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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (East Asia Department, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | Carbon emissions trading markets are one of the main policy mechanisms of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Grasslands cover 40% of the PRC’s land area, and these contain large amounts of carbon. Restoration and sustainable management of these rasslands have large greenhouse gas mitigation potential. This publication assesses the potential of carbon market mechanisms to support the achievement of grassland policy objectives. It also reviews the state of national policy regarding climate change mitigation, particularly carbon markets, and outlines opportunities and challenges in producing carbon offsets from grasslands. |
| Keywords: | China, People’s Republic of China, PRC, mitigation, climate policy, grassland management, livestock management grassland carbon sequestration, carbon offset, carbon market carbon trade, carbon dioxide , greenhouse gas, clean development mechanism; CDM, certified emission reduction; CER, GHG intensity, carbon credit, emissions trading verified carbon standard; VCS, voluntary emission reduction, VER |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt136135&r=env |
| By: | Luca Lambertini (Department of Economics, University of Bologna); Giuseppe Pignataro (La Trobe University, Victoria Australia); Alessandro Tampieri (CREA, Université de Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we analyse a setup where consumers are heterogeneous in the perception of environmental quality. The equilibrium is verified in a setting with horizontal and vertical (green) differentiation. Profits are increasing in the misper- ception of quality, while, the investment in green quality decreases the more the goods are substitutes. We further consider the introduction of either an emission tax or an environmental standard. The former rises the investment in environmen- tal quality due to the higher cost of production, whereas in equilibrium quality always improves after the introduction of the latter. We show that an optimal environmental standard is an effective regulatory instrument against greenwashing and that the efficacy of the interventions is conditioned to the damage distribution and the aggregate level of emission. |
| Keywords: | Green quality; Misperception; Pigouvian taxation; Environmental; Standard. |
| JEL: | L13 L51 Q50 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:14-21&r=env |
| By: | Jan Goebel; Christian Krekel; Tim Tiefenbach; Nicholas R. Ziebarth |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:duh:wpaper:1405&r=env |
| By: | Elisa Portale; Joeri de Wit |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:20251&r=env |
| By: | Jonathan Sinton; Ashok Sarkar; Ivan Jaques; Irina Bushueva |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:20253&r=env |
| By: | Goytom Abraha Kahsay (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Lars Gårn Hansen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the production function for agricultural output in Eastern Africa incorporating climate variables disaggregated into growing and non-growing seasons. We find a substantial negative effect of within growing season variance of precipitation. We simulate predicted climate change for the region and find a resulting output reduction of between 1.2% and 4.5%. We also find substantial potential for mitigating the effects of within growing season precipitation variability through conventional technologies such as flexible planting and rainwater harvesting that substantially exceeds the potential loss from predicted climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, adaptation policy, Eastern Africa, agricultural production |
| JEL: | Q18 Q54 O55 E23 O13 R11 |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2014_08&r=env |
| By: | Sahbi Farhani; Anissa Chaibi; Christophe Rault |
| Abstract: | This article contributes to the literature by investigating the dynamic relationship between carbone dioxide (CO2) emissions, output (GDP), energy consumption, and trade using the bounds testing approach to cointegration and the ARDL methodology for Tunisia over the period 1971-2008. The empirical results reveal the existence of two causal long-run relationships between the variables. In the short-run, there are three unidirectional Granger causality relationships, which run from GDP, squared GDP and energy consumption to CO2 emissions. To check the stability in the parameter of the selected model, CUSUM and CUSUMSQ were used. The results also provide important policy implications. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Energy consumption, ARDL bounds testing approach |
| JEL: | Q56 Q43 C51 |
| Date: | 2014–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-582&r=env |
| By: | Nicholas Kilimani |
| Abstract: | The double dividend hypothesis contends that environmental taxes have the potential to yield multiple benefits for the economy. However, empirical evidence of the potential impacts of environmental taxation in developing countries is still limited. This paper seeks to contribute to the literature by exploring the impact of a water tax in a developing country context, with Uganda as a case study. Policy makers in Uganda are exploring ways of raising revenue by taxing environmental goods such as water. Whereas their primary focus is to raise revenue, we demonstrate how taxes on environmental goods can yield other benefits beyond addressing a country’s fiscal needs. This study employs a computable general equilibrium model to shed light on the impact of a water tax policy when a tax is accompanied by a recycling scheme of the same magnitude. We seek to establish whether taxation and recycling can induce more growth, employment and industry output. The results show that a mechanism which leaves a neutral fiscal balance yields dividends for the economy. In other words, whatever the degree of regressivity resulting from the environmental tax, it is possible to design a recycling scheme that renders the tax policy to be beneficial to the economy. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Taxation, Revenue recycling, Double dividend, Economic growth |
| JEL: | C68 H23 E62 Q52 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:wpaper:462&r=env |
| By: | Randall Jackson (Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: | There is an increasing demand for models that address both environment and economy, and that also estimate or forecast the impacts of introducing new and markedly different technologies from those already existing in the systems under study. Because most conventional models are calibrated to recent data characterizing current economic structure and conditions, their standard turn-key operation will need to be replaced by more comprehensive algorithms and procedures designed to explicitly accommodate shifts in technology and economic structure. This paper lays out one viable alternative for integrating environmental and economic modeling frameworks, and focuses specifically on one of the major challenges to this kind of modeling, that of dovetailing life cycle assessment and input-output modeling frameworks. (Acknowledgements: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1235684 and USDA NIFA Award 2012-67009-19660.) |
| Keywords: | environement, environmental modeling, life cycle assessment |
| JEL: | Q55 |
| Date: | 2014–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rri:wpaper:2014wp01&r=env |
| By: | Paul Alagidede and George Adu |
| Abstract: | Climate change has been classed as the greatest and urgent global issue facing humanity today, yet the empirics of the debate remain largely muted, more so with reference to sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the impact of warming global temperatures are forecasted to have the worst impact. This paper is a contribution to the empirics of climate change and its effect on sustainable economic growth in SSA using nonparametric regression techniques. We establish the following: the relationship between real GDP per capita on one hand and climate change on the other hand, is intrinsically linear and monotonically decreasing at a constant proportionate rate. This relationship holds for both temperature and precipitation. |
| Keywords: | climate change, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sustainable Growth, Nonparametric techniques |
| JEL: | C14 C23 O11 O13 O40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:wpaper:460&r=env |
| By: | Lucia Lavric (Department of Economics, Duke University); Nick Hanley (School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews) |
| Abstract: | Energy costs are partly driven by environmental policy choices. In this paper, the effects of variations in energy costs – as measured by end-user electricity prices – on firm relocation decisions are investigated. Using a discrete choice model a nd a data base which has not previously been exploited to study this problem, we investigate the effects of variations in energy costs both for a sub-set of re-locating European firms in terms of which country they move to; and then for a larger set of firms in terms of the decision to re-locate or not in response to higher energy prices. We find that energy costs play a significant role in determining relocation destinations, and that this effect is asymmetric between firms moving into and out of a country , and between high energy intensity and low energy intensity sectors. The findings of the paper have implications for the Pollution Havens Hypothesis, since they show the extent to which the effects of climate policy on domestic energy costs can be expected to impact on firm relocation decisions both into and out of a country. |
| Keywords: | firm re-location, energy costs, Pollution Havens Hypothesis, climate policy, carbonleakage |
| JEL: | D22 F18 Q41 Q52 |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sss:wpaper:201402&r=env |
| By: | Jørgen Juel Andersen; Mads Greaker (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | The theoretical justification for a greenhouse gas (GHG) cap and trade system is that participants will trade emission permits until their marginal costs of abatement equal the equilibrium price of emission permits. Abatement is then globally cost efficient. We demonstrate, however, that when the "participants" are national governments this logic may no longer apply: when a national government struggles to raise its desired first-best amount of funds for the provision of public goods, the option of emission trading generates a fiscal incentive that is, generally, inconsistent with a cost effective distribution of abatement. In market equilibrium, global cost efficiency will fail even if just a (small) subset of the participating governments are fiscally constrained: since the fiscally constrained governments will engage in too much abatement, the equilibrium price of GHG emissions will be too low, fiscally unconstrained countries will abate too little, and global GHG abatement costs will not be minimized. Finally, we argue that any institutional change which breaks the direct connection between a national government's abatement policy and its budget is likely to increase welfare. |
| Keywords: | climate policy; cap and trade; public goods provision |
| JEL: | Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:785&r=env |
| By: | Tochukwu Onyido (Birmingham University, UK) |
| Abstract: | This paper was written to explore the viability of supply chain localisation as a strategy for minimising possible adverse environmental and social impacts of large-scale economic activity surrounding the production of sustainable energy solutions. Supply chain localisation here refers to the situation of production activities close to the geographical areas in which the sustainable energy solutions would eventually be installed. Sustainable energy solutions here refer to goods, services, and technologies that minimize negative environmental effects of energy use in buildings throughout their construction and habitation. The paper dwells on the operations of the Sustainable Housing Action Partnership (SHAP), a major network of organisations that is focusing on preparing for the Green Deal – a UK-wide housing retrofit initiative – and the attendant increase in economic and industrial activities that it is expected to generate. As part of measures to ensure that these activities yield minimal negative environmental and social effects while optimising economic benefits, the SHAP programme recommended the localisation of the supply chain for the production, installation and maintenance of sustainable energy solutions. This paper explores the SHAP program and its different outputs before focusing particularly on the concept of supply chain localisation being advocated by SHAP. Based on the primary research conducted on the SHAP program as well as secondary research sources, the paper discusses the economic, social and environmental benefits and detriments of the supply chain localisation agenda. It also looks at the overall practicality of the implementation of supply chain localism within the context of mainstream business practices in the property, construction and energy sectors. |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aes:icsrog:wpaper:38&r=env |
| By: | G. Sridevi; A. Jyotishi; S. Mahapatra; G. Jagadeesh; S. Bedamatta |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is the sector most vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on climate and weather conditions. Climate change is a main challenge for agriculture, food security and rural livelihoods for millions of people in India. Among India’s population of more than one billion people, about 68% are directly or indirectly involved in the agricultural sector. This sector is particularly vulnerable to present-day climate variability. In this paper an attempt is made to map and analyze the vulnerability to climate change in different districts of four south Indian states: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. We have taken five sources of vulnerability indicators: socio-demographic, climatic, agricultural, occupational and common property resources vulnerabilities to compute the composite vulnerability index. The composite vulnerability index suggests that, Adilabad, Chamarajanagar, Thiruvarur and Kasaragod are the most vulnerable districts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala respectively, whereas Hyderabad, Belgaum, Thoothukkudi, Kottayam are the least vulnerable districts. |
| JEL: | Q54 I31 H84 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp966&r=env |
| By: | Khalid Ahmed; Muhammad Shahbaz; Ahmer Qasim Qazi; Wei long |
| Abstract: | This study explores the validation of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Pakistan using time series yearly data 1980-2011. We have taken deforestation as the dependant variable for environmental degradation and four independent variables i.e. income, energy consumption, trade openness, and population to test the link between these underlying variables. We employed ARDL bound testing approach to cointegration and VECM-Granger causality test. The results confirmed cointegration among the variables both in short-run and long-run path. However, the diminishing negative impact of income on deforestation in long run path confirms the EKC hypothesis for deforestation in Pakistan. There is unidirectional causality from income and energy consumption to deforestation and the bidirectional causal effect is detected between income and energy consumption. Whereas, in long run income and trade openness granger causes energy consumption. The diagnostic test also supported the results and model found stable during sensitivity analysis. This study is uniquely designed with the number of significant tests that ensure reliability of results for policy use and contribute future research direction on environment-growth-energy nexus. |
| Date: | 2014–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-603&r=env |
| By: | M. Scott Taylor (University of Calgary); Juan Moreno Cruz |
| Date: | 2014–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clg:wpaper:2014-69&r=env |
| By: | Jared C. Carbone (Division of Economics and Business, Colorado School of Mines); Robert S. Gazzale (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | A frequently cited argument against the use of market-based instruments to provide public goods is that they diminish our sense of responsibility to be good citizens. In this paper, we report on the results of a laboratory experiment designed to explore the idea that this distrust stems from the ability of some members of society to contribute to the public good with money instead of time or effort even when the level of total contributions is held constant. In our experiments, subjects complete lab tasks as a contribution to a public good--carbon emission reductions. We look at how the number of lab tasks completed by subjects changes when their peers take advantage of an offer to buy out, i.e., contribute money in lieu of effort. We find that on average subjects reduce the number of completed tasks when their peers buy out. However, the aggregate result masks significant heterogeneity across individual responses. Those who choose not to buy out despite its expected profitability have no response to the treatment while those for whom it would not be profitable to buy out register large reductions in effort contributions. The magnitude of these responses is increasing in the share of the group that accepts the buyout offer, suggesting that it is the act of peers buying out rather than the simple introduction of monetary incentives that is the source of the effect. |
| Keywords: | experimental economics, public goods, effort contributions, environment, climate change |
| JEL: | C90 C91 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mns:wpaper:wp201406&r=env |
| By: | Thijs Benschopa; Brenda López Cabrera; ; |
| Abstract: | I compare the performance of solution methods in solving a standard real business cycle model with labor market search frictions. Under the conventional calibration, the model is solved by the projection method using the Chebyshev polynomials as its basis, and the perturbation methods up to third order in both levels and logs. Evaluated by two accuracy tests, the projection approximation achieves the highest degree of accuracy, closely followed by the third order perturbation in levels. Although different in accuracy, all the approximated solutions produce simulated moments similar in value. |
| Keywords: | CO2 Emission Allowances, CO2 Emission Trading, Spot Price Modelling, Markov Switching GARCH Models, Volatility Forecasting |
| JEL: | C53 G17 Q49 Q53 Q59 |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hum:wpaper:sfb649dp2014-050&r=env |
| By: | LUISITO BERTINELLI; PREEYA MOHAN; ERIC STROBL |
| Abstract: | History has shown that hurricanes can cause catastrophic destruction and impede economic growth in the Caribbean. Nevertheless, there is essentially as of date no comprehensive quantitative risk and anticipated loss assessment for the region. In this paper we use synthetic hurricane tracks and local income proxies to estimate expected risk and losses if a climate similar to the last 30 years prevails. We show that on average, the annual fraction of expected property damage and subsequent impacts on income are nonnegligible, with large variations across islands. |
| Keywords: | hurricane risk and damages; synthetic storm tracks; nightlight imagery. |
| Date: | 2014–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-593&r=env |
| By: | Rachel ZANNAKIS (Master 2 Ingénierie Numérique et Signal Image et Informatique Industrielle, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais) |
| Abstract: | Ce document étudie l'efficacité des nouveaux matériaux utilisés dans l’écoconstruction: sont-ils vraiment incontournables dans la réduction de l’utilisation de l’énergie? Mais quels sont et dans quel but ces matériaux ont-ils été créés ? L'auteur met l'accent sur leur intégration progressive dans la construction, puis une analyse est présentée sur les moyens d’économiser de l’énergie dans la construction, sur l'évolution de la demande en habitations éco-responsables et sur les impacts écologiques de ces nouveaux bâtiments. This paper examines the effectiveness of the new materials used in green building: are they really essential to reducing the use of energy? But what are and for what purpose were these materials created? The author emphasizes their progressive integration into the construction and an analysis is presented on how to save energy in the building sector, on the evolution of demand for eco-friendly homes and on the ecological impacts of these new buildings. |
| Keywords: | éco-contruction, nouveau matériaux, new material, eco-building |
| JEL: | Q55 Q56 L74 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rii:riidoc:278&r=env |
| By: | Sheetal Sekhri; Adam Storeygard |
| Abstract: | We examine the effect of rainfall shocks on dowry deaths using data from 583 Indian districts for 2002-2007. We find that a one standard deviation decline in annual rainfall from the local mean increases reported dowry deaths by 7.8 percent. Wet shocks have no apparent effect. We examine patterns of other crimes to investigate whether an increase in general unrest during economic downturns explains the results but do not find supportive evidence. Women's political representation in the national parliament has no apparent mitigating effect on dowry deaths. |
| JEL: | O10 O13 Q54 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tuf:tuftec:0787&r=env |
| By: | Sunak, Yasin (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | Today’s investment decisions in large-scale onshore wind projects in Germany are no longer determined only by the investment’s economic benefit, but also by concerns associated to social acceptance. Despite a mostly positive attitude towards the expansion of wind power, local public concerns often stem from the belief that the proximity to large-scale wind farms may lead to a decrease in property prices. In particular, the change in landscape caused by the construction of a wind farm may have an adverse impact on the view from some properties, and thus may negatively affect their price. To investigate the potential devaluation of properties in Germany due to wind farms, we use a quasi-experimental technique and apply a spatial difference-in-differences approach to various wind farm sites in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. We adopt a quantitative visual impact assessment approach to account for the adverse environmental effects caused by the wind turbines. To properly account for spatial dependence and unobserved variables biases, we apply augmented spatial econometric models. The estimates indicate that the asking price for properties whose view was strongly affected by the construction of wind turbines decreased by about 10-17%. In contrast, properties with a minor or marginal view on the wind turbines experienced no devaluation. |
| Keywords: | Wind power; Difference-in-differences; Visual impact; Spatial dependence |
| JEL: | Q42 Q51 R31 |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2014_001&r=env |
| By: | Steve Gibbons |
| Abstract: | Wind farms reduce house prices in postcodes where the turbines are visible, according to research by Steve Gibbons. Households are willing to pay £1,000 a year to avoid a large wind farm visible within 2km. His study notes that wind turbines are generally popular as a source of green energy but they face considerable opposition from the people who have to live near them. He uses local property markets as a way to value the visual impact of 'wind farms' and finds significant negative effects on house prices in postcodes where the turbines are visible. |
| Keywords: | Housing prices, environment, wind farms, infrastructure |
| JEL: | R Q |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcnp:433&r=env |
| By: | Antoine MAHAILLET (Lab.RII, ULCO/Clersé-UMR8019, Université Lille Nord de France, RRI) |
| Abstract: | Les pays en développement tels que le Cameroun axent leurs politiques économiques sur l’extraction et l’exportation des matières premières. Disposant d’un potentiel forestier important, les difficultés pour le pays se situent davantage dans l’adéquation des compétences techniques que dans le manque d’investissement. En complétant la filière bois on peut aboutir à une émergence économique sectorielle. Ce secteur est composé de nombreux acteurs informels intervenant dans la phase d’extraction et de transformation basique du bois. La formation aux métiers du bois va répondre à la faiblesse en ressources humaines qualifiées. La transformation structurelle nécessaire en matière de formation appelle un modèle économique sectoriel plus complet pour le pays. Developing countries such as Cameroon lean on the exploitation and the export of raw materials to develop their economy. This document proposes a different strategy for the whole sector of wood. The country has an important forest potential but technical skills are missing. With a big number of actors in the sector of the wood, the volume of qualified worker remains very weak. Workers and informal intermediaries need to be formed to answer the lack of qualified professional. The necessary structural transformation calls a new sector-based economic model more complete for the country. To develop a complete wood industry, it is necessary to generate a domestic demand which is going to support an important supply of new products. |
| Keywords: | industrialisation, développement durable, filière bois, Cameroun |
| JEL: | Q01 O14 L73 N57 |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rii:riidoc:286&r=env |
| By: | Elisa Portale; Joeri de Wit |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy and Environment Power and Energy Conversion Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:20252&r=env |
| By: | Kuethe, Todd H.; Briggeman, Brian C.; Paulson, Nicholas D.; Katchova, Ani L. |
| Abstract: | This study compares the characteristics of farms who participate in farm management associations to the wider population of farms at the state level. Farm-level records obtained from the USDA's Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) are compared to similar data obtained from farm management associations in three states: Illinois, Kansas, and Kentucky. Data collected through farm management associations tend to represent larger farms and a greater share of crop producers as compared to livestock producers. Association data, however, capture a greater share of younger farm operators. This is the first study to compare farm statistics from several farm management associations to ARMS, and the study confirms the findings of existing studies of prior USDA surveys. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Agricultural Finance, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Q14, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ukysps:184680&r=env |
| By: | Elisa Portale; Joeri de Wit |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy and Environment Power and Energy Conversion Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:20254&r=env |
| By: | M. Scott Taylor (University of Calgary); William A. Brock |
| Date: | 2014–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clg:wpaper:2014-70&r=env |
| By: | M. Scott Taylor (University of Calgary); Brian R. Copeland |
| Date: | 2014–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clg:wpaper:2014-71&r=env |