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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2014‒08‒28
fifty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | S. Adler |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environmental Economics and Policies Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Wildlife Resources Rural Development - Forestry |
| Date: | 2013–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16512&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change Environmental Economics and Policies |
| Date: | 2013–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18692&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (East Asia Department, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | Mongolia has made relatively minor contributions to global climate change, although its emissions per capita are relatively high and continuing to rise. In 2006, Mongolia’s total net (sources minus sinks) greenhouse gas emissions were approximately 15.6 million tons carbon dioxide equivalent. Emissions come primarily from the energy (65.4%) and agriculture (34.3%) sectors. Most agricultural emissions are from livestock. In addition, peatland conversion and degradation are also likely large emission sources. Climate change is acknowledged as a significant threat to Mongolia’s fragile environment, economic growth, and sustainable development. Given the negative impact of climate change on Mongolia, it is crucial to select mitigation actions that reduce vulnerability to climate change, support the achievement of national development goals, and are feasible given local constraints. |
| Keywords: | climate change mongolia, mitigation, nama, nationally appropriate mitigation actions, greenhouse gas, ghg, ghg emissions, grassland, livestock, desertification, low carbon, methane, cows, goats, sheep, horses, cattle, camels. dzud, drought |
| Date: | 2013–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:abf135651&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Poverty Reduction - Rural Poverty Reduction Environmental Economics and Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Water Resources - Wetlands |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17571&r=env |
| By: | Sovacool, Benjamin K. (Vermont Law School) |
| Abstract: | Four environmental dimensions of energy security—climate change, air pollution, water availability and quality, and land-use change—and the environmental impact of 13 energy systems on each are discussed in this paper. Climate change threatens more land, people, and economies in Asia and small Pacific island states than any other part of the planet. Air pollution takes a substantial toll on national health-care expenditures and economies in general. Of the 18 megacities worldwide with severe levels of total suspended particulate matter emissions, 10 are in Asia. Regarding water availability and quality, hydropower, nuclear power, and thermal power account for 10% to 15% of global water consumption, and the volume of water evaporated from reservoirs exceeds the combined freshwater needs of industry and domestic consumption. In the domain of climate change, rising sea levels could contaminate freshwater aquifers possibly reducing potable water supplies by 45%. Changes in land use for fuelwood collection and biofuel production in Southeast Asia have resulted in deforestation at 5 times the global average and 10 times the average for the rest of Asia. Policymakers must begin to incorporate the cost of these negative consequences into energy prices. |
| Keywords: | environment; water policy; climate change; energy security; Asia-Pacific |
| JEL: | Q40 Q43 Q51 |
| Date: | 2014–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0399&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Air Quality and Clean Air Transport Economics Policy and Planning Environmental Economics and Policies Environment - Brown Issues and Health Transport |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17849&r=env |
| By: | Fei Teng (Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Research Center for Contemporary Management, Tsinghua University); Frank Jotzo (Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | China needs to reduce its carbon emissions if global climate change mitigation is to succeed. Conventional economic analysis views cutting emissions as a cost, creating a collective action problem. However, decarbonization can improve productivity and provide co-benefits that accord with multiple national policy objectives. We track China's progress in reducing the emissions intensity of the economy, and construct a macro scenario with China's carbon emissions peaking in the 2020s. Investment in greater energy productivity and economic restructuring away from heavy industries can bring productivity gains, and decarbonization of energy supply has important co-benefits for air pollution and energy security. Combined with lower climate change risks and the likelihood that China's actions will influence other countries, this suggests that cutting carbon emissions is not only in China's self-interest but also in the global interest. To properly identify the true costs and benefits of climate change action requires new thinking in economic analysis. |
| Keywords: | China, climate change mitigation, co-benefits |
| JEL: | O44 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:1413&r=env |
| By: | Johan Grijsen |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change Environment - Global Environment Facility Environment - Climate Change Impacts Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Systems |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18243&r=env |
| By: | Kirsten Hund; Carole Megevand; Edilene Pereira Gomes; Marta Miranda; Erik Reed |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environmental Economics and Policies Environment - Wildlife Resources Mining and Extractive Industry (Non-Energy) Transport Economics Policy and Planning Industry Transport |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16617&r=env |
| By: | Gabriela Elizondo Azuela; Rafael Ben |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Windpower Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18412&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Energy and Environment Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16710&r=env |
| By: | Barbara Annicchiarico (DEDI and CEIS, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata"); Anna Rita Bennato (Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia); Emilio Zanetti Chini (DEDI and CEIS, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata") |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Italy considering the developments in a 150-year time span. Using several statistical techniques, we find that GDP growth and carbon dioxide emissions are strongly interrelated, with a dramatic change of the elasticity of pollutant emissions with respect to output. Our findings highlight lack of structural change in the reduction of the carbon dioxide, suggesting the difficulties for Italy to meet the emissions targets within the Europe 2020 strategy. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Time Series Analysis, Italian Economy, Environmental Kuznets Curve |
| JEL: | Q50 C22 |
| Date: | 2014–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtv:ceisrp:320&r=env |
| By: | Nina Doetinchem; Carole Megevand; Loic Braune; Hari Dulal |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Wildlife Resources Rural Development - Forestry |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16646&r=env |
| By: | Carole Megevand; Hari Dulal; Loic Braune; Johanna Wekhamp |
| Keywords: | Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Wildlife Resources Rural Development - Forestry |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16951&r=env |
| By: | Rikard Liden |
| Keywords: | Water Resources - Dams and Reservoirs Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Energy - Energy and Environment Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16535&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (Southeast Asia Department, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is preparing sector assessments, thematic papers, strategies, and road maps to help align future ADB support with the needs and strategies of developing member countries and other development partners. A thematic paper is a working document that addresses a crosscutting theme to help inform the development of country partnership strategies (CPSs). This environment and climate change thematic paper highlights development issues, needs, and strategic assistance priorities of Viet Nam and ADB, focusing on environmentally sustainable growth during the 2012–2015 CPS period. It analyzes priority development constraints, the government’s strategy and plans, other development partner support, lessons learned from past ADB support, and possible future ADB assistance. The product serves as a basis for further dialogue on how ADB and the government can work together to tackle the challenges of climate change and environmental sustainability in the coming years. |
| Keywords: | Viet Nam, vietnam, climate change, environment, climate change resilience, environmental degradation, greenhouse gas emissions, ghg emissions, coastline, river deltas, highlands, global warming, climate threats |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rps135693&r=env |
| By: | Ashish Khana; Luiz Barroso |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Energy and Environment Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18673&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Rural Development - Common Property Resource Development Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17552&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Transport Economics Policy and Planning Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change Transport |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17551&r=env |
| By: | Gabriela Elizondo Azuela; Luiz Barroso |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18674&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Environment - Natural Disasters Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16639&r=env |
| By: | Koffi Ekouevi; Kate Kennedy Freeman; Ruchi Soni |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Energy - Energy and Environment Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Renewable Energy Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18411&r=env |
| By: | Jonathan Sinton; Joeri de Wit |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Energy and Environment Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18678&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2013–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17603&r=env |
| By: | Lee, Minsoo (Asian Development Bank); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank); Saunders, Harry (Decision Processes Incorporated) |
| Abstract: | The three pillars of Asian energy security are an adequate, reliable supply; environmental sustainability; and affordable access for all. As Asians become more affluent, managing demand by tackling outmoded subsidies so prices reflect true costs, exploring green innovations in technology and prudent infrastructure design, and changing behavior will be crucial to achieving security as will expanding both renewable and nonrenewable sources in an environmentally sound and cost-effective manner. Without radical changes to the region’s energy mix, oil consumption will double, natural gas consumption will triple, and coal consumption will increase by 81%. This would double carbon dioxide emissions to nearly 24 billion tons per year by 2035 which is more than the 22 billion tons experts see as the maximum sustainable emissions for the whole world. To fully manage demand and explore new sources, cooperative programs that integrate energy delivery systems regionally must be implemented. Jointly promoting energy savings and security does not require new technology or pose high costs, but it does require the political will to cooperate and the confidence that makes cooperation possible. Cross-border collaboration is technologically and commercially viable. What is missing is the political commitment to cooperate in energy markets and to build the necessary infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | energy security; environmental sustainability; affordable access; economic growth; regional energy market |
| JEL: | Q30 Q32 Q47 Q48 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2014–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0398&r=env |
| By: | Qiao-Mei Liang; Yun-Fei Yao; Lu-Tao Zhao; Ce Wang; Rui-Guang Yang; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces the China Energy & Environmental Policy Analysis (CEEPA) system. The core of CEEPA is a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model, in which the interactions among different agents in the macroeconomic system of China are described. The specific characteristics of Chinese labor market and energy market are also taken into account. The corresponding software system is also developed. CEEPA and its related software was designed for providing decision makers a uniform platform to simulate, analyze and compare different energy and environmental policies conveniently, flexibly and immediately. The application of CEEPA is illustrated in a case study which compares the energy, environmental and socio-economic impacts of energy tax and carbon tax. Results show that given the same extent of direct disturbance, carbon tax is able to restrict energy consumption and CO2 emissions to a greater extent, but the general socio-economic cost caused by energy tax is lower. |
| Keywords: | Computable general equilibrium, Energy and environmental policy, Decision support system |
| JEL: | Q40 C68 |
| Date: | 2013–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:43&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions Transport Economics Policy and Planning Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change Transport |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17548&r=env |
| By: | Xiaodong Wang; Luiz Barroso; Gabriela Elizondo |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Energy - Energy and Environment Power and Energy Conversion Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18676&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Water Supply and Sanitation - Town Water Supply and Sanitation Rural Development - Common Property Resource Development Energy - Energy Production and Transportation |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16574&r=env |
| By: | Achim Voss (University of Muenster); Mark Schopf (University of Paderborn) |
| Abstract: | Consider a lobby group of exhaustible-resource suppliers, which bargains with the government over the extraction of an exhaustible resource and over contribution payments. We characterize the path of contributions and the resulting extraction path, taking into account how the environmental damage of resource usage and the demand elasticity change optimal extraction. A high marginal environmental damage reduces the governmentÕs preferred extraction, a high price elasticity of resource demand reduces that of the lobby. We show that if the former effect dominates, the equilibrium contributions in a setting of repeated bargaining exceed those under full commitment. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Policy, Exhaustible Resources, Political Economy, Lobbying, Nash Bargaining, Dynamic Programming |
| JEL: | D72 Q31 Q38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdn:ciepap:80&r=env |
| By: | Valentina Bosetti; Marco Maffezzoli |
| Abstract: | Recent applications to the modeling of emission permit markets by means of stochastic dynamic general equilibrium models look into the relative merits of different policy mechanisms under uncertainty. The approach taken in these studies is to assume the existence of an emission constraints that is always binding (i.e. the emission cap is always smaller than what actual emissions would be in the absence of climate policy). Although this might seem a reasonable assumption in the longer term, as policies will be increasingly stringent, in the short run there might be instances where this assumption is in sharp contrast with reality. A notable example would be the current status of the European Emission Trading Scheme. This paper explores the implications of adopting a technique that allows occasionally, rather than strictly, binding constraints. With this new setup the paper sets out to investigate the relative merits of different climate policy instruments under different macro-economic shocks. Keywords: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model, emission trading, carbon tax, occasionally binding constraints. JEL codes: Q58, Q54, E2. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:igi:igierp:523&r=env |
| By: | Tunç, Gül Ipek (Department of Economics, METU, Ankara, Turkey); Türüt Aşık, Serap (Department of Economics, METU, Ankara, Turkey); Akbostancı, Elif (Department of Economics, METU, Ankara, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | Environmental impacts of international trade have been on the agenda of both academicians and policy makers in the last decades. Different aspects of the relationship between international trade and environment have been investigated by utilizing different models either for single countries or for group of countries. This study mainly aims to explore the pollution content of international trade of the Turkish economy. For this purpose input-output methodology is employed. In recent years input-output methodology is widely used in environmental issues since with this methodology both direct and indirect effects of production and consumption on the environment can be identified explicitly. Though there are alternative measures, in this study to quantify the effects of environment on international trade, “the balance of emissions terms of trade” (BETT) will be calculated. BETT mainly measures the difference of pollution embodied in exports and pollution embodied in imports. Therefore a positive BETT suggests that Turkish exports are more pollution intensive than her imports and vice versa. While trade volume has been increasing in the Turkish economy, we aim to test whether Turkey becomes a net exporter or importer of pollution. The findings of the study are also interpreted in terms of clean and dirty sectors of the Turkish economy. As pollution indicators mainly carbon dioxide emissions of fuels like coal, natural gas and oil will be calculated. Additionally, as the main data source the latest three input-output tables of the Turkish economy will be utilized. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, International Trade, Input-Output, Turkey |
| JEL: | C67 F14 Q40 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eyd:cp2013:244&r=env |
| By: | Davide Forcella; Marek Hudon |
| Abstract: | Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are alternative financial providers offering financial services to people typically excluded from the standard banking sector. While most MFIs are active in developing countries, there is also a young and developing microfinance sector in Europe; however, very little literature exists on this MFI segment. In this paper, we analyze the environmental performance of 58 European MFIs. Our results suggest that the size of the MFI, investor concern for environmental performance and, to a lesser extent, donor interest, are closely related to the institution’s environmental performance. Moreover, providing loans larger than microcredits is linked to better environmental performance. This could suggest that the additional revenues generated from these loans, also called cross-subsidies, could help MFIs to strengthen their environmental bottom line. Finally, no evidence suggests that profit status explains environmental performance. |
| Keywords: | Corporate Social Responsibility; Europe; Environment; Microcredit; Microfinance |
| Date: | 2014–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/174739&r=env |
| By: | Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee; Elisa Portale; Heather Adair-Rohani; Sophie Bonjour |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Energy and Environment Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Transport |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18414&r=env |
| By: | Zubair Sadeque; Dana Rysankova; Raihan Elahi; Ruchi Soni |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Technology Industry Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Renewable Energy Industry |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18679&r=env |
| By: | Marielle Brunette (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA - AgroParisTech); Arnaud Dragicevic (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA - AgroParisTech; Chaire Forêts pour Demain, Agro ParisTech–Office National des Forêts); Jonathan Lenglet (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA - AgroParisTech); Alexandra Niedzwiedz (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA - AgroParisTech); Vincent Badeau (UMR INRA – Université de Lorraine Écologie et Écophysiologie Forestières, 54280 Champenoux, France); Jean-Luc Dupouey (UMR INRA – Université de Lorraine Écologie et Écophysiologie Forestières, 54280 Champenoux, France) |
| Abstract: | We propose to test the portfolio selection theory on the historical data of tree species’ productivities obtained from the French National Forest Inventory (IFN). We determine the optimal timber productivity-vulnerability arrangements out of the combinations of tree species and map the optimal compositions per administrative department in France. We also estimate the survivals of optimal portfolios using the species’ probabilities of presence. Our results show that greater weights in the optimal portfolios correspond to higher probabilities of presence. |
| Keywords: | Forest Management, Portfolio Management, Mixed-Species Forests, Climate Change |
| JEL: | G17 Q2 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lef:wpaper:2014-09&r=env |
| By: | Kyriakopoulou , Efthymia (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Xepapadeas, Anastasios (Department of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business and Beijer Fellow) |
| Abstract: | We study the optimal and equilibrium distribution of industrial and residential land in a given region. The trade-off between the agglomeration and dispersion forces, in the form of pollution from stationary forces, production externalities, and commuting costs, determines the emergence of industrial and residential clusters across space. In this context, we define two kinds of spatial policies that can be used in order to close the gap between optimal and market allocations. More specifically, we show that the joint implementation of a site-specific environmental tax and a site-specific labor subsidy can reproduce the optimum as an equilibrium outcome. The methodological approach followed in this paper allows for endogenous determination of land use patterns and is shown to provide more precise results compared to previous studies. |
| Keywords: | spatial policies; agglomeration; land use; atmospheric pollution; environmental tax; labor subsidy |
| JEL: | H23 R14 R38 |
| Date: | 2014–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0601&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (East Asia Department, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | This publication explores the potential costs for coastal adaptation from 2010 until 2050 in East Asia due to climate-induced sea-level rise and possibly more intense tropical cyclones. The results are estimates of possible adaptation needs, which illustrate the possible magnitude of adapting to the future impacts of climate change on three important coastal countries: the People’s Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. This study is part of the technical assistance Economics of Climate Change and Low Carbon Growth Strategies in Northeast Asia, financed by ADB and the Korea International Cooperation Agency. |
| Keywords: | adb, asian development bank, asdb, asia, pacific, poverty asia, climate change adaptation, floods, china, korea, japan, sea level rise, tropical cyclone, dynamic interactive vulnerability assessment, coastal waters, tsunami, disasters, damage costs, wetlands, drylands, ports, typhoons, SEA, sea-dikes, sea-dikes |
| Date: | 2013–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt125166-2&r=env |
| By: | Nghiem, Le T.P.; Soliman, Tarek; Yeo, Darren C. J.; Tan, Hugh T. W.; Evans, Theodore A.; Mumford, John D.; Keller, Reuben P.; Baker, Richard H. A.; Corlett, Richard T.; Carrasco, Luis R. |
| Abstract: | Harmful non-indigenous species (NIS) impose great economic and environmental impacts globally, but little is known about their impacts in Southeast Asia. Lack of knowledge of the magnitude of the problem hinders the allocation of appropriate resources for NIS prevention and management. We used benefit-cost analysis embedded in a Monte-Carlo simulation model and analysed economic and environmental impacts of NIS in the region to estimate the total burden of NIS in Southeast Asia. The total annual loss caused by NIS to agriculture, human health and the environment in Southeast Asia is estimated to be US$33.5 billion (5th and 95th percentile US$25.8–39.8 billion). Losses and costs to the agricultural sector are estimated to be nearly 90% of the total (US$23.4–33.9 billion), while the annual costs associated with human health and the environment are US$1.85 billion (US$1.4–2.5 billion) and US$2.1 billion (US$0.9–3.3 billion), respectively, although these estimates are based on conservative assumptions. We demonstrate that the economic and environmental impacts of NIS in low and middle-income regions can be considerable and that further measures, such as the adoption of regional risk assessment protocols to inform decisions on prevention and control of NIS in Southeast Asia, could be beneficial. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Modelling, Invasive Species, Biological Conservation |
| JEL: | Q1 Q51 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2013–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:57760&r=env |
| By: | Simon Dietz; Nicholas Stern |
| Abstract: | To slow or not to slow’ (Nordhaus, 1991) was the first economic appraisal of greenhouse gas emissions abatement and founded a large literature on a topic of great, worldwide importance. In this paper we offer our assessment of the original article and trace its legacy, in particular Nordhaus’ later series of ‘DICE’ models. From this work many have drawn the conclusion that an efficient global emissions abatement policy comprises modest and modestly increasing controls. On the contrary, we use DICE itself to provide an initial illustration that, if the analysis is extended to take more strongly into account three essential elements of the climate problem – the endogeneity of growth, the convexity of damages, and climate risk – optimal policy comprises strong controls. To focus on these features and facilitate comparison with Nordhaus’ work, all of the analysis is conducted with a high pure-time discount rate, notwithstanding its problematic ethical foundations. |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsg:lsgwps:wp180&r=env |
| By: | Zhi-Fu Mi; Su-Yan Pan; Hao Yu; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | An optimization model is developed based on the Input-Output model to assess the potential impacts of industrial structure on the energy consumption and CO2 emission. The method is applied to a case study of industrial structure adjustment in Beijing, China. Results demonstrate that industrial structure adjustment has great potential of energy conservation and carbon reduction. When the average annual growth rate of GDP is 8.29% from 2010 to 2020, industrial structure adjustment can save energy by 39.42% (50.06 million tons of standard coal equivalent), and reduce CO2 emission by 46.06% (96.31 million tons) in Beijing in 2020. Second, Beijing had better strive to develop several low energy intensive and low carbon intensive sectors, such as information transmission, computer service and software, and finance. Third, energy intensity is possible to decrease without negatively affecting economic growth by reasonable industrial structure adjustment. Four, compared to 'intensity targets', 'total amount targets' are more effective on the energy conservation and carbon reduction, but have much greater negative effects on economic growth. Therefore, it needs to be balanced between 'total amount targets' and 'intensity targets'. |
| Keywords: | Industrial structure, Energy consumption, CO2 emission, Input-output, Optimization model |
| JEL: | Q41 C61 |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:51&r=env |
| By: | Sanja Madzarevic-Sujster |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Environmental Economics and Policies Finance and Financial Sector Development - Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress Environment |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17037&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (Regional and Sustainable Development Department, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | Energy efficiency is often defined as delivered energy service per unit of energy supplied into a system. Supply-side energy efficiency refers to decreasing energy losses in the supply chain, for improved performance in the production and delivery of electricity and heat. Demandside energy efficiency (DSEE) is achieved through consuming less energy for the same level of service, for improved efficiencies at the point of final energy use. DSEE, in particular, offers vast potential to meet regional energy needs in Asia, yet supply-side strategies tend to be prioritized as a focus of investment and planning. Over the past decade, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has succeeded in quickly scaling up its investment in energy efficiency and the development of renewable resources within its developing member countries through ADB’s Clean Energy Program. This report examines prospects to accelerate lending and investment for DSEE in Asia, in light of trends that are driving energy use and policy and regulatory change in developing countries. Such efforts can help realize the full potential of DSEE as a least-cost, low-carbon resource for energy security, environmental protection, and sustainable and inclusive growth benefiting all Asians. |
| Keywords: | energy, developing Asia, energy efficiency, energy policy, demand side energy efficiency, supply side energy efficiency, end use energy efficiency, clean energy, energy supply, energy savings, fossil fuels, renewables, renewable energy, energy portfolio, CO2, ghg, greenhouse gas emissions, energy mix, energy efficiency standards, building codes |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt135828-3&r=env |
| By: | Carlos Ferreira de Abreu Castro, (PNUD Brasil); Guilherme B. R. Lambais (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | The conservation projects managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Brazil are underpinned by a strong element of inclusive local development, consisting of innovative initiatives regarding the sustainable use of biodiversity. There are many examples of projects in Mangrove, Caatinga and Cerrado areas, which conciliate the production of goods and environmental services with the generation of jobs, income and an increase in life quality. It is always an enormous challenge to assure opportunities to the most vulnerable populations living in areas characterised by a great expansion of agricultural commodities production and cattle ranching, while respecting people’s livelihoods and protecting the environment. (… |
| Keywords: | Development, Deforestation |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:ifocus:29&r=env |
| By: | Bao-Jun Tang; Cheng Shen |
| Abstract: | The paper uses Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to analyze the market risk in European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) and Zipf analysis technology to analyze the carbon price volatility in different expectations of returns in the two markets. The results show that the systematic risk of the EU ETS market is at around 0.07%, but CDM market is clearly divided into two stages, the systematic risk of the futures contracts in the previous stage (DEC09-DEC12) is less than EUETS market, but systematic risk of the futures contracts that entered into the market is greater than the EUETS market and has a higher market sensitivity. But on the unsystematic risk, the CDM market is always greater than the EU ETS market. Abnormal returns in the two carbon markets are both lower than 0.02%, but CDM is higher. The probability of price down is higher than that of price up. Carbon price is affected by market mechanism and the external factor (economic crisis and environmental policies) in the low expectations of returns, but in the high expectations of returns, compared with the CDM market, the carbon price change in EU ETS market is more instable and higher risky. |
| Keywords: | European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS), Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), Systematic Risk, Expectations of Returns |
| JEL: | C10 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:49&r=env |
| By: | Emhjellen, Magne (Petoro); Osmundsen, Petter (UiS) |
| Abstract: | There is a planning gap for CCS projects in Europe. CCS demonstration plants are not implemented as expected. This fact is at odds with optimistic valuation reports that apply socio-economic valuation criteria for climate projects. However, CCS plants are in most cases to be implemented by private companies. Economic valuation of climate projects, seen from the perspective of the commercial companies, is the subject of this article. We examine key economic parameters of 27 oil and gas projects and compare it to a CCS project. We find that the CCS project ranks the lowest on all profitability metrics, and is unlikely to be implemented by a private company. Our findings may explain why it is hard for oil companies to justify climate projects in their portfolios. |
| Keywords: | Climate projects; decision analysis; CO2 |
| JEL: | G31 G38 M21 Q48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2014–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:stavef:2014_008&r=env |
| By: | Gandenberger, Carsten; Orzanna, Robert; Klingenfuß, Sara; Sartorius, Christian |
| Abstract: | Due to the environmental challenges associated with the strong growth of plastic waste worldwide, the EU Commission recently published a green paper on a European Strategy on Plastic Waste in the Environment (COM (2013), 123 final), which highlights the challenges and opportunities that arise from improving the management of plastic waste in the EU. The European Waste Directive (2008/98/EC) which was transposed into German law through the Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz (KrWG) established the so-called 5-step waste hierarchy, which gives a clear preference to recycling over energy recovery and disposal of waste in landfills. Although waste avoidance and recycling are stated objectives of German waste policy, effectiveness and efficiency of the respective regulations seems to be influenced negatively by interactions with other policy instruments. Both, the internal interaction between different waste management policies as well as the external interaction between waste management policy and climate policy, seem to have a negative impact on the recycling of plastic packaging material. In order to gain insights regarding the impacts of different policy instruments on the recycling of plastic packaging waste, we conducted a case study analysis based on data gained from an online survey among German experts in the field of plastic packaging waste management and from the literature on waste management. Apparently, negative policy interactions originate from conflicting interests between the stakeholders of the different waste treatment options, i. e. recycling, thermal recovery and incineration. In the policy design stage, these conflicting interests have resulted in a regulatory flexibility that has made the recycling objective susceptible to the potentially negative effects of policy interactions. Apart from the requirement to achieve the minimum recycling quota for plastic packaging waste of 36 %, the waste management actors are flexible to choose their preferred waste treatment option once this threshold level has been achieved. In particular with regard to the recovery of low and medium grade plastic waste, economic incentives for thermal recovery and incineration seem to be much stronger than for recycling. This situation can partly be explained by the demand of energy intensive industries for plastic waste as a substitute for conventional energy sources. This trend has resulted in a considerable increase of the thermal recovery of plastic packaging waste between 2003 (2.3%) and 2010 (25.6%). With re-gard to waste incineration, the effect of the TA Siedlungsabfall (TaSi) on the build-up of incineration capacity and the economic imperative to utilize these capacities materialized in low costs for waste incineration. The massive build-up of capacities for waste incineration and RDF power plants decreased the costs for thermal recovery and made recycling less competitive. Structural changes of the packaging waste stream have also had a negative influence in recycling because the use of composite materials can render recycling technologically and economically infeasible. -- |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s82014&r=env |
| By: | Bing Wang; Ruo-Yu Ke; Xiao-Chen Yuan; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy development is a major response to address the issues of climate change and energy security. The utilization of renewable resources, however, highly depends on the climate conditions, which may be impacted in the future due to global climate change. Based on literature analysis, this paper presents a general framework for renewable energy vulnerability assessment and applies grey cluster analysis method to demonstrate the features of vulnerability, and then employs the simple additive weighting approach to address the multiple-attribute decision problems of vulnerability assessment in China. The categorized results imply that the proposed index system is suitable for decision-making analysis and comparative analysis of renewable energy vulnerability to climate change in China. In terms of exposure part, the cluster results are complex and varied due to the unique combination of natural factors, social factors and the energy structure. In the sensitivity section, the results are presented on the distribution of areas rich in hydropower, wind power and solar energy potential. Moreover, the main results of this study are the higher renewable energy vulnerability of the poorer regions of China to climate change and the relative higher importance of adaptive capacity building in vulnerability management. Finally, policy recommendations on regional renewable energy vulnerability management are also made. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, Vulnerability, Climate change, Grey cluster analysis, Vulnerability scoping diagram |
| JEL: | Q41 |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:52&r=env |
| By: | Mario Herrero; Peter G Jones; Stanley Karanja; Ianetta Mutie; Mariana C Rufino; Philip K Thornton |
| Keywords: | Livestock and Animal Husbandry Crops and Crop Management Systems Environment - Wildlife Resources Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16741&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policies Governance - Governance Indicators Governance - National Governance Rural Development - Forestry Environment |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16991&r=env |
| By: | David McDowell; Taylor Scudder; Lee M. Talbot |
| Keywords: | Rural Development - Common Property Resource Development Rural Development - Forestry Water Resources - Dams and Reservoirs Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems Environment - Wildlife Resources |
| Date: | 2013–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16780&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate Environmental Economics and Policies Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets Finance and Financial Sector Development - Non Bank Financial Institutions Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets Environment |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18662&r=env |
| By: | Alfred Galichon (Département d'économie); Marc Henry (Départment de sciences économiques) |
| Abstract: | Cet article illustre le lien entre identification partielle dans les modèles économétriques et critères de décision de Jaffray dans l'incertain non probabilisé à travers l'univers du choix de niveau optimal d'émissions toxiques dans un lac partagé entre deux communes. |
| Keywords: | décision en environnement incertain, identification partielle, fonction de croyance, pollution, réchauffement climatique, taux d'escompte, valorisation des biens environnementaux. |
| JEL: | D81 Q51 |
| Date: | 2013–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/5rkqqmvrn4tl22s9mc0ol6k1l&r=env |
| By: | Oberlack, Christoph |
| Abstract: | Institutions are one of the decisive factors for climate adaptation. Nevertheless, current understanding of the institutions-adaptation-nexus is fragmented across the scientific community; is often theoretically ad-hoc or eclectic and at times contradictory. Moreover, knowledge claims are typically raised either for specific cases or overly generic, whereas a diagnostic method may be most effective for cross-case learning about institutional deficits and success factors in climate adaptation. This study develops an institutional diagnostics approach to climate adaptation by means of a systematic meta-analysis of 52 studies comprising 120 cases from Europe. The results show that maladaptation, adaptation barriers and limits are rooted in institutional deficits that can be depicted as archetypical patterns of institutional attributes. Moreover, the results reveal success factors that enabled actors to prevent, alleviate or overcome specific institutional deficits in climate adaptation. Based on this, a set of diagnostic questions is provided for future in-depth institutional analyses of adaptation. Enhancing our capacities to diagnose causes of maladaptation, adaptation barriers and limits is crucial so as to device governance arrangements that match the features of specific adaptation problems. -- |
| Keywords: | Institutional Diagnostics,Climate Adaptation,Archetypes,Europe,Meta-Analysis |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cenwps:012014&r=env |
| By: | Mogae, Festus G. |
| Abstract: | Africa has an abundance of energy and mineral assets and agricultural land. In spite of the variety of outlooks across its numerous countries there is a common understanding that these natural resources need to be used carefully and thoughtfully if there is to be sustainable development across Africa as a whole, especially pro-poor sustainable development. Botswana has poor soils and climate for agricultural production, but it has developed some of its other resources. That development, combined with far-sighted policy, has taken Botswana from being one of the world’s least developed countries in 1966 at independence, to a middle-income economy now. Agriculture makes a small contribution to economic growth, while mining, manufacturing, construction, trade and hotels contribute much more. Botswana currently has mines for diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, gold and various industrial minerals used in the construction industry. Its mineral policies enable many international companies to prospect for and mine these minerals. Competitive mining laws, low sovereign and social risks, relatively good infrastructure and easy access to land, security of tenure, and low levels of corruption, are among reasons for Botswana having a favourable reputation with international investors. Still, the country’s climate and soils make agriculture challenging, and Botswana focuses on food security rather than food self-sufficiency. It remains heavily dependent on mineral revenue. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp13:177294&r=env |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policies International Economics and Trade - Free Trade Economic Theory and Research Transport Economics Policy and Planning International Economics and Trade - Trade Policy Environment Transport Macroeconomics and Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18645&r=env |
| By: | Mitrut, Andreea (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Wolff, François-Charles (LEMNA, Université de Nantes and INED Paris) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of the 2004 Indian tsunami on international remittance transfers using aggregate country data and synthetic control methodology. This procedure implies identifying the causal impact of the disaster by comparing the share of remittances to GDP in Indonesia, the country most affected by the shock, with a counterfactual group constructed using synthetic controls of countries that were not affected by the tsunami but that had a very similar pre-shock trend in international remittance flows. Our results indicate a large impact on remittances in Indonesia just after the tsunami, with 1.35 additional points in share of remittances to GDP in 2005 (compared to the synthetic control group). However, the gap in remittances observed between Indonesia and the synthetic control decreased steadily over the succeeding years and amounted to 0.5 percentage points in 2011. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters; remittances; synthetic control; Indonesia |
| JEL: | F24 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0604&r=env |
| By: | Carlos Gustavo Cano |
| Abstract: | Recientemente, las alteraciones de las condiciones climáticas, cada vez con mayor frecuencia e intensidad, vienen afectando la producción de alimentos en Colombia y en el resto del mundo, provocando por consiguiente una creciente volatilidad de los precios de los alimentos, la cual se suma al cambio de los hábitos de nutrición de la población en las economías emergentes hacia el consumo de mayores contenidos de proteína animal, y al notable aumento de la producción de biocombustibles a partir de granos y oleaginosas. Como resultado, la presión de los precios de los alimentos se ha convertido en un factor de enorme peso en la determinación de la inflación total. Presión que por representar un típico choque ajeno a la demanda interna, se escapa del alcance de los instrumentos convencionales de la política monetaria. Por tanto, son otras políticas públicas las que deben responder. De un lado, la política agraria en materia de ciencia y tecnología, de la superación del conflicto entre la vocación agroecológica y el uso de la tierra principalmente a través del impuesto predial, y de la inclusión financiera en las áreas rurales. Y del otro, la tributación ambiental, en particular el establecimiento de un impuesto a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y de un régimen de créditos tributarios originados en la inversiones que sus contribuyentes adelanten en proyectos de ‘adaptación’ enmarcados dentro de objetivos de desarrollo sostenible orientados a mitigar el impacto adverso del cambio climático sobre el recurso hídrico y la producción agrícola. Classification JEL: E31, O13, L65. |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:borrec:836&r=env |
| By: | Astrid Martínez Ortiz; Santiago Cajiao; Julián Lozano; Tatiana Zárate |
| Abstract: | El documento consta de cinco secciones, aparte de esta introducción. En el capítulo dos se documenta el impacto que ha tenido la minería en la economía colombiana en la última década y se presentan algunas proyecciones de precios internacionales de los minerales objeto de estudio: carbón, níquel y oro, así como una reflexión sobre la minería ilegal y la ilícita. En el capítulo tres se examina el marco legal que regula en Colombia la minería y el medio ambiente así como la legislación de algunas naciones mineras. En el capítulo cuatro se estudian las mejores prácticas internacionales para mitigar, contrarrestar y compensar los diferentes impactos de la minería en los ecosistemas y en el entorno socio económico de la actividad, así como las BP en Colombia. Para ello, se relaciona el resultado de la encuesta adelantada por FEDESARROLLO con respecto de las prácticas operacionales y ambientales y sobre los programas de RSE de las mineras grandes, en el país. Al final, en el capítulo quinto, se concluye. |
| Keywords: | Minería y Energía, Medio ambiente, Minería, Minería informal |
| JEL: | L71 L78 Q32 Q57 |
| Date: | 2014–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:012025&r=env |