keywords: | Strategic environmental policy; leakage eect; intra-industry trade; transboundary pollution. |
| JEL: | F F18 H H23 Q Q56 |
| Date: | 2014–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:39137&r=env |
| By: | Nurilla Elysa Putri (Sriwijaya University) |
| Abstract: | Planning is a beginning process of an activity, therefore Development plan is the begin of a development activities that oriented on the sustainable environment are required, and tgis environmemt plan can be get by the integration of Ecological Footprint intoregional development –planning, especially Spatial Planning (RTRW). This research aims to Identify whether the region Spatial Planning (RTRW)) in South Sumatra has integrated ecological footprint in it and identify potential flood-prone areas in South Sumatra. The long term goal of this research is the development planning that integrates Ecological Footprint, therefore development can be implemented to maintain the environmental balance and sustainability to prevention of recurrent flooding due to global climate changes. The research method used was a survey method through primary and secondary data collection. Data analysis was performed qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that the designation of space is still weak in account the ability of the land to provide for the consumption needs of the population in South Sumatra and not taking into account the allocation of space for consumption waste disposal of the population of this area. Moreover the designation of protected areas and environmental sustainability of aquaculture as a buffer as a place of life is still very low. When viewed from the geography of this flood-prone area is the area which is traversed by a river or watershed. That can be known the first cause of flood disasters is rising sea levels which impact on the rising water level of the river therefore if rain occurs this river will overflow to the mainland, and cause the flood ecological disaster. |
| Keywords: | Ecological Footprint, Spatial Planning, Climate Change, flood ecological disaster |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0701249&r=env |
| By: | Nikos Tsakiris; Panos Hatzipanayotou (Athens University of Economics and Business); Michael S. Michael |
| Abstract: | We construct a general equilibrium model of two regions with cross-border pollution and capital mobility. To control pollution governments issue either intra-regionally or inter-regionally tradable emissions permits. We examine two issues. First, can the non-cooperative and cooperative equilibrium of either intra or inter-regionally tradable emission permits be equally welfare efficient? Second, at Nash equilibrium, which permits regime, and under what conditions, welfare dominates the other? For a comprehensive examination of these issues, we compare the results to when emission taxes control pollution. We highlight the role of capital mobility and cross-border pollution in all three policy regimes. |
| Keywords: | Cross-border pollution, Tradable emission permits, Capital Mobility, Welfare ranking |
| JEL: | F18 F21 H21 |
| Date: | 2015–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1509&r=env |
| By: | Giovanis, Eleftherios; Ozdamar, Oznur |
| Abstract: | This study explores the effects of air pollution on self-reported health status. Moreover, this study explores the willingness to pay for improving the air quality in UK. The estimates are based on data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). The effects of air pollution on individuals’ health status are estimated and their monetary value is calculated. In particular, two main air pollutants are examined; ground-level ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO). Moreover, various approaches are followed. The first approach refers to panel Fixed Effects regressions and specifically the Probit adapted Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) and the “Blow-Up and Cluster” (BUC) estimator. The second approach is the dynamic system Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM), while the last approach is the Generalized Ordered Probit with Random Effects model. The annual monetary values for ground level O3 range between £128-£149 for a drop of one unit, while the respective values for the CO range between £122-£141. In addition, the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for avoiding an inpatient day in hospital for a one unit reduction in pollution is £29. In the case where the fee of £20 per stay, proposed by a former Health minister in UK, will be implemented then the MWTP ranges between £530-£570. Based on the elective (planned) and non-elective (unplanned) inpatient stay cost per day which is £2,749 and is £2,197 respectively a 5 and 4 unit respectively decrease in air pollutants will lead to a MWTP equal to the inpatient day cost. Lastly, depending on the health status of the individual the MWTP for the number of General Practitioners (GP) ranges between £10-£60. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Environmental valuation, Health Status, Life satisfaction approach |
| JEL: | I31 Q51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:59988&r=env |
| By: | Julien Forbat (University of Geneva) |
| Abstract: | Introduction This study was done in the framework of a PhD thesis on the environmental health public policies in Europe. Its specific aim was notably to determine how the existing conceptual links between environmental health and sustainable development translated into real case health policies in three countries, namely Switzerland, Germany and Belgium. Methods The study was mainly based on interviews conducted among experts of the environmental health policy process. The analysis describes the environmental health policy of the three countries from the mid-1990s until today, notably the links between their national environmental health action plans (NEHAP) and their national strategies of sustainable development (NSSD), from the agenda setting phase to the implementation of measures. Results The analysis shows contrasted results among the countries considered. Indeed, Switzerland is clearly lagging behind since its abandonment of its federal environmental health policy in 2007. In contrary, Germany has achieved a relatively well structured network of actors involved in the field of environmental health, allowing the country to be at the forefront of scientific research. However, the three countries face powerful drawbacks regarding the making of an efficient environmental health policy, such as limited political attention or a focus on scientific research rather than on the implementation of constraining measures. Discussion While these two concepts – environmental health & sustainable development – call for systemic and intersectoral approaches, the cases under study highlight common challenges and shortcomings in the making of an efficient and lasting environmental health policy. Indeed, whether the analysis highlights obstacles arising from budgetary constraints, political timing or administrative conflicts and discrepancy, they all tend to demonstrate the difficulty to translate interdisciplinary concepts with complex interactions into real world policies. |
| Keywords: | environmental health, NEHAP, public policy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300202&r=env |
| By: | Michael Grimm; Jörg Peters |
| Abstract: | Local beer breweries in Burkina Faso absorb a considerable amount of urban woodfuel demand. We assess the woodfuel savings caused by the adoption of improved brewing stoves by these micro-breweries and estimate the implied welfare effects through the woodfuel market on private households as well as the environmental effect. We find substantial wood savings among the breweries and, subsequently, huge welfare gains for households and reductions in CO2-emissions. Since woodfuel is predominantly used for cooking by the poorer strata, the intervention under study is an example for a green growth intervention with pro-poor welfare gains – something green growth strategies should look for. |
| Keywords: | Burkina Faso; demand for woodfuel; green growth; impact evaluation; improved stoves; technology adoption |
| JEL: | D2 D6 I3 O3 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rwi:repape:0538&r=env |
| By: | Marcel Meler (Faculty of Ecomomics in Osijek); Dragan Magaš (Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in Opatija); |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to highlight the mutual interrelation between sustainable marketing and sustainable development. Sustainable development is viewed as an established three-dimensional concept comprising economic sustainability and prosperity, social equity and environmental quality. In order to achieve their full synergy, it is necessary to activate sustainable marketing, which is understood not only as a sustainable and profitable relationship with the customers, natural and social environment but also as a variety of socially responsible marketing or, on a wider scope, as a variety of social marketing or ultimately, a variety of macromarketing. Sustainable marketing can contribute to sustainable development not only through everyday’s practice of minimizing the environmental impact but also by implementing new policies and strategies to bolster a wider concept of sustainable growth as a fundamental part of economic entities. |
| Keywords: | economic sustainability, green marketing, socially responsible marketing, sustainable marketing, sustainable development |
| JEL: | M31 Q56 |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300294&r=env |
| By: | Eun-Mo Yang (Sungkyunkwan University); Young-Han Kim (Sungkyunkwan University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how environmental regulation affects the FDI strategies of parent firms in developing countries (the South) and developed countries (the North) when there are differences in the abatement technology and R&D efficiency between these countries. If there are more lenient regulations, it is more attractive to form a JV in the South. However, southern governments opt for lenient regulation when the abatement technology of the North, while not good, is still superior to that of the South. Furthermore, the welfare of the developing country is optimal when forming a domestic JV. This paper focused on FDI strategies in terms of the welfare of the South, with a view to being able to provide better policy modeling for the developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Emission standard; R&D; Developing country; Environmental regulation |
| JEL: | F18 F23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0902860&r=env |
| By: | Hasan AYDOGAN (Selcuk University, Technology Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department); Mario HIRZ (Graz University of Technology, Institute of Automotive Engineering); Helmut BRUNNER (Graz University of Technology, Institute of Automotive Engineering) |
| Abstract: | Being one of the most primary inputs of everyday life and the industrial world, energy has been used in various ways since the first existence of human beings. When we look at the types of energy used today, we can see that the mainly used types of fuels are fossil based. CO2 is emitted as a result of the combustion of fossil-based fuels. The increasing amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere create a greenhouse effect. Biofuels have been becoming prevalent rapidly because of constantly gaining economic value and concordantly having less negative effects on the environment. All plant and animal based substances with carbohydrate compounds as main components are biofuel resources.This study includes an examination of the different kinds of biofuels and their effects regarding environmental-related aspects. |
| Keywords: | biofuels, energy, environment |
| JEL: | Q40 Q49 Q42 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0702136&r=env |
| By: | Ozdamar, Oznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios |
| Abstract: | This study explores the determinants of health status in Turkey. Moreover, this study explores the willingness to pay for reducing the air and noise pollution. The estimates are based on data from the annual Income and Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) in Turkey which took place in period 2006-2012. The effects of air and noise pollution on individuals’ health status and whether an individual suffers from chronic illness are estimated and their monetary value is calculated. This is the first study which examines the effects of noise and air pollution in Turkey using a great variety of econometric models as ordered Logit and binary Logit models for cross sectional data. Moreover using a pseudo panel data created based on age and region cohorts various panel data econometric approaches are followed. Regarding the health status the first model is the adapted Probit fixed effects, the “Blow-Up and Cluster” (BUC) and Ferrer-i-Carbonell and Frijters (FCF) estimators to account for intercept heterogeneity. The second approach is the Random Effects Generalized Logit Model to account for slope heterogeneity. Finally, two and three stage least squares instrumental variables approaches are followed using wind direction and regional complaint rates on air and noise pollution as instruments. Income and education are the most important determinants of health status. Based on the favoured estimates individuals who reported problems with air and noise pollution are willing to pay for air and noise quality improvement more by 20.00-21.00 Turkish Liras (TL) and 22.80-25.00 TL respectively than the individuals than did not report any complaint. Finally, the MWTP values of air and noise pollution effects on wages, working hours lost, house rents and expenses and moving dwelling are calculated. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Environmental valuation, Health Status, Noise, Pseudo-Panel |
| JEL: | I31 Q51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:59992&r=env |
| By: | Mustafa ER (Turkish Air Force Academy); Ünal ARI (Turkish Air Force Academy) |
| Abstract: | Education is one of the most effective tools to shape the world and solve its problems. Furthermore the earth and its well-being is heavily dependent upon the education and the number of educated inhabitants who are well aware of the fact that the resources are limited and the environmental protection is essential for the future of the human race. Taking this fact into consideration, the focal point of this paper will be environmental education and sustainable development. Admitting the fact that curricula of educational institutions and educational approaches cannot be the only cure to the environmental problems, they can be used as invaluable tools to develop environmental awareness and help sustainable development. By the help of instructors and educational administrators, educational programs could be developed in such a way that they not only include traditional school subjects like mathematics, science, and reading but also involve courses and/or projects aiming at developing environmental competence of the learners. Designing the programs interdisciplinary approaches rather than traditional ones would be of great contribution to provide the society with citizens respecting the natural resources as social assets. In this respect teachers play an important role and teacher education programs are expected to raise environmental awareness of the prospective teachers. Under the light of those facts, this paper will analyze both some of the teacher education programs of Turkish universities and some of the educational practices in Turkish secondary schools’ programs with a critical approach to set the elements pertaining to environmental education. Furthermore some of the environmental education practices in various countries will also be discussed to illustrate good examples. Recommendations on curricular issues to improve environmental education and sustainable development will also be provided. |
| Keywords: | Environmental education, sustainable development, curriculum, teacher education |
| JEL: | I00 |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0100693&r=env |
| By: | Seyed Armin Hashemi (Department of Forestry ,Collage of Natural Resources ,Lahijan Branch ,Islamic Azad University); Somayeh Rahimzadeh (Department of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin) |
| Abstract: | Heavy metals such as lead and cadmium are among the pollutants that are created by the metal production factories and disseminated in the nature. In order to study the quantity of cadmium pollution in the environment of the metal production factories, 50 saplings of the spruce species at the peripheries of the metal production factories were examined and the samples of the leaves, roots and stems of saplings planted around the factory and the soil of the environment of the factory were studied to investigate pollution with cadmium. They were compared to the soil and saplings of the spruce trees planted outside the factory as observer region. The results showed that the quantity of pollution in the leaves, stem and roots of the trees planted inside the factory environment were estimated at 1.1 milligram/kilogram, 1.5 milligram/kilogram and 2.5 milligram/kilogram respectively and this indicated a significant difference with the observer region (P<0.05). The quantity of cadmium in the soil of the peripheries of the metal production factory was estimated at 6.8 milligram/kilogram in the depth of 0-10 centimeters beneath the level of the soil. The length of roots in the saplings planted around the factory of metal production stood at 11 centimeters and 14.5 centimeters in the observer region which had a significant difference with the observer region (P<0.05). The quantity of soil resources and spruce species’ pollution with cadmium in the region has been influenced by the production processes in the factory. |
| Keywords: | cadmium pollution, spruce, soil pollution and the factory of producing alloy metals |
| JEL: | I10 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0701943&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Kitsikopoulos (Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand); Dr. Ute Schwaibold (Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand); Douglas Taylor (Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand) |
| Abstract: | The interest in environmental sustainability and its reporting in South Africa have steadily increased as legislators and corporations recognize the need for change in business practice to achieve good corporate governance. Assistance with such disclosure is readily available to businesses in the form of, for example, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting guidelines and sustainability principles provided by the King Report of Corporate Governance (King III). However, to date, adequate progress in sustainability reporting has not been achieved. It is thus necessary to identify strengths and weaknesses of both the GRI and King III to guide business practice towards long-term sustainability and to obtain a better understanding where improvements could be made. Annual reports of 30 Top 100 Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) -listed companies were analysed to assess reporting quality and the presence of long-term monitoring. For this, the King III sustainability principles and the 30 environmental indicators of the GRI 3.1 guidelines were used. A scoring system assisted in determining the level of GRI reporting compliance. Interviews were conducted with the selected companies to address questions based on King III, GRI and any other issues arising from the report analysis. Financial data (such as return on equity (ROE)) will be compared with environmental performance obtained from annual report analyses to identify whether these are related and to establish how this can help to improve environmental reporting.Analyses thus far have shown that the average percentage performance of environmental reporting increased from 22.73% (2008) to 38.85% (2013). This indicates that, despite some improvement, companies across all economic groups are still underperforming. At the same time, the manner in which sustainability issues were addressed varied widely between years and across all companies. Interviews conducted revealed that not necessarily the indicators themselves need to be addressed. Several issues recurred throughout all interviews. Firstly, all companies experience reporting fatigue. Secondly, sustainability is driven from within the company. Thus, sound internal verification processes are necessary. Finally, companies experience cost and resource constraints in the implementation and management of environmental initiatives. Environmental reporting in South Africa has improved between 2008 and 2013, but standards are still lacking. The GRI guidelines appear to be the preferred reporting tool. Sustainability reporting is still in an early phase and South African companies are improving their reporting on the GRI and King III guidelines. Businesses now have to identify how sustainability is more holistically integrated into their daily operations. |
| Keywords: | Annual reports, corporate governance, environmental sustainability, GRI, JSE, King III, ROE. |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0802533&r=env |
| By: | Pei-Ti Chang (Graduate Institute of Architecture and Sustainable Planning, National Ilan University); Jui-Jung Hsiao (Graduate Institute of Architecture and Sustainable Planning, National Ilan University) |
| Abstract: | The environment of employee’s workspace is thought to be related to job performance. In other words, good office environment is considered as having the function to increase work efficiency (Larsen, Adams, Deal, Kweon, and Tyler, 1998; Sundstrom, Town, Rice, Osborn, and Brill, 1994). In this study, seven factors of indoor environmental quality (Lee and Kim, 2009) were adopted to establish the model for evaluating indoor environmental quality of offices. These indoor environmental quality related factors include office layout quality, office furnishings quality, thermal comfort quality, indoor air quality, lighting quality, acoustics quality, as well as cleanliness and maintenance quality.The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the inter-influence relationship of all the indoor environment quality factors adopted in this study. In this study, DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) was employed as the methodology to evaluate indoor environmental quality of offices. With DEMATEL method, the authors plan to figure out which of the factors has crucial influence on other factors, and which factors receive influences from others. In other words, the personal workspace quality was evaluated and analyzed with DEMATEL method. The related data were collected from office users. The results of the study are aimed at serving as the suggestions for enhancing planning of indoor environmental quality in workspaces. |
| Keywords: | Indoor environmental quality, DEMATEL, Thermal comfort quality, Indoor air quality, Lighting quality, Acoustics quality. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0702122&r=env |
| By: | Noppamash Suvachart (Khon Kaen University) |
| Abstract: | This research aims to explore Thai youths’ travel behavior regarding green travel values, including test the effect of leisure activities preference factor of green activeness group. When classified travel behavior by green shading, there were five major forms of travel behavior; 65.6% were green, 25.7% were medium green, 7.8% were dark green, 0.8% were light green , and 0.2% were very light green. The importance leisure activities preference factor of separate green youth (active green) from the not so green (less active green) are voluntary service, nature protection, classic music, special event, sport, and reading books, respectively. A summary of each category description, methodology and main results are outlined below, as well as an analysis of findings. |
| Keywords: | Green Travel, Green Values, Leisure, Acitvity |
| JEL: | A10 A10 |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0201297&r=env |
| By: | Habibi, Shiva (KTH); Beser Hugosson, Muriel (KTH); Sundbergh , Pia (Trafa); Algers, Staffan (KTH) |
| Abstract: | Early 2014, an official Swedish government investigation report (FFF-report) was released proposing a policy package to promote a Fossil Free Fleet in Sweden by 2050. One objective of this policy package is to design a bonus-malus system that pushes the Swedish fleet composition towards the EU objectives of the average CO2 emissions of 95 g/km for new cars by 2021. The proposed scenarios address cars bought by private persons as well as by companies. These scenarios differ in designs for registration tax, vehicle circulation tax, clean car premiums, company car benefits tax and fuel tax. We use the Swedish car fleet model system to predict the effects of the proposed scenarios on the Swedish car fleet composition. Also, we build a simple supply model to predict future supply. Our model results show that none of the three proposed scenarios is actually successful enough to meet the Swedish average CO2 emissions target of 95 g/km in 2020. The average CO2 emissions in two of these scenarios are actually higher than in the business as usual scenario. Relative to a business as usual scenario the number of ethanol and gas cars is reduced in the other scenarios which are negative results in terms of fossil fuel independence. Also, the bonus-malus system gives a positive net result in terms of budget effects showing that car buyers choose to pay the malus for a car with higher emissions rather than to be attracted by the bonus of a car with lower emissions. |
| Keywords: | Bonus-malus; CO2 emission policies; Car fleet modeling; Vehicle supply model |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2015–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2015_006&r=env |
| By: | Filippos Proedrou (American College of Thessaloniki (ACT) / International Hellenic University) |
| Abstract: | This paper argues that mainstream discourse on energy security is premised upon the assumption of infinite growth and for this reason focuses upon the political, security and economic aspects of energy security. Consequently, it fails to provide satisfactory answers to the global environmental, energy, economic, geopolitical, and developmental challenges. The emerging alternative paradigm, to the contrary, makes a strong case for disentangling prosperity from growth and studies how a substantial retreat of energy consumption is not only feasible, but will also efficiently address the sustainability challenge and enhance overall energy security. It also suggests how it can alleviate geopolitical and developmental tensions. Ultimately, the paper poses the fundamental question of how valid our assumptions are to lead us into a better, and sustainable, future. |
| Keywords: | Energy security paradigm, ecological economics, development, growth, sustainability |
| JEL: | F50 Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0902259&r=env |
| By: | yasmine Gharieb (Faculty of Economics and Political sciences- Cairo University); Zeinab Ibrahim (Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences- Cairo University) |
| Abstract: | Bioenergy is considered an important source of energy in modern era that ensures the preservation of environment and achieves sustainable development. Moreover, it preserves the triple bottom line which cares about all aspects of environmental and social as well as economic aspects of development. Bioenergy is considered a wide field of generating energy from different treated material using different types of technology, while Egypt is now going for a National Program to sustain energy through the treatment of animal, agriculture and even human waste. This is initiated through the Bioenergy for Sustainable Rural Development Project which works on several levels, the first level includes household units which depend on the anaerobic fermentation from the waste of animal, in which methane gas is produced to replace butane gas; used in homes. The second level includes the production of gas from poultry farm units aiming to solve the diesel crisis in which both large poultry farms and those small ones, relaying on the cylinders, need the diesel. And finally, the third level which includes generation of electricity from rice straw. So, the goal of the study is to present an analysis of the Egyptian experience in the production of Bioenergy in addition to achieving sustainable development and ways for overcoming the obstacles that hindered the application of this experience previously. |
| Keywords: | Egypt- Renewables- biomass- biogas- Sustainable Rural Development- Bioenergy Technology(BET) |
| JEL: | Q16 Q42 Q50 |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0100098&r=env |
| By: | Bilal Özel (Selcuk University); Ahmet Ay (Selcuk University); Mustafa Gerçeker (Selcuk University) |
| Abstract: | Throughout human history, unlimited resources were accepted. This unlimited acceptance with a growing population has led to the depletion of resources. This diminishing resource to be transferred to future generations with the aim of providing sustainable development concept has been developed. Nowadays, the concept of sustainable development is discussed in almost every area. Basically, economic, environmental and social areas are being studied. Notably the United Nations; All international organizations have set goals by working in this area. The studies for future generations basically include the same goals. In this study, the sustainable development between the Czech Republic and Turkey will be analyzed in comparative studies. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development, Czech Economy, Turkish Economy |
| JEL: | Q01 R11 O18 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0702260&r=env |
| By: | Nipawan Thirawat (Mahidol University International College, Business Economics Program, Business Administration Division); Pathomdanai Ponjan (Fiscal Policy Office, Ministry of Finance, Bangkok) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to propose initiatives for flood management in order to prevent and alleviate the instability of tourism flows and economic loss of tourism industry, including cultural heritage tourism. Urbanisation and changeable demographics of floodplains and flood behaviour as well as the climate change have increased the exposure to flood risk in Thailand. Thai tourism sector was heavily affected by the floods in 2011. The disaster caused severe damages and losses such as a slowdown in income and a decline in the number of foreign tourists. Nonetheless, the negative impacts can be mitigated. Proper countermeasures include the developments of a proactive and integrated disaster risk management policy and effective non-structural strategies. |
| Keywords: | Flood management policy; Disaster risk management; Tourism industry; Developing countries; Thailand; Non structural strategies; Impacts of flood |
| JEL: | Q54 H59 |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301173&r=env |
| By: | Luciano Massetti (Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche); Francesca Ugolini (Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche); Graziella Rossini (Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche); Laura Pellegrino (Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche); Anna Lucarelli (Secondary School T. Tesei, I.C Micali, Livorno); Monica Demi (Secondary School T. Tesei, I.C Micali, Livorno); Antonio Raschi (Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) |
| Abstract: | INVOLEN (Intergenerational Learning for Nature Conservation Volunteers) is an innovative project funded in the framework of the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Union. The aim of the project is to develop and test a learning methodology and new tools to promote intergenerational learning, volunteering in nature conservation and use of innovative learning technologies like location based games in 5 European countries: Italy, Greece, France, Hungary and Slovenia. Intergenerational Learning (IL) deals with the way people of all ages can learn together and from each other. The aim of this work is to present the methodology of the project and its ongoing implementation in a real context in Livorno (Italy). Since April 2013, the methodology has been testing by a focus group composed by students and teachers of the secondary school I level Teseo Tesei of the Istituto Comprensivo Micali of Livorno, ICT experts, facilitators and elderly volunteers of the associations of the “Occhi sulle colline†project (partnership between local organizations and associations working for the protection and enhancement of Livorno Hills) and WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature). The pilot phase was carried out on the Livorno Hills Provincial Park, a hilly area few kilometers far from the coast of Livorno, a real treasure for its unique environmental characteristics and for the presence of the magnificent aqueduct built by the architect Pasquale Poccianti in the nineteenth century (Acquedotto leopoldino, better known as Acquedotto di Colognole). In the first meeting, facilitators, youngsters and elders meet each other and build a relationship, highlighting their own abilities and participating in the organization of the activities and the realization of the final products. In the next meeting youngsters interview elders about the life and use of the protected area in the past. Then a guided tour of the protected area is organized. During the visit, elders and experts describe the environmental and historical characteristics to the students. Meanwhile students collect pictures and videos that the focus group will elaborate to produce: informative panels promoting a respectful behavior of nature. The collected material is also used to create a location-based game for iPhones to be played in the protected area. All the products of this project will be published in the project website and made available to any organization that wants to apply this methodology. |
| Keywords: | education, location based game, intergenerational learning, volunteering, nature conservation, information technology |
| JEL: | I29 |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300647&r=env |
| By: | Deborah E Lee and Mario Du Preez |
| Abstract: | South Africa harbours 95 percent of the world’s threatened white rhinoceros (18 000) population and 40 percent of the critically endangered black rhinoceros (1 950) population. Increased levels of rhinoceros poaching in South Africa, and the imminent threat of extinction, has emphasized the need for improved management and conservation policies. This pilot study employs a discrete choice experiment in order to value selected supply-side rhinoceros management and conservation strategies at private, ecotourism game reserves in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The valuation setting is couched in real-world management and conservation strategies presently under consideration at state-owned and privately-owned nature reserves in South Africa. Results suggest that visitors to private, ecotourism reserves support the sale of stockpiled rhinoceros horn (as indicated by positive and significant derived values) but are strongly opposed to the introduction of trophy hunting or the continuation of rhinoceros darting experiences (as indicated by negative and significant derived values). Based on the findings of this study, it appears that the choice experiment technique is a promising instrument, which can inform the design of rhinoceros management and conservation policies for privately-owned, ecotourism game reserves in South Africa, with the possibility of extending its use to state-owned nature reserves. |
| Keywords: | Discrete choice experiment, implicit price, ecotourism, game reserve, rhinoceros |
| JEL: | C25 Q57 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:wpaper:502&r=env |
| By: | Hummen, Torsten; Ostertag, Katrin |
| Abstract: | In order to be able to analyze future ecological as well as economic aspects of the climate protection potential through decarbonisation of German industries, the aluminium and steel industry must be investigated in detail. The construction and mechanical sectors are among the biggest consumers of aluminium and steel in Germany. Consequently this paper examines the future consumption trends of steel and aluminium for these sectors. To project the consumption trends for a long-term perspective (2050), a simple regression model is developed. The model consists of four steps. First, the future German GDP is projected. Secondly, overall aluminium and steel consumption is calculated based on a linear regression function with GDP as the explanatory variable. Third, the future sector shares of each material are calculated with the help of a trend analysis. Finally, the results of steps two and three are combined to derive the future material consumption of each sector by multiplication. According to the simple regression model developed in the paper the consumption of both analyzed materials will increase until 2050 - in case of steel by 41 % and of aluminium by 95 %. The construction sector will increase its absolute amount of steel consumption, but reduce its aluminium consumption. These consumption patterns are the exact opposite for the mechanical engineering sector, albeit on a different scale. The presented results show their plausibility when compared to those in the literature. Although a high uncertainty implies the results due to the lack of data, especially in the case of the projected steel consumption trends. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s32015&r=env |
| By: | Tarja Meristö (Laurea University of Applied Sciences / FuturesLab CoFi); Jukka Laitinen (Laurea University of Applied Sciences / FuturesLab CoFi) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development includes economic, social and ecological dimensions which have to be in balance not only today but in the future, too. The framework for sustainable development is multidisciplinary, including actors from different fields as defined in the Triple Helix Model. In this paper, we illustrate alternative scenarios for sustainable business opportunities in a specific region in Finland called Western Uusimaa. As background information we have a survey data concerning companies’ attitudes towards sustainable development which has been collected from 88 companies in different business fields. We also analyse the needs for skills and competences in alternative scenarios and make recommendations for actors in the business, society and university to meet those challenges.Western Uusimaa region and its business structure are in transition: many traditional industries do not operate there anymore and new businesses are more than welcome. One of the main driving forces shaping the operational environment is sustainable development. Therefore, green industry, cleantech and responsible business models are the elements of the renewal needed for the future. Our paper is based on an ongoing project which is figuring out the ecosystem of sustainable business in the Western Uusimaa and examining future sustainable business opportunities in the long run. The focus of this paper is on future business opportunities related to sustainable development. The methods used in the research are related to future studies and the timeframe is 20 years to the future. As a result we introduce alternative future scenarios for the sustainable business development. The scenarios are 1) Branded niche for the global market, 2) Competitive advantage from proactive innovations, 3) Develop or die and 4) Local train. Scenarios 1 and 2 are market driven whereas scenarios 3 and 4 are society driven. The content of the scenarios have supplemented with the core competence tree concept, especially focusing on roots, i.e. competences. Knowledge and skills, values and attitudes as well as contacts and experiences together form the set of core competences which are necessary in business development. According to results, most of the companies at least recognize the importance of sustainability and its role in the business. There also seems to be a real need to inform companies about the opportunities created by sustainable solutions. Networking and finding the right partners are essential when developing sustainable business. The co-operation of actors from all Triple Helix dimensions is needed when developing business opportunities within a regional sustainability cluster. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, future, scenario, triple helix, business, competences, regional development |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0802635&r=env |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Marek Giergiczny (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Jakub Kronenberg (Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz); Jeffrey Englin (Morrison School of Agribusiness, Arizona State University) |
| Abstract: | The treatment of the opportunity cost of travel time in travel cost models has been an area of research interest for many decades. This analysis develops a methodology to combine the travel distance and travel time data with respondent-specific estimates of the value of travel time savings. The individual travel time values are elicited with the use of discrete choice stated preference methods. The travel time valuation procedure is integrated into the valuation exercise to create a two equation structural model of site valuation. Since the travel time equation of the structural model incorporates individual preference heterogeneity full structural model provides a travel cost site demand model based upon individualized values of time. The methodology is illustrated in a study of recreational birdwatching, more specifically, visits to a stork village in Poland. We show that the usual practice of basing respondents’ value of travel time savings on their wage rate is largely unfounded. |
| Keywords: | contingent valuation, stated preference, validity, incentive compatibility |
| JEL: | Q26 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2015-12&r=env |
| By: | Wustari Mangundjaya (Faculty of Psychology Universitas Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to elaborate the role of psychological empowerment, and perceptions of external environment in committing employees with organizational change. This study tested the effect of dimensions of psychological empowerment as well as the effect of employee’s perception on external environment on organizational commitment to change in financial state owned organizations in Indonesia. Data was gathered from 539 employees working in financial state owned organizations in Indonesia. Data collection was using Organizational Task Environment, Psychological Empowerment and Commitment to Change inventories. Results showed the significant effect of Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Task Environment on commitment to change. Results also showed that perceptions on external environment have more contribution to commitment to change compares to psychological empowerment. Moreover, the study also revealed that all dimensions of Organizational Task Environment (capacity, dynamism and complexity) have significant effect on commitment to change, with capacity has the strongest impact on commitment to change. Likewise, all psychological empowerment dimensions (meaning, competence, self-determination and impact) has significant effect on commitment to change, with meaning has the highest contribution to commitment to change. This study is a contribution to theory and practice of change management, with an increased understanding on commitment to change, psychological empowerment and perceptions of external environments in committing the employees with the organizational change. |
| Keywords: | Psychological Empowerment, Organizational Task Environment, Commitment to Change and Organizational Change. |
| JEL: | L20 L29 |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0100007&r=env |
| By: | Obayelu, A. E.; Afolami, C. A.; Agbonlahor, M.U. |
| Abstract: | The efficiency with which farmers use available resources is very important in agricultural production. This study examines the resource use efficiency of cassava-based mixed crop farmers in Ogun and Oyo States, Nigeria. Cross-sectional data were collected from 265 cassava-based farmers (150 in Ogun State and 115 in Oyo State) using a multistage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, production elasticity from Cobb-Douglas production function and marginal analysis of resource utilization were some of the analytical tools used in the study. The mean farm size cultivated in Ogun State was 2.24ha while in Oyo State, it was 1.59ha. There was under-utilization fertilizer in Ogun State and land cultivated in Oyo State. Producers in the two states are inefficient in their use of resources but there exist enough potential to increase cassava output in the areas. This can be actualized by cropping larger hectares of land, regulated usage of higher quantities of fertilizers and the provision of labour saving devices which would help reduce labour requirements and enhance efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Cassava-based, efficiency, mixed crop, Nigeria and resource-use, Crop Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae13:160123&r=env |
| By: | M Yamin (Sriwijaya University) |
| Abstract: | Flood on wet rice fields led household income of rice farmer susceptible. This condition shifted main income sources, from on farm to non farm. Therefore, an income strategy was required in order to deal with household income susceptibility in flood condition by integrating the concept of sustainability livelihood, through which sustainability of farmer’s income in flood condition was expected. This research aimed to identify rice farmer’s household strategy using sustainability livelihood concept in order to face the ecological disaster. The research was carried out in three Indonesian regions, namely Central Java, East Borneo and South Sumatera Provinces. Survey method was used in which data were collected from both primary and secondary ones. The data of household strategies, using sustainability livelihood concept, to deal with the income sources susceptibility on flood condition, were analyzed qualitatively. The results should give recommendation strategies needed for facing various pressure and succeptibilities on income source as effects fo the ecological disaster that repeatedly took place on wet rice fields. The results showed that farmers did not posses strategies for the flood condition. They sook only unpermanently other jobs to fulfill the household needs, such as building workers and laborers, both inside and outside of their living areas. To start growing the rice again after the flood, they got seed and fertilizer from government. At the same time, they sold their harvest or lent money to their relatives. In addition, they had strategies to diversify their income sources, including animal husbandries and fisheries. They repaired irrigation and drainage facilities on wet rice fields through community self-help to prevent flood. On perspective of sustainabilty livelihood strategies, they strengthened financial, physical and social capitals |
| Keywords: | ecological disaster, flood, wet rice field, sustainability livelihood strategy |
| JEL: | A14 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0702421&r=env |