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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | López, Ramón E.; Yoon, Sang W. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines environmentally sustainable growth with reference to climate change assuming two final outputs and two factors of production, accounting for both pollution flow and stock effects. If the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption is greater than one, an optimal pollution tax ensures sustainable growth without any further government intervention. Otherwise, either a high temporal elasticity of substitution in production or consumption is required for sustainability. Even a suboptimal pollution tax may allow sustainable development provided the tax time profile meets certain conditions that are developed and described in this paper. |
| Keywords: | sustainable growth, consumption flexibility, technological change, optimal pollution tax, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, O44, Q01, Q56, |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umdrwp:166244&r=env |
| By: | Abolhosseini, Shahrouz (Seoul National University); Heshmati, Almas (Jönköping University, Sogang University); Altmann, Jörn (Seoul National University) |
| Abstract: | Electricity consumption will comprise an increasing share of global energy demand during the next two decades. In recent years, the increasing prices of fossil fuels and concerns about the environmental consequences of greenhouse gas emissions have renewed the interest in the development of alternative energy resources. In particular, the Fukushima Daiichi accident was a turning point in the call for alternative energy sources. Renewable energy is now considered a more desirable source of fuel than nuclear power due to the absence of risk and disasters. Considering that the major component of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide, there is a global concern about reducing carbon emissions. In this regard, different policies could be applied to reducing carbon emissions, such as enhancing renewable energy deployment and encouraging technological innovations. Two main solutions may be implemented to reduce CO2 emissions and overcome the problem of climate change: replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources as much as possible and enhancing energy efficiency. In this paper, we discuss alternative technologies for enhancing renewable energy deployment and energy use efficiency. |
| Keywords: | energy resources, renewable energy, energy use efficiency, generation technology, carbon emission, green employment |
| JEL: | D61 D62 H23 N50 O13 Q52 Q55 |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8145&r=env |
| By: | CISCAR MARTINEZ Juan Carlos (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); FEYEN Luc (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.7); SORIA RAMIREZ Antonio (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); LAVALLE Carlo (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.8); PERRY Miles (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); RAES Frank (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.7); NEMRY Francoise (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); DEMIREL Hande (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); RÓZSAI Máté (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); DOSIO Alessandro (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.7); DONATELLI Marcello (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.4); SRIVASTAVA Amit Kumar (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.4); FUMAGALLI Davide (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.4); NIEMEYER Stefan (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.4); SHRESTHA Shailesh; CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); HIMICS Mihaly; VAN DOORSLAER Benjamin (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); BARRIOS Salvador (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); IBANEZ RIVAS Juan Nicolás (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); FORZIERI Giovanni (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.7); ROJAS MUJICA Rodrigo Felipe (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.7); BIANCHI Alessandra (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.7); DOWLING Paul; CAMIA Andrea (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.3); LIBERTA Giorgio (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.3); SAN-MIGUEL-AYANZ Jesus (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.3); DE RIGO Daniele (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.3); CAUDULLO Giovanni (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.3); BARREDO CANO Jose Ignacio (European Commission – JRC - JRC.H.3); PACI Daniele (European Commission – JRC - JRC.F.7); PYCROFT Jonathan (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); SAVEYN Bert (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); REVESZ Tamas; BARANZELLI Claudia (European Commission – JRC - JRC.F.8); VANDECASTEELE Ine (European Commission – JRC - JRC.F.8); BATISTA E SILVA Filipe (European Commission – JRC - JRC.F.8); IBARRETA RUIZ Dolores (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the JRC PESETA II project is to gain insights on the sectoral and regional pattern of the impacts of climate change in Europe by the end of this century. The assessment concerns both the biophysical and economic impacts of climate change. The study has as new elements a large set of impact categories (a total of ten: agriculture, energy, river floods, droughts, forest fires, transport infrastructure, coasts, tourism, habitat suitability of forest tree species and human health) and climate model simulations (a maximum of fifteen for some impact sectors). Six of those impacts are integrated into an economic setup (agriculture, energy, river floods, forest fires, transport infrastructure and coasts). This report details the main methodological aspects of the integrative project and discusses the main results, both in biophysical impact and economic impact terms. |
| Keywords: | Environmental economics, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, green tax reform, energy tax, energy-intensive sectors, competitiveness, multi-sectoral, computable general equilibrium model (CGE), scenario-building techniques, climate change impacts and adaptation assessment |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc87011&r=env |
| By: | Ghosal, Vivek (Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta), European Business School Wiesbaden, and CESifo, Munich.); Stephan, Andreas (The Ratio Institute); Weiss, Jan (Jönköping International Business School) |
| Abstract: | Using a unique plant-level dataset we examine green productivity growth in Sweden’s heavily regulated pulp and paper industry, which has historically been a significant contributor to air and water pollution. Our exercise is interesting as Sweden has a unique regulatory structure where plants have to comply with national environmental regulatory standards and enforcement, along with decentralised plant-specific regulations. In our analysis, we use the sequential Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index which accounts for air and water pollutants as undesirable outputs. Some of our key findings are: (1) regulation has stimulated technical change related to pollution control, and has induced plants to catch up with the best-practice technology frontier with regard to effluent abatement; (2) large plants are more heavily regulated than small plants; (3) plants in environmentally less sensitive areas or those with local importance as employer face relatively lenient regulatory constraints; (4) environmental regulations trigger localized knowledge spillovers between nearby plants, boosting their green TFP growth. |
| Keywords: | TFP; DEA; Sequential Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index; pulp and paper industry; pollution; environmental regulations; enforcement; plant-specific regulation; productivity; Porter hypothesis. |
| JEL: | D24 L51 L60 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0229&r=env |
| By: | Hochman, Gal; Zilberman, David |
| Abstract: | In the absence of a global climate agreement, countries employ local policies to curb pollution and introduce clean energy. These policies limit domestic consumption of a traded energy source but increase exports thus improving a country’s energy balance and its balance of trade. While focusing on US energy policy, we show this phenomenon for both petroleum products and for coal. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, energy sources, international trade, technological change, climate change, balance of trade, green paradox |
| Date: | 2014–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt87d2b3kx&r=env |
| By: | Carl Romanos (Stanford University); Suzi Kerr (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research); Campbell Will (University of Otago) |
| Abstract: | New Zealand’s per capita greenhouse gas emissions are usually calculated by taking total emissions as reported under the Kyoto Protocol or the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and simply dividing by population. However this focuses on emissions associated with production within New Zealand. From the point of view of individuals, these are not the emissions they control, and hence can mitigate. Individuals can calculate their “carbon footprint” but tools to do this typically focus on a few categories of emissions (mostly electricity, direct fuel use and waste) and emissions footprints are not available for a wide range of households so cannot be used for comparative analysis. This paper explores how the carbon emissions related to the consumption categories of households in New Zealand vary with household characteristics. We use product consumption data from the 2007 Household Economic Survey. Consumption within each category is linked to a carbon intensity multiplier (tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per dollar of consumption) which is derived from: the official 2007 input–output table of 106 industries produced by Statistics New Zealand; energy data on carbon dioxide per petajoule of fuel in each industry from the Energy Data File; and the Energy Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report both provided by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Previous literature has used similar methods to calculate the incidence of a carbon tax (e.g. Creedy and Sleeman [2006]). This paper uses these methods in order to study which sectors of household expenditure offer the greatest opportunities for mitigation and how these opportunities vary with household characteristics such as income decile, region and household composition. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, emissions, consumption, household emissions |
| JEL: | D12 D62 Q41 Q01 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:14_05&r=env |
| By: | Turner, Robert (Department of Economics, Colgate University) |
| Abstract: | This is the draft of a chapter from a forthcoming book related to the conference Sensing Change: Mapping the Climatic Imaginary through Art, Science and History, held at the Chemical Heritage Foundation November 7-9, 2013. The artwork shown in the exhibit Sensing Change is part of a thriving environmental art movement. There is a long history of art influencing environmental attitudes and to some extent behavior. Historically such art has used what photography critic Vicki Goldberg calls the “pastoral eulogy†approach but there is also a more critical approach that emphasizes the environmental damage and risk associated with human behavior. Ecological artist Ruth Wallen says, “Ecological art work can help engender an intuitive appreciation of the environment, address core values, advocate political action, and broaden intellectual understanding.†But there is little evidence about whether people change their behavior in response to this sort of art. This chapter uses a contingent choice survey (a kind of choice experiment) to investigate whether exposure to such artwork influences environmental behavior, in particular the purchase of carbon offsets. (Purchasing offsets provides funding for activities that reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.) Contingent choice surveys are often used to analyze respondents’ environmental behavior and/or the underlying preferences for environmental goods and resources driving that behavior. In these surveys, respondents choose among a selection of hypothetical or real scenarios comprised of varying levels of different variables. Based on the choices they make, the relative importance of the different variables can be estimated. In the survey upon which this chapter is based, respondents chose from alternative carbon offset purchase options, including the option to buy no offsets. The central questions are as follows: what would make respondents more or less likely to choose to buy no offsets, and did respondents who saw artwork as part of the survey differ systematically from those who didn’t? Subsets of respondents in a choice experiment investigating willingness to buy carbon offsets were shown artistic images related to climate change. One subset was shown photographs from The Canary Project (Susannah Sayler and Edward Morris); another subset was shown images from the Wind Map: Poetry in Motion project (Fernanda Viégas and Martin Wattenberg); a control group was not shown any artistic images. The survey responses were analyzed to explore whether the artistic images affected respondents' willingness to buy carbon offsets. Another issue investigated was whether the images affect the ways in which the willingness to buy carbon offsets is influenced by other factors. These other factors include the types of mitigation efforts being funded by offsets and also personal characteristics of the respondents such as age, income, and adherence to social norms. The results of the split-sample contingent choice survey indicate that respondents who were shown photographs by the Canary Project that illustrate the impacts of climate change were more likely to purchase carbon offsets than were respondents in a control group. This is even though the respondents viewed the images only briefly: typically for less than a minute. Not all artistic images had this effect, though: respondents who saw animated images from the Wind Map Project that illustrate wind speeds and patterns for extreme weather events were actually less willing to buy offsets than the control group. Results indicate that preferences about buying carbon offsets are very heterogeneous, but in all cases the pattern remains that respondents in the treatment group that saw the Canary Project photos are more likely to buy offsets and respondents in the treatment group that saw the Wind Map Project images are less likely to buy offsets. The heterogeneity was driven largely by variables related to social norms and expectations. But the differences across treatment groups were not driven by differences in individual characteristics. The chapter continues with some thoughts about why the responses to the Canary Project and Wind Map Project art differed. The chapter concludes with some ideas for future survey-based research exploring the impact of art on environmental attitudes and behavior. |
| Keywords: | artistic images, carbon offsets, contingent choice, choice experiments |
| JEL: | Z11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgt:wpaper:2014-03&r=env |
| By: | Billette de Villemeur, Etienne; Pineau, Pierre-Olivier |
| Abstract: | The electricity sector is the largest source of GHG emissions in the world, and reducing these emissions would often be costly. However, because electricity markets remain often only integrated at a shallow level (with different pricing regulations), many gains from deeper integration (adoption of marginal cost pricing everywhere) are yet to capture. This paper assesses the benefits of such deep integration between a "hydro" jurisdiction and a "thermal" one. It also underscores the inefficiency of trade when pricing rules differ. Our detailed hourly model, calibrated with real data (from the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, Canada), estimates price, consumption, emissions and welfare changes associated to fully integrating electricity markets, under transmission constraints. A negative abatement cost of $37/tonne of CO2 is found (for more than 1 million tonnes), cleary illustrating the untapped potential of wealth creation in carbon reduction initiatives. Furthermore, given the inefficiency of shallow integration between markets, we find that removing interconnections between markets is a relatively affordable CO2-reduction opportunity, at $21.5/tonne. |
| Keywords: | Market Integration; Regulation; Electricity Trade; Environmental Impacts. |
| JEL: | F14 F15 L50 L94 Q52 Q56 |
| Date: | 2013–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:55619&r=env |
| By: | Halkos, George; Tsilika, Kyriaki |
| Abstract: | One climate related phenomenon could affect many more. The direct costs associated to climate related factors pass to a number of other climate related costs through the indirect economic consequences of climate change. In this paper we propose a mathematical model which aims to provide forecasts of the distribution of the costs caused by the synergistic mechanism of environmental effects. The model is created to be directly applied to situations where the primary costs associated to climate related factors can be specified. It is expressed in matrix terms and is programmed using Mathematica’s matrix functions. We provide the framework for efficient computation of this model, covering possible linear and nonlinear functions of the impact mechanism for costs and, infinite direct cost scenarios. Some directions for the quantitative estimation of impact indicators and adaptation potentials of the costs incurred by certain climate related factors are included, in order to apply the proposed model using real socioeconomic data. |
| Keywords: | Computational techniques; Mathematica computer software; Climate change related factors; Cost interactions. |
| JEL: | C63 C88 Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:55459&r=env |
| By: | Robinson, Sherman; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Cervigni, Raffaello |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Climate adaptation, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:esspwp:53&r=env |
| By: | Newton, Peter; Agrawal, Arun; Wollenberg, Lini |
| Abstract: | The rapid expansion of commodity agriculture in tropical forest landscapes is a key driver of deforestation. To meet the growing demand from a more prosperous and expanding global population, it is imperative to develop sustainable commodity supply chains that support higher agricultural productivity, and that enable improved environmental, economic, and social outcomes. Interventions by community, market, and state actors can enhance the sustainability of supply chains by affecting where and how agricultural production occurs. Global datasets were used to document the trends in deforestation and commodity agriculture production and a framework was developed to facilitate analyses of commodity supply chains across multiple interventions, commodities, and countries. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Deforestation, Greenhouse gas, Livelihoods, supply chain, Sustainability, Commodities, Tropical climate, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:worpps:110&r=env |
| By: | López, Ramón E.; Yoon, Sang W. |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that the dynamic properties of the pollution-income relationship under an optimal pollution tax depends on three key factors, namely the degree of temporal and inter-temporal flexibility in consumption and the elasticity of substitution among production inputs. This paper derives general conditions for eluding the limits to growth showing that they require rather stringent assumptions which the existing literature has failed to identify. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets curve, Elasticity of marginal utility, Elasticity of substitution, Environmental Economics and Policy, O1, Q2, |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umdrwp:166072&r=env |
| By: | Shames, Seth; Bernier, Quinn; Masiga, Moses |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Agricultural development, agricultural carbon projects, action research, capacity building, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:worpps:113&r=env |
| By: | Yusuf, Sulaimon Aremu |
| Abstract: | The argument concerning the contribution of energy towards the growth objective and the adverse environmental impact its consumption brings along are contentious, whether to reduce energy consumption in order to reduce negative externality as it is just an intermediate input which its contribution is insignificant to the accomplishment of growth objective is the curiosity behind this study. The study empirically examined the impact of energy consumption and carbon emission on economic growth in Nigeria between 1981 and 2011. The research takes analytical/quantitative dimension. It is a multivariate study by including in the model two conventional determinants of Economic Growth, Capital proxy by Gross Capital Formation, labour proxy by labour participation rate, and other variables of study which are electricity consumption, energy use kt in oil equivalent and Co2 emission. Restricted Error Correction Model (VAR) is used, Impulse Response function was carried out and the necessary diagnostic tests were examined with the aid of Econometrics View Package (E- view). The study reveals that the long run relationship exists among the variables and electricity contributes significantly to the economic growth. Further investigation using Granger causality analysis to examine the causal directions among the variables reveals bidirectional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth and indicates unidirectional causality running from energy use kt of oil to carbon emission. This brings the study to conclusion that electricity is not just an intermediate input; its contribution to the accomplishment of growth objective cannot be relegated to the background. Hence, Nigeria can pursue triple goals of energy security by exploiting renewable energy source, environmental sustainability and sustainable inclusive growth. Therefore necessary recommendations were made. |
| Keywords: | Energy Consumption, Carbon Emission, Economic Growth |
| JEL: | Q43 |
| Date: | 2014–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:55529&r=env |
| By: | Fisher, Anthony C; Le, Phu V |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, climate change, nonlinearities, catastrophic events |
| Date: | 2014–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt6tj3j4jb&r=env |
| By: | Sahbi Farhani; Muhammad Shahbaz; Ilhan Ozturk |
| Abstract: | The present study explores the relationship between coal consumption, industrial production and CO2 emissions in case of China and India for the period of 1971-2011. The structural break unit root test and cointegrating approach have been applied. The direction of causal relationship between the variables is investigated by applying the VECM Granger causality test. Our results validate the presence of cointegration among the series in both countries. We also find the existence of inverted U-shaped curve between industrial production and CO2 emissions for India but for China it is U-shaped relationship. Coal consumption adds in CO2 emission. The causality analysis reveals that industrial production and coal consumption Granger cause CO2 emission in India. In case of China, the feedback effect exists between coal consumption and CO2 emissions. Due to the importance of coal in China and India, any reduction in coal consumption will negatively affect their economic growth as well as electricity supply. |
| Keywords: | Coal consumption, Industrial production, CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2014–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-225&r=env |
| By: | Jing Dai (University of Kassel); Andreas Ziegler (University of Kassel); Martin Kesternich (ZEW); Andreas Löschel (ZEW) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the extent and the determinants of individual global climate change be-liefs. In contrast to former studies, it is focused on China due to its crucial role in global cli-mate policy and its responsibility as the worldwide biggest producer of CO2 emissions. The empirical analysis is based on unique data from a survey among more than 1000 individuals from five cities in China, namely Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Wuhan, and Shenyang. In line with previous studies in other countries, our results suggest that the vast majority of al-most 90% of the Chinese respondents believe in the existence of global climate change, which seems to be a convenient basis for ambitious climate policy in China. Our econometric analy-sis reveals that the personal experience with extreme weather events (and particularly heat-waves) alone is already sufficient to increase global climate change beliefs, although conse-quential personal physical or financial damages lead to stronger effects. A rising number of extreme weather events and consequential personal damages in the future might thus further decrease climate change skepticism. Our estimation results additionally reveal that females as well as people in medium ages, with higher household incomes, a lower education, and from Chengdu or Shenyang are more skeptical with respect to global climate change. |
| Keywords: | Global climate change, beliefs and skepticism, extreme weather events, China, micro-econometric analysis |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201428&r=env |
| By: | Bhattacharyya, Chandril; Gupta, Manash Ranjan |
| Abstract: | In this paper, a model of endogenous economic growth is developed with special focus on the interaction between unionized labour market and environmental pollution. We introduce a trade union; and use both ‘Efficient Bargaining’ model and ‘Right to Manage’ model to solve the negotiation problem. Environmental pollution is the result of production; and the labour union bargains not only for wage and employment but also for the protection of environment. We derive properties of optimum income tax policy while financing abatement expenditure; and also analyse the effects of unionization on the level of employment and on growth rate. It appears that the optimum rate of income tax varies inversely with the relative bargaining power of the labour union. An increase in the relative bargaining power of the labour union may enhance employment in ‘Efficient Bargaining’ model if the labour union is highly employment oriented. However, the union always forces the firm to raise the spending rate for environment protection. So, unionisation may raise the growth rate, even if the first effect is negative, but the second effect dominates the first effect. |
| Keywords: | Labour union; Environment; Income tax; Abatement expenditure; Endogenous growth |
| JEL: | J51 O44 Q5 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:55416&r=env |
| By: | Ina Meyer; Mark Wolfgang Sommer |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates a central hypothesis of the green economy concept, which states that transitioning to a low-carbon economy is justified on a sound economic basis. We analyze this hypothesis by focussing on employment effects from renewable energy deployment, based on an evaluation of 23 selected impact studies from peer-reviewed journals. The studies are categorized into two clusters, one consisting of studies that represent employment factors of specific renewable technologies, and another that compiles model-based scenario assessments on employment effects from specific renewable policies. Both clusters distinguish the applied methodologies and the type of employment effects considered – direct, indirect, induced, gross or net. Given the heterogeneity of assumptions, the results of the different studies are hardly comparable, although we find that a majority of the investigated scenarios show positive net employment effects. These results crucially depend on the financing of an RES support scheme and the global competitiveness (technological lead) for a specific technology. The positive link between renewable energy deployment and job creation is thus not straightforward, since different assumptions, system boundaries and modelled interactions such as the crowding out of alternative energy production or effects from prices, income and foreign trade influence the results. Further research is needed. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, employment effects, green economy, climate mitigation |
| JEL: | J20 Q01 Q20 Q52 |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feu:wfeppr:y:2014:m:4:d:0:i:12&r=env |
| By: | Nerhagen, Lena (VTI); Pyddoke , Roger (VTI); Jussila Hammes, Johanna (VTI) |
| Abstract: | Many countries have begun to require benefit-cost analysis as a way of informing key regulatory decisions. However, its actual use seem to be limited, especially in the area of environmental, health, and safety regulation. Reasons for this seem to be lack of knowledge and experience among decision makers and that established quality objectives prevent the use of this type of analysis and deliberation. We present the results from an experiment designed to investigate choice behavior in a public sector context. Students with different academic majors were asked to act as decision makers. There were two choice situations: one in a municipality deciding on an action plan and one in a government agency having to propose a national limit value. In both settings, the outcome that would pass a benefit-cost test would not achieve a natural state of the environment, hence a social dilemma choice situation. We find that a majority of the respondents prefer outcomes that can be considered environmental “optimum” but that there is a difference depending on academic major. The choice context also influences the response behavior and so does the information about an international standard. The latter increases the likelihood to accept alternatives that imply higher costs. |
| Keywords: | Benefit-cost analysis; Policy making; Environmental quality objectives; Discrete-choice analysis; Willingness-to-pay |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2014–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2014_008&r=env |
| By: | Robinson, Sherman; Gueneau, Arthur |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the potential impact on the economy of Pakistan of building the Diamer-Basha dam. An integrated system of economic and water simulation models is applied to Pakistan to analyze the economywide impacts of changes in water resources in the Indus river basin, focusing on agricultural and hydropower benefits provided by the Diamer-Basha dam under different climate scenarios. The model framework links separate economic and water models, drawing on the strengths of both approaches without having to compromise by specifying either a simplified treatment of water in an economic model or simplified economics in a water model. The model system is used to simulate the impact of economic growth and changes in water resources over the long run, focusing on agriculture and hydropower. The results of scenario analysis indicate that the Diamer-Basha dam would improve the resilience of Pakistan to adapt to climate shocks, providing increased hydropower capacity and enhanced ability to manage the water system to offset climate-induced variation in river flows. |
| Keywords: | Rivers, Watersheds, Irrigation, Climate change, Dams, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, Computable General Equilibrium water model, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:psspwp:14&r=env |
| By: | Mandell, Svante (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Nilsson, Jan-Eric (The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Vierth, Inge (The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | The impact of policy instruments supposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from road freight transports may seem smaller than expected. Using insights from economics and contract theory, the paper sorts out the (possible) instances of market failure in the freight transport market; operator market power, asymmetric information split incentives, and public goods. The primary limitations of standard policy instruments are demonstrated to be linked to unobservable information. Some of these may be reduced but not eliminated as information technologies develop, making it possible to observe, verify and provide contract-relevant information to the uninformed parties. There is little reason to believe that possible market failures present major limitations to the efficiency of economic instruments geared toward protecting the climate, other than possibly in the short run. |
| Keywords: | Freight transport; climate; greenhouse gas; policy instruments; asymmetric information; split incentives |
| JEL: | Q53 R40 R48 |
| Date: | 2014–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2014_003&r=env |
| By: | Vellore Arthi |
| Abstract: | �I use variation in childhood exposure to the Dust Bowl, an environmental shock to health and income, as a natural experiment to explain variation in adult human capital.� I find that the Dust Bowl produced significant adverse impacts in later life, especially when exposure was in utero, increasing rates of poverty and disability, and decreasing rates of fertility and college completion.� Dependence on agriculture exacerbates these effects, suggesting that the Dust Bowl was most damaging via the destruction of farming livelihoods.� This collapse of farm incomes, however, had the positive effect of reducing demand for child farm labor and thus decreasing the opportunity costs of secondary schooling, as evidence by increases in high school completion amongst the exposed. |
| Keywords: | Dust Bowl, environmental shock, human capital formation, early life health |
| Date: | 2014–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:number-129&r=env |
| By: | Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Bernier, Quinn; Haglund, Eric |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the central role of institutions for climate-smart agriculture (CSA), focusing on the role of institutions in promoting inclusivity, providing information, enabling local level innovation, encouraging investment, and offering insurance to enable smallholders, women, and poor resource-dependent communities to adopt and benefit from CSA. We discuss the role of state, collective action, and market institutions at multiple levels, with particular attention to the importance of local-level institutions and institutional linkages across levels. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Property rights, Institutions, Smallholders, Climate-smart agriculture, collective action, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:worpps:114&r=env |
| By: | Vincent Viguié (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - AgroParisTech); Franck Lecocq (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - AgroParisTech); Jean-Marc Touzard (Unité mixte de recherche innovation, changement technique, apprentissage et coordination dans l'agriculture et l'agroalimentaire - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - Centre international de hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes [CIHEAM] - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] - CNEARC - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this article is to lay out a series of issues of current concern to researchers in the social sciences, regarding the impact of climate change on the vine and wine sector. The challenge lies in evaluating the cost of transition from one system to another through an integration of the direct and indirect effects of climate change. This adaptation, whether reactive or anticipatory, combines technical and organisational innovations with localisation strategies and institutional changes. Such actions could either try to maintain the existing situation as much as possible or could try to bifurcate towards deep changes, entailing very different costs. Given the multitude of uncertainties at play, not to mention the necessity for continuous adaptation to an ever-changing climate, these costs are hard to quantify. This article will illustrate two sets of measures for wine cultivation adaptation: 'no regrets' measures, which offer immediate benefits, and 'reversible and flexible' measures, which limit the inertia of wine-cultivating systems. In spite of the challenges, what stands out is the evident re-enforcement resulting from the collaboration between researchers and political and economic actors. In the field of wine cultivation, these collaborations can follow two paths: the study of the diversity of existing wine-growing systems and genetic resources or the possibility of more radical technological and social experimentation. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00982086&r=env |
| By: | Bryan, Elizabeth; Behrman, Julia A. |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of community–based adaptation (CBA) efforts. To start, it develops and describes a framework on adaptation to climate change used as the basis for this research. The paper then defines the characteristics or principles of CBA and describes why it is an essential part of the adaptation process. Following this, it identifies the limitations of or constraints to CBA in practice, including the need to link CBA to the larger adaptation and development processes and discusses institutional arrangements for CBA. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Gender, Women, Collective action, Community based adaptation, Resilience, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:worpps:109&r=env |
| By: | K. C. Ratha; S. K. Mahapatra |
| Abstract: | The powerful typhoon Haiyan that swept across the Philippines is one of the strongest storms ever to make landfall, cut a path of destruction through several central islands, causing scores of people dead. The disaster's full impact is still revealing as the entire country has been caught in a state of shock and desperation. The devastation is really horrific with human tragedy. Responding to the disaster of such magnitude calls for both national and international hands to come forward for the affected people. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q58 Q59 |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp940&r=env |
| By: | Schmidt, Emily; Zemadim, Birhanu |
| Abstract: | This analysis utilizes recent hydrological and meteorological data collected from the Mizewa watershed in order to better understand the physical impact of SLWM investments. The effectiveness of the simulated conservation practices (terraces, bunds, and residue management) are evaluated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model taking into account investment decisions on different terrain types. |
| Keywords: | Water management, Sustainability, Land management, River basins, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:esspwp:61&r=env |
| By: | Schmidt, Emily; Chinowsky, Paul; Robinson, Sherman; Strzepek, Kenneth M. |
| Keywords: | Water management, Sustainability, Land management, River basins, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:esspwp:62&r=env |
| By: | Sultana, Parvin; Thompson, Paul M. |
| Abstract: | This analysis assesses community based organization (CBO) performance including conflict management over three years among about 150 floodplain CBOs and reviews experience in the five forest protected areas with co-management. |
| Keywords: | Fisheries, Forest, Forest management, Communities, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:worpps:111&r=env |
| By: | Mónica Ospina; Santiago Bohórquez; Andrea Serna; Laura Castañeda |
| Abstract: | This study identifies how community attributes affect household residential location decisions in Medellin, Colombia. The empirical model applies the revealed preference principle: each household is assumed to have made an optimal location decision given a set of alternatives. Using household data, we estimate a conditional logit choice model for residential communities by controlling for both individual and neighborhood characteristics, including environmental attributes. The set of alternatives for each household are defined using the applicable neighborhood’s socioeconomic and geographic characteristics. The results provide an estimate of household preferences for the many characteristics of the potential choices in the choice set. In the case of Medellin, we found positive and significant preferences for public provided goods such as public schools and security but relatively low preferences for recreational and cultural spaces; households prefer that the latter be provided by the private sector. |
| Keywords: | Housing Demand; Neighborhood Characteristics; Environmental Economics |
| JEL: | R21 R23 Q50 |
| Date: | 2013–08–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000122:010932&r=env |
| By: | Pannell, David J; Llewellyn, Rick S; Corbeels, Marc |
| Abstract: | The farm-level economics of conservation agriculture (zero tillage, mulching and crop rotation)are described, reviewed and modelled. The economics are defined broadly to include not just shortterm financial benefits and costs, but also the whole-farm management context, constraints on key resources such as labour and capital, risk and uncertainty, interactions between enterprises, and time-related factors, such as interest rates and the urgency of providing for the farm family. A wealth of evidence shows that these economic factors and variables related to them have significant influences on farmers’ decisions about adoption of conservation agriculture. Literature on the farmlevel economics of conservation agriculture for resource-poor farmers is reviewed. There is not a large body of high-quality relevant studies. Those that have been published highlight that the economics are highly heterogeneous and need to be considered on a case-by-case basis. Their results tend to indicate that it would be profitable to adopt conservation agriculture or components of it (although not in all cases). This contrasts with disappointing adoption in many of the regions of interest. Potential reasons for this disparity are discussed. A general model of the farm-level economics of conservation agriculture and its components is presented, and used to illustrate influences on the overall economic attractiveness of conservation agriculture. Key factors that would tend to discourage adoption in situations that otherwise look favourable include: the opportunity cost of crop residues for feed rather than mulch, the short-term reduction in yields under zero tillage plus mulching in some cases, combined with short planning horizons and/or high discount rates of farmers, farmer aversion to uncertainty, and constraints on the availability of land, labour and capital at key times of year. Good quality economic analysis should be used more extensively to guide research and extension in this area, particularly in relation to the targeting of effort, and adaptation of the system to suit local conditions. |
| Keywords: | zero tillage, legume rotation, mulching, crop residue retention, risk, uncertainty, adoption of innovations, cropping system, Zimbabwe, maize, groundnuts, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2013–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uwauwp:166526&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Michel Sahuta; Sandrine Boulerne; Medhi Mili; Frédéric Teulon |
| Abstract: | The relation between company longevity and its performance is undeniable; however the relationship between sustainability and performance remains the subject of multiple studies which seem to confirm a positive link. But what type of relationship exists between a firm’s longevity and sustainability? In this paper, we demonstrate that the adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) principles explains this link. Therefore, sustainable development policies can create a rampart wall which protects firms against crisis through its three pillars (environmental, social and economic) and thus limit the number of enterprises which go bankrupt. This rampart wall would be even more effective if the principles of sustainable development which companies adopt were guided by a suitable mix of soft law and hard law. |
| Keywords: | longevity, CSR, crisis, performance, sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2014–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-248&r=env |
| By: | Nordén, Anna (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | Because the effectiveness of payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs depends on landowners’ engagement, understanding the relationship between the type of payment and participation is a key issue. This paper reports on a choice experiment that quantifies landowners’ preferences for cash and educational in-kind payment. The main results indicate a positive correlation between participation in a PES contract and the magnitude of the cash payment, while participation seems uncorrelated with the magnitude of the educational inkind payment. In addition, we investigate the mix of payment types and heterogeneity in preferences, which can help policymakers design strategies to increase participation. |
| Keywords: | payment for ecosystem services; cash payments; in-kind payments; stated preferences; land owners |
| JEL: | Q28 Q57 |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0591&r=env |
| By: | Cometto, Marco; Keppler, Jan Horst |
| Abstract: | This presentation of the findings of Nuclear energy and renewables : System effects in low-carbon electricity systems (recently published by OECD’s Nuclear Energy Agency) analyzes the interactions between “variable renewables and dispatchable energy technologies” (mainly wind and solar power). It describes the major effects of these interactions on the electricity grid and systematically estimates the associated costs for six OECD countries. |
| Keywords: | Réseaux électriques (énergie); Développement durable; Transition énergétique; Énergies renouvelables; |
| JEL: | Q56 Q42 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dau:papers:123456789/13159&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (Office of the General Counsel, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | Under the auspices of the Second Annual Asia-Pacific Dialogue on Clean Energy Governance, Policy, and Regulation, the Energy Efficiency Workshop was held on 20–21 June 2011 at the Asian Development Bank. The workshop—whose proceedings are documented in this publication prepared under the Law and Policy Reform Program of the Office of the General Counsel—focused on addressing the slow uptake of energy efficiency solutions by identifying the political, governance, and financial constraints in implementing energy efficiency solutions, and considering innovative policy, regulatory, and financial remedies for overcoming these constraints. |
| Keywords: | adb, asian development bank, asdb, asia, pacific, poverty asia, clean energy, clean energy forum, clean energy governance, energy security, energy development, climate change |
| Date: | 2011–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt124431&r=env |
| By: | Philip Hemmings |
| Abstract: | Ensuring tax and transfer systems bring sufficient revenue to reach macroeconomic fiscal targets, address societal goals in re-distribution and social welfare, recognise the influence taxation has on businesses’ competitiveness and adequately address environmental externalities is a tough challenge, arguably more so in Israel than in many other OECD countries. High interest payments and large defence spending make deficit and debt reduction more difficult, socio-economic divides remain wide and as a small-open economy Israel is highly exposed to mobile international capital and competition over international investment. And, as elsewhere, the incorporation of environmental issues into the tax system remains only partial. This review examines ways forward for policy on several fronts: indirect taxation; household income tax and social benefits; taxes on property and wealth; business taxation; and evasion, avoidance and administration issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-israel.htm). Comment améliorer le système de prélèvements et de prestations en Israël Les autorités doivent veiller à ce que le système de prélèvements et de prestations permette de dégager des recettes suffisantes pour réaliser les objectifs budgétaires retenus à l’échelle macroéconomique, d’atteindre les objectifs sociétaux visés en termes de redistribution et de protection sociale, de prendre en compte l’influence exercée par la fiscalité sur la compétitivité des entreprises, et de gérer de manière adéquate les externalités environnementales. L’ampleur de la tâche est redoutable, et elle l’est sans doute encore plus en Israël que dans de nombreux autres pays de l’OCDE. La lourdeur des charges d’intérêts et le volume des dépenses de défense rendent la réduction du déficit et de la dette plus difficile, les fractures socioéconomiques restent larges et, en tant que petite économie ouverte, Israël est fortement exposée aux effets de la mobilité des capitaux internationaux et à la concurrence que se livrent les pays pour attirer les investissements internationaux. En outre, comme ailleurs, l’intégration des questions environnementales dans le système d’imposition reste partielle. Nous examinons dans cette Étude les possibilités d’améliorer le cadre d’action publique sur plusieurs fronts : les impôts indirects, la fiscalité des revenus des ménages et le système de prestations sociales, les impôts sur la propriété immobilière et les autres formes de patrimoine, la fiscalité des entreprises, les problèmes de fraude et d’évasion fiscales, ainsi que les questions d’administration de l’impôt. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE d’Israël 2013 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/israel-2013. htm). |
| Keywords: | taxes, transfers, subsidies, tax administration, pensions, welfare, Israel, environmental taxation, company tax, tax evasion, tax avoidance, taxe, subventions, Israël, bien-être, évasion fiscale, fraude fiscale, fiscalité environnementale, administration fiscale, transferts, fiscalité des entreprises, pensions |
| JEL: | H23 H24 H25 H26 H53 I38 |
| Date: | 2014–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1113-en&r=env |
| By: | Marielle Brunette (LEF - Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UMR0356 - AgroParisTech); Jérôme Foncel (Université Lille 3 Charles-de-Gaulle, UFR de mathématiques, sciences économiques et sociales - Université Lille III - Sciences humaines et sociales); Nazindigouba Eric Kéré (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le developpement international - CNRS : UMR6587 - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I) |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with the forest owner's attitude towards risk and the harvesting decision in several ways. First, we propose to characterize and quantify the forest owner's attitude towards risk. Second, we analyze the determinants of the forest owner's risk attitude. Finally, we determine the impact of the forest owner's risk attitude on the harvesting decision. The French forest owner's risk attitude is tackled by implementing a questionnaire, including a context-free measure borrowed from experimental economics. The determinants of the forest owner's risk attitude and harvesting decision are estimated through a recursive bivariate ordered probit model. We show that French forest owners are characterized by a relative risk aversion coefficient close to 1. In addition, we found that the forest owner's risk aversion is influenced positively and significantly by gender (female), age, and willingness to protect the environment, while the percentage of forest income in the total patrimony of the forest owner has a negative effect. Finally, we obtain that the forest owner's risk aversion positively and significantly impacts the harvesting decision. |
| Keywords: | Forest owner's risk attitude; Risk aversion; Harvesting decision. |
| Date: | 2014–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-00981350&r=env |
| By: | Finon, Dominique |
| Abstract: | Tout le monde est familier des politiques de développement des énergies renouvelables promues hors marché soit par des tarifs de rachat, soit par des obligations de certificats verts, qui sont des réponses aux défaillances de marché en matière d’ investiss ements en technologies nouvelles. Parce que toutes les technologies bas carbone dont les ENR sont capitalistiques, nous assistons à une généralisation de tels dispositifs. Leur modus operandi est d’aligner les revenus par MWh sur les coûts de long terme de chacune et de reporter les coûts et les risques sur les consommateurs. Ces politiques hors marché commencent à avoir des effets sur le fonctionnement du marché électrique. On assiste au début du basculement vers un régime dominé par les coordinations pu bliques. Cet impact de ces politiques commence à peine à être discuté au niveau européen. Dans ce papier on montre la nécessité de ces arrangements de long terme pour atteindre les objectifs des politiques climatiques et leur effet sur l’effacement progre ssif de la fonction de coordination de long terme du marché. On conclut en plaidant en faveur d'une reconnaissance claire de ce rôle accru de la coordination publique et de la contradiction fondamentale entre ces politiques bas carbone et le régime de marc hé instauré par les directives européennes en Europe. |
| Keywords: | Décarbonation; système électrique; tarifs d’achat; technologies bas carbone; énergies renouvelables; coordination par le marché; coordination publique; |
| JEL: | Q55 L94 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2013–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dau:papers:123456789/13150&r=env |
| By: | André Gambier Campos; José Valente Chaves |
| Abstract: | Com diversos méritos, o Seguro Defeso situa-se na confluência das políticas sociais e ambientais definidas após a Constituição Federal de 1988 no Brasil. Ele ampara os pescadores artesanais, impedidos de subsistir com seu trabalho durante certo período do ano. Além disso, ele oferece alguma proteção às espécies marinhas, fluviais e lacustres que integram o ecossistema do país. A despeito da relevância de seus papéis sociais e ambientais, o Seguro Defeso defronta-se com problemas relacionados ao fato de o programa direcionar-se a grupos que, aparentemente, não são pescadores artesanais (ou sequer pescadores). Este texto disponibiliza informações sobre discrepâncias entre os pescadores artesanais e os beneficiários do Seguro Defeso – que fazem com que, por vezes, o programa contemple grupos que, ao que tudo indica, não deveria. Ademais, este texto oferece informações sobre os valores envolvidos em tais discrepâncias, em termos de recursos financeiros dedicados ao programa. With plenty of merits, Seguro Defeso (a kind of unemployment benefit) is a program located at the confluence of social and environmental policies, defined after the Constitution of 1988 in Brazil. It supports artisanal fishermen, unable to subsist based on their work during certain period of the year. Furthermore, it offers some protection to aquatic species, comprising the country’s ecosystem. Despite the relevance of its social and environmental roles, Seguro Defeso faces several problems nowadays, related to the fact that it benefits groups that apparently are not artisanal fishermen (or even fishermen). This text provides evidences about those problems, focusing at discrepancies between fishermen and beneficiaries of Seguro Defeso, as well as at the financial costs involved in those discrepancies. |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1956&r=env |
| By: | Jeanette McDonald; Erick Leroux; Frédéric Teulon |
| Abstract: | Sustainable tourism in the South of the Mediterranean: review of literature and research perspectivesMany tourists, tour operators and the public give prominence to sustainable tourism. However few studies provide a synthesis of work on this subject for the Maghreb countries. Based on a literature review, our research indicates that, in these countries, there is still progress to be made in terms of protection of the environment by local actors. Furthermore, more measures should be taken with respect to sustainable tourism in Maghreb countries. |
| Date: | 2014–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-238&r=env |
| By: | André Boyer; Marie José Scotto |
| Abstract: | Our paper aims at analyzing the case of a large Moroccan company: OCP (Office Cherifien des Phosphates). First, we present some definitions of CSR seen in a systemic perspective. We will explain the Moroccan context to determine the opportunities of CSR’s development in Morocco. The second part of our work will be focused on the evolution of the OCP in a changing Moroccan economy. The implementation and evolution of a Corporate Social Responsibility orientation will be exposed. The case discussion attempts to show the constraints the company has to deal with in its immediate and international environment, what are the answers given and the consequences which could be expected regarding the CSR approach. |
| Keywords: | CSR, Sustainable Development, Morocco, OCP |
| Date: | 2014–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-256&r=env |