|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Garcia-Barrios, Fernando; Bigsby, Hugh R.; Kerr, Geoffrey N. |
| Abstract: | Forest carbon is potentially an important income stream for small land owners in Guatemala that would help to cease deforestation and forest degradation pressures. However, the temporary nature of sequestered forest carbon, the risk of environmental disturbances releasing forest sequestered carbon, and the form of international carbon markets affect the ability of small forest owners to participate in carbon trading schemes. This paper reports the results of an investigation into the stability of carbon pools formed by small forest owners in Guatemala, accounting for forest fire risk and the effects on implementation of a carbon banking approach |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136045&r=env |
| By: | Robinson, Ian |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2012–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare97:136513&r=env |
| By: | Anastasiadis, Simon; Kerr, Suzi |
| Abstract: | We consider two approaches to quantify New Zealand farmers’ ability to mitigate their farm’s environmental impact: The construction of marginal abatement cost curves and improvements in farm management practices. Marginal abatement cost curves can be constructed by combining information on the effectiveness of mitigation with cost data. However, we find that the available data is not sufficient to support this approach. We consider improvements in management practices using a distribution of farm production efficiency with regard to nitrogen and greenhouse gas (kg production per unit of emissions). Where differences in production efficiency are due to factors that can be managed by farmers, targeting less efficient farmers to encourage the adoption of management practices similar to those of the more efficient farmers is a potential mitigation strategy. |
| Keywords: | Cost curves, greenhouse gas, heterogeneity, leaching, mitigation, nitrogen, production efficiency, Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Q53, Q57, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136039&r=env |
| By: | Barbera, Mattia G. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136041&r=env |
| By: | Hübler, Michael; Löschel, Andreas |
| Abstract: | We carry out a detailed CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) analysis of the EU Decarbonisation Roadmap 2050 on a macroeconomic and on a sectoral level. Herein, we study a Reference scenario that implements existing EU policies as well as 3 unilateral and 3 global climate action scenarios. We identify global climate action with international emissions trading and the ful l equalization of CO2 prices across all (EU) sectors as a reasonable policy option to avoid additional costs of the Decarbonisation Roadmap to a large extent. This policy option may include CDM (Clean Development Mechanism in the sense of 'where'-flexibility) in an extended form if there are countries without emissions caps. Moreover, we identify diverse sectoral effects in terms of output, investment, emissions and international competitiveness. We conclude that the successful realization of the EU Decarbonisation Roadmap probably requires a wise and joint consideration of technology, policy design and sectoral aspects. -- |
| Keywords: | EU,Decarbonisation Roadmap,Copenhagen Pledges,post Kyoto,energy-intensive sectors,competitiveness,leakage |
| JEL: | C68 F18 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:12055&r=env |
| By: | Elmar Lukas (Faculty of Economics and Management, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg); Andreas Welling (Faculty of Economics and Management, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg) |
| Abstract: | Emission trading schemes like the European Union Emissions Trading System (EUETS) try to reconcile economic efficiency and ecological efficiency by creating financial incentives for companies to invest in climate-friendly innovations. Using real options methodology we demonstrate that under uncertainty economic and ecological efficiency are still mutually exclusive. This problem is even tightened if a climate-friendly project depends on investments of a whole supply chain. We model a sequential bargaining game in a supply chain where the parties negotiate about the implementation of a carbon dioxide (CO2) saving investment project. We show that the outcome of their bargaining is not economic efficient and even less ecological efficient. Furthermore, we can show that a supply chain is getting less economic efficient and less ecological efficient with every additional chain link. Finally, we give recommendations how managers or politicians could improve the situation and thereby increase the economic as well as the ecological efficiency of supply chains. |
| Keywords: | Emission trading, Optimal investment timing, Real options, Game theory, Supply chain management, Eco-efficiency |
| JEL: | G34 D81 M11 |
| Date: | 2012–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mag:wpaper:120026&r=env |
| By: | Bell, Brian A. |
| Abstract: | Among the green lobby and the general public there is urgency for agriculture to clean up its act on environmental issues. Increased intensification of land use and in particular dairying has led to environmental spill-overs that the public is no longer willing to tolerate. Agriculture is in danger of losing its public license to operate. Polices to ensure degraded waterways are put on a path to improvement are currently being formulated. These have the potential to rob New Zealand of its international competitive advantage in agricultural production if not implemented wisely. This paper uses two case studies to illustrate the costs and the timeframes inherent in environmental improvement for pastoral agriculture and makes recommendation on policies to ensure New Zealand has good environmental outcomes and retains its international competitive advantage. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136043&r=env |
| By: | Randall, Alan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare06:137760&r=env |
| By: | Schenker, Oliver; Stephan, Gunter |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the interplay between international trade, regional adaptation and North-to-South transfers for funding adaptation within the framework of a dynamic computable gen-eral equilibrium model, where impacts of climate change depend on changes in precipitation and temperature. If all regions, even the least developed ones, own the necessary resources for adapting optimally to climate change and variability, by mid-century less than 10% of the regions' GDP would be invested for avoiding almost 40% of climate change damages. This has measurable effects on the regions' competitiveness as well as on the terms-of-trade. If, however, the developing world does not own sufficient resources for adapting optimally to climate change, as is to expected, funding of adaptation can make sense from an economic perspective. In particular the Hicks-Kaldor criterion is fulfilled as aggregated welfare gains at least compensate the costs of providing financial assistance for adaptation. -- |
| Keywords: | funding of adaptation,climate change,international trade,multi-regional dynamic CGE model |
| JEL: | C68 D58 F18 Q56 Q54 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:12056&r=env |
| By: | William A. Brock (Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin); Gustav Engström (The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics and University of Stockholm); Anastasios Xepapadeas (Athens University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | We couple a one-dimensional energy balance climate model with heat transportation across latitudes, with an economic growth model. We derive temperature and damage distributions across locations and optimal taxes on fossil fuels which, in contrast to zero-dimensional Integrated Assessment Models, account for cross latitude externalities. We analyse the impact of welfare weights on the spatial structure of optimal carbon taxes and identify conditions under which these taxes are spatially nonhomogeneous and are lower in latitudes with relatively lower per capita income populations. We show the way that heat transportation affects local economic variables and taxes, and locate sufficient conditions for optimal mitigation policies to have rapid ramp-up initially and then decrease over time. |
| Keywords: | One-dimensional Energy Balance Model, Heat Transport, Latitudes, Temperature Distribution, Damage Distribution, Social Planner, Competitive Equilibrium, Local Welfare Weights, Optimal Taxes |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 R11 |
| Date: | 2012–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2012.74&r=env |
| By: | Rahman, Shaikh M.; Larson, Donald F.; Dinar, Ariel |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the cost of producing emission reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism. Using project-specific data, cost functions are estimated using alternative functional forms. The results show that, in general, the distribution of projects in the pipeline does not correspond exclusively to the cost of generating anticipated credits. Rather, investment choices appear to be influenced by location and project type considerations in a way that is consistent with variable transaction costs and investor preferences among hosts and classes of projects. This implies that comparative advantage based on the marginal cost of abatement is only one of several factors driving Clean Development Mechanism investments. This is significant since much of the conceptual and applied numerical literature concerning greenhouse gas mitigation policies relies on presumptions about relative abatement costs. The authors also find that Clean Development Mechanism projects generally exhibit constant or increasing returns to scale. In contrast, they find variations among classes of projects concerning economies of time. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Economics,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Energy Production and Transportation,Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2012–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6262&r=env |
| By: | Martana, Kadim; Evison, David; Lennox, James A.; Manley, Bruce |
| Abstract: | The Government of Indonesia is committed to cut its emissions by 26% by 2020. In forestry sector, this is done through reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) program. One of several pilot activities of the REDD Program is the Berau Forest Carbon Program (BFCP) which is located in the Berau District East Kalimantan Indonesia. The Program attempts to generate behavioural changes of the forests stakeholders like forest-dependent community, forestry/logging company and oil palm plantation company to contribute to the emissions reduction, which is formulated in the Program‟s strategies. Changes of these behaviours are reflected in the costs being borne by the relevant forest stakeholders as well as the incentive rewarded for engaging in the programme. This paper focuses on the dataset preparation i.e. the Berau District Social Accounting Matrix for CGE modeling analysis of the above context. A non survey method was employed to generate the regional accounts and was it combined with available data as well as experts‟ estimates. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136049&r=env |
| By: | Uetake, Tetsuya |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is a provider of food and, to a certain extent, public goods such as biodiversity and landscape, but it can also have negative impacts on natural assets such as biodiversity and water quality. In addition to implementing policies that target individual farmers, different approaches are needed to promote collective action. The literature review and three New Zealand case studies (Sustainable Farming Fund, East Coast Forestry Project and North Otago Irrigation Company) have identified some findings including benefits and barriers of collective action and key factors for its success. Collective action should be given serious consideration in addressing agri-environmental problems. |
| Keywords: | Collective action, public goods, agri-environmental policy, social capital, Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Public Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136071&r=env |
| By: | Hübler, Michael; Baumstark, Lavinia; Leimbach, Marian; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Bauer, Nico |
| Abstract: | We introduce endogenous directed technical change into numerical integrated climate and development policy assessment. We distinguish expenditures on innovation (R&D) and imitation (international technology spillovers) and consider the role of capital investment in creating and implementing new technologies. Our main contribution is to calibrate and numerically solve the model and to examine the model's sensitivity. As an application, we assess a carbon budget-based climate policy and vary the beginning of energy-saving technology transfer. Accordingly, China is a main beneficiary of early technology transfer. Herein, our results highlight the importance of timely international technology transfer for efficiently meeting global emission targets. Most of the consumption gains from endogenous growth are captured in the baseline. Moreover, mitigation costs turn out to be insensitive to changes in most of the parameters of endogenous growth. A higher effectivity of energy-specific relative to labor-specific expenditures on innovation and imitation reduces mitigation costs, though. -- |
| Keywords: | endogenous growth,directed technical change,technology transfer,integrated assessment,carbon budget,China |
| JEL: | O11 O30 O44 O47 Q32 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:12054&r=env |
| By: | Daniela Marconi (Banca d'Italia); Francesca Sanna-Randaccio (Sapienza University of Rome) |
| Keywords: | Technology transfer, CDM, climate change, China, FDI |
| JEL: | F23 Q55 Q56 A A |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_129_12&r=env |
| By: | Engel, Anna-Maria; Wegener, Jens Karl; Lange, Marco; Schaper, Christian |
| Abstract: | Im internationalen Wettbewerb gewinnt die Bilanzierung von CO2e-Emissionen in Unter-nehmen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Klimalabel bieten Unternehmen dabei die Möglichkeit, die Reduktion von CO2e-Emissionen entlang der Wertschöpfungskette ihrer Produkte an den Konsumenten zu kommunizieren. Durch den Kauf klimagelabelter Produkte können diese die unternehmerischen Klimaschutzaktivitäten unterstützen und nehmen somit aktiv am Klima-schutz teil. In den letzten Jahren hat sich eine Vielzahl von Klimalabeln und -programmen am Markt entwickelt. Da es noch keine international einheitlichen Methoden zur Analyse, Re-duktion und Kompensation von CO2e-Emissionen gibt, unterscheiden sich diese hinsichtlich der Anwendung der Standards, der Validierung, Verifizierung, Zertifizierung und der Carbon Credits. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die verschiedenen am Markt befindlichen Klima-label und -programme anhand der genannten Unterschiede zu analysieren und zu vergleichen. Datengrundlage bildet eine Umfrage unter 19 internationalen Anbietern von Klimalabel und -programmen. Die Analyse zeigte, dass deutliche Unterschiede bei der Ausgestaltung der In-halte bzw. der Qualität der einzelnen Programme bestehen. Zur Erhöhung der Transparenz von Klimalabeln müssen international einheitliche Standards für die Bilanzierung und Kom-pensation von CO2e-Emissionen, deren Auszeichnung und Kontrolle entwickelt werden. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Credit, Klimalabel, Kompensation, CO2e-Emissionen, Zertifizierung, Carbon Credit, carbon label, compensation, greenhouse gas emissions, certification, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi12:137381&r=env |
| By: | Andersen, M.D; Kerr, Geoffrey N.; Lambert, Simon J. |
| Abstract: | The application of stated preference non-market valuation approaches in settings where there are strong cultural differences in environmental perspectives potentially misrepresent strengths of preferences for different groups. This paper reports on a study that measured strength of affiliation with traditional Māori identity, strength of connection with nature, and monetary measures of value derived from a choice experiment. The relationships between these three measures are explored to test the alignment of Māori identity with connection to nature, and to test the dependence of monetary valuation on cultural identity and connection with nature. The tests are applied in the context of a case study addressing water management in the Waikato Region. |
| Keywords: | cultural valuation, environmental valuation, choice modelling, cultural identity, water preservation, Māori values, connectedness to nature, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136040&r=env |
| By: | Anastasiadis, Simon |
| Abstract: | Nutrient emissions from agricultural land are now widely recognized as one of the key contributors to poor water quality in local lakes, rivers and streams. Nutrient trading has been suggested as a regulatory tool to improve and protect water quality. However, farmers’ attitudes suggest that they are resistant to making the changes required under such a scheme. This paper develops a model of farmers’ resistance to change and their adoption of new management practices under nutrient trading regulation. We specify resistance as a bound on the adoption of new practices and allow this bound to relax as farmers’ resistance to change weakens. This paper reflects current work in progress as part of the author’s Master’s Thesis. Future work will extend and build upon the material presented here. We request that readers refer to this paper only in the absence of a more recent version. This paper has been prepared for the purposes of the New Zealand Agricultural and Resource Economics Society conference August 2012. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, inertia, mitigation, nutrient trading, technology adoption, Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136038&r=env |
| By: | Eugenio Figueroa B.; Roberto Pasten C. |
| Abstract: | Searching for a behavioural explanation of the empirical occurrence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) the literature has usually assumed additive preferences, i.e. that the marginal utility of consumption does not depend on pollution levels. We update and extend previous literature on the EKC and show that the signing of the slope of the elasticity of substitution between consumption and environmental quality determines the occurrence of the EKC. This novel result does not require imposing restrictions on the sign of the cross-partial derivative of utility with respect to consumption and environmental quality. Under the assumption of a decreasing elasticity of substitution we derive a closed form of the EKC and show that this more general model encompasses as special cases most of the relevant EKC-generating models described in earlier literature. |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp369&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Marc Bourgeon (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS : UMR7176 - Polytechnique - X); Helene Ollivier (ARE - Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics - University of California, Berkeley) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the impacts of bioenergy trade on greenhouse gas emissions using a two-good, three-factor model. Bioenergy is an agricultural good used as a substitute for fossil fuels in industry. Governments tax domestic pollution without international coordination. We assume that northern countries have higher labor productivity than southern ones and that agriculture is less pollution intensive than industry (after taxation). We show that whereas southern countries impose a lower tax rate than northern ones, they do not necessary have a competitive advantage in industry, and that compared to autarky, trade liberalization either increases or decreases worldwide emissions depending on regional comparative advantages. |
| Keywords: | Bioenergy; Intermediate product; North-South trade; Global pollution |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00750733&r=env |
| By: | Heindl, Peter |
| Abstract: | As shown by R. Hahn [6], free allocation equal to the amount of permits a firm with market power uses in equilibrium, can prevent welfare losses. If the necessary amount of free allocation is not provided to the firm with market power, a second best solution is obtained where marginal abatement costs of regulated firms are not equated. In this paper, it is proposed that the government may change the economy wide emissions constraint (cap) as a response to market power, e.g. when free allocation cannot be adjusted. Changing the cap can lead to a situation where marginal abatement costs are equated in the presence of market power. Because changing the cap will lead to changes of social welfare, both effects must be balanced. It is shown that there exists a second best social optimum by balancing the positive effect of limiting market power and the negative effect of changing the cap. -- |
| Keywords: | Tradeable Permits,Market Power,Environmental Regulation |
| JEL: | Q53 L12 D21 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:12065&r=env |
| By: | Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - Ecole des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech); Stéphane Hallegatte (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - Ecole des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech, CNRM-GAME - Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique - CNRS : URA1357 - INSU - Météo France) |
| Abstract: | Political attention has increasingly focused on limiting warming to 2°C. However, there is no consensus on both questions "Is the 2°C target achievable?" and "What should be done with this target that becomes increasingly difficult to achieve?". This paper aims at disentangling the points of deep uncertainty underlying this absence on consensus. It first gives simple visualizations of the challenge posed by the 2°C target and shows how key assumptions (on the points of deep uncertainty) influence the answer to the target achievability question. It then proposes an "uncertainties and decisions tree", linking different beliefs on climate change, the achievability of different policies, and current international policy dynamics to various options to move forward on climate change. |
| Keywords: | feasibility of 2°C target, climate change negotiations, deep uncertainty |
| Date: | 2012–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00750704&r=env |
| By: | Clothier, Brent; Macay, Alec; Dominati, Estelle |
| Abstract: | Quantifying natural resources as natural capital and the valuation of the ecosystem services that flow from natural capital stocks are emerging areas of science. Are these developing concepts compatible with current resource management legislation? Can these ideas be used in judicial proceedings to protect natural capital and maintain the portfolio value of nature‟s ecosystem services? We describe two recent cases in New Zealand where natural capital concepts were used in the Environment Court to protect land from peri-urban creep and to protect receiving water quality through the allocation of a nutrient discharge allowance to land. Results have been mixed, with prospects appearing good. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136044&r=env |
| By: | Parsons, Oliver |
| Abstract: | The National Policy Statement on Freshwater Management now requires that water quality objectives and limits be set for all water bodies in New Zealand. Where objectives result in the development of nitrate limits for waterways and development pressure is likely to make these limits difficult to achieve, systems are needed to avoid over-allocation. This paper proposes a multi-level governance model for managing this load over time, with a focus on community self-governance and building a flexible system for managing leaching risk, given the very high levels of uncertainty in linking nutrient losses to objectives. |
| Keywords: | Diffuse pollution, risk management, market-based instruments, commons resource management, community governance., Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136053&r=env |
| By: | O.A. Carboni; P. Russu |
| Abstract: | This article develops a dynamic optimising macro model of a open economy specialised in tourism based on natural resources. Environmental externalities are explicitly introduced in the production function. Global dynamic analysis shows that, under some conditions on the parameters, if the initial values of the state variables are close enough to the coordinates of Pa, then there exists a continuum of equilibrium trajectories approaching Pa and one trajectory approaching Pb. Therefore, the model exhibits global indeterminacy, since either Pa or Pb can be selected according to agent expectations. |
| Keywords: | global and local indeterminacy; environmental externalities; history versus expectations; Hopf bifurcation |
| JEL: | O13 O41 Q22 C62 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:201230&r=env |
| By: | Schilling, Chris; Kaye-Blake, William; Post, Elizabeth; Rains, Scott |
| Abstract: | This paper describes a multi-agent system (MAS) model, Desktop MAS, designed for New Zealand‟s pastoral industries. Desktop MAS models the strategic decisions and behaviours of individual farmers in response to changes in their operating environment. Farmer responses determine production, economic and environmental outcomes. Each farmer has a profit-maximising or cost-minimising objective that governs their decision-making, and a social network with whom they interact. Information transfer between farmers occurs through this social network. We consider a simple scenario analysis that investigates the impact of emissions prices on industry mix and farming intensity. We then investigate the importance of farmer behaviours and interaction. We find that farmer social networks and objectives impact particularly on farming intensity decisions within land-use industries. Land-use change between industries becomes more sensitive to farmer attitudes as the profitability differential between land-uses narrows. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136070&r=env |
| By: | Parminter, Terry G.; Greenberg, Emily |
| Abstract: | The paper describes an innovative approach to stakeholder consultation about agricultural land uses and water quality in rural waterways. In mid-2012 the authors prepared a number of policy scenarios from published regional council planning documents, addressing sediment, nutrients and pathogens. These examples were intended to stimulate stakeholders to consider the attributes that they desired in the regional council interventions to be included in the next regional plan. Stakeholders from a range of agricultural and environmental organisations were invited to attend a one-day workshop. At the workshop they reviewed the proposed policy problem and objective, as well as the policy scenarios. Workshop participants then used post-it® notes to complete a template that described the attributes underlying the policy scenarios. The results were used to describe areas of convergence between the different stakeholder groups and areas where there were differences. These results are now being used in the next phase of the regional plan for the Wellington Region. |
| Keywords: | consultation, freshwater, policy, regional council, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136052&r=env |
| By: | Barry, Luke E.; Yao, Richard T.; Paragahawewa, Upananda Herath; Harrison, D.R. |
| Abstract: | Understanding the economic value of avoided soil erosion in New Zealand is an important factor in policy decision making enabling the acknowledgement of the costs of erosion to the economy. This paper focuses on potential for afforestation to mitigate erosion risks on marginal agricultural hill country lands. Spatial economic modelling is undertaken to determine the net private and public benefit due to the avoided soil erosion from afforesting these areas. The study indicates that in some cases forestry is not viable and thus the public benefit from avoided erosion (and other ecosystem services) will not be forthcoming in these areas. Afforestation of these areas may therefore require positive incentives or improvements in forest and farm systems and technologies, depending on the relative weight of the public and private net benefits. |
| Keywords: | Spatial economic modelling, ecosystem services, soil erosion, public policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136042&r=env |
| By: | Unay Gailhard, Ilkay; Bavorova, Miroslava; Pirscher, Frauke |
| Abstract: | This study investigates previously experienced farmers’ adoption behavior of Agri-Environmental Measures (AEM) in Central Germany. We consider organic farmers as previously experienced with AEM as they already have practiced the environmental management standards for organic farming. The logit model is used to explain the influence of communication frequency on the probability of adoption of other environmental measures as a continuous innovation. Social network analysis is carried out to investigate the role of attitudes towards information sources. Our findings demonstrate the influence of communication frequency with interpersonal network actors (agricultural organizations and neighborhood farmers) on continuous innovation adoption in three ways: First, the communication frequency of organic farmers with both agricultural organizations and neighborhood farmers does not influence the original farmer’s decision to adopt AEM. Second, a higher education level of frequently communicated neighborhood farmers increases the probability of farmers’ AEM adoption, while the innovativeness of frequently communicated farmers does not. Third, inside the population of frequently communicated organic farmers, formal information sources (agricultural organizations) are considered as more important information sources about agricultural issues than are informal sources (other farmers). |
| Keywords: | Interpersonal communication network, communication frequency, innovation adoption, agri-environmental measures, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa131:135786&r=env |
| By: | Wilson, Ross |
| Abstract: | Section 32 of the Resource Management Act requires councils to evaluate the alternative options. Pure, fully monetised cost benefit analysis (“CBA”) is in theory the ideal preferred approach for evaluations, but it is at one extreme of a whole spectrum of related approaches based on the level of detail and quantification or monetisation. In practice, few if any s32 analyses are fully monetised, and in fact many if not most are either purely qualitative (descriptions or matrices) or a mix of qualitative and quantitative (numerical or scoring). However, there are other examples across the entire spectrum. |
| Keywords: | evaluation, monetised, council, cost benefit analysis, RMA section 32, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136072&r=env |
| By: | Kravchenko, Alexey |
| Abstract: | Resource Management's Act current “first come first served” method of distributing water rights is fast becoming inadequate to handle this increasingly over-allocated factor of production. Water markets or tariffs are one way to achieve allocative efficiency. To establish such markets or tariffs, it is imperative to estimate users’ responses to having, for the first time, to pay for this currently largely unpriced input. This study seeks to provide a viable “starting point” estimate of the response curve to water price tariffs of dairy farmers – NZ’s largest fresh water consumers – using the MPI dairy monitoring dataset. This paper suggests that under the assumptions of inelastic input substitutability, the farms’ supply curves can provide an approximation of the farms’ responses to at-site (irrigation cost inclusive) changes of water costs. |
| Keywords: | water demand, dairy farms, irrigation, non-market valuation, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136048&r=env |
| By: | Heindl, Peter; Voigt, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | For the case of the German state of Baden-Wuerttemberg, production and employment effects of the promotion of renewable energy sources are examined based on a regionalized input-output table. Our findings suggest that policy actions promoting renewable energy types do not necessarily create new jobs and additional turnover for the whole economy. They rather induce a structural change of the economy since other investments might be crowded out by investments in installations of renewable energy and the demand in other sectors might decrease. However, if the producers of the installations are able to export parts of their products to the rest of Germany and/or the rest of the world, these crowding out effects can be attenuated and turnover and employment effects might be positive for the state in total. -- |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy,Employment effects,Input output |
| JEL: | C67 Q42 R11 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:12066&r=env |
| By: | Lakner, Sebastian; Kleinknecht, Uta |
| Abstract: | Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die Umsetzung der FFH-Richtlinie durch Landwirte in Sachsen. Seit 2002 hat der Freistaat Sachsen 270 FFH-Gebiete an die Europäische Kommission gemeldet und führt in diesen Gebieten systematisch FFH-Managementplanungen durch mit dem Ziel die Naturschutzpraktiken auf den FFH-Flächen zu optimieren. Im Zuge der FFH-Managementplanung werden die Landwirte kontaktiert, um sie mit Hilfe von Beratungsgesprächen zur Optimierung ihrer Bewirtschaftungspraktiken zu motivieren. Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst die bisherigen Erfahrungen aus 17 FFH-Managementplänen in Sachsen zwischen 2003 und 2011 zusammen. Der Datensatz wurde mit Hilfe von Beratungsgesprächen gewonnen und besteht aus betriebsstrukturellen Informationen von 131 Betrieben und ökologische Informationen von 333 FFH-Flächen. Die Statistik zeigt, dass 63 % aller Betriebe bereit sind die Maßnahmen optimal umzusetzen, weitere 20 % zeigen sich offen, leicht angepasste Maßnahmen umzusetzen. Ein einfaches binäres Modell wird angewandt zur Bestimmung möglicher Einflussgrößen auf die Entscheidungen der Betriebe. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die betriebliche Entscheidung für eine naturschutzfachliche Optimierung abhängig ist von der Viehbesatzdichte des Betriebes, jedoch nicht von Betriebsgröße oder dem Flächenumfang der entsprechenden FFH-Flächen auf dem Betrieb. Eine Umsetzung von FFHMaßnahmen ist auf Flächen mit speziellen Agrarumweltmaßnahmen wahrscheinlicher. Allerdings zeigen die Modellergebnisse und die Praxis, dass einige Agrarumweltmaßnahmen nicht immer zu den FFH-Flächen im höheren Erzgebirge passen. Insgesamt erscheint die Praxis der FFH-Managementpläne eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zu den Agrarumweltprogrammen, da dieser Planungsprozess, der in Sachsen von Betriebsbesuchen und Beratung begleitet wird, einen höheren Zielerreichungsgrad im Naturschutz ermöglicht und Landwirte zur Umsetzung von FFH-relevanten Naturschutzmaßnahmen motiviert. |
| Keywords: | Europäische Umweltpolitik, Agrarumweltprogramme, FFH–Managementplanung, Entscheidung, Naturschutz, European environmental policy, agri-environmental programs, FFH-Managementplans, decision, nature-protection, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi12:137382&r=env |
| By: | Schou, Jesper S.; Rygnestad, Hild |
| Abstract: | After the 1992 Common Agricultural Policy Reform, the idea of introducing cross-compliance into the European Union agricultural policy has become more and more popular. Cross-compliance can be defined as making income support conditional on farmers conforming to environmental regulations and standards imposed on agricultural production. From economic theory it is known that, in order to establish and efficient policy, there should be correspondence between the number of policy objectives and the number of instruments. This has been neglected in the case of European cross-compliance policies and, in order to discuss the effects of the Common Agricultural Policy and efficiency properties, a simulation model has been applied to analyze the effects of introducing environmentally related objectives concerning nitrate leaching as a supplement to the current aim of income support in the Common Agricultural Policy. Results suggest that combining output reduction and nitrate leaching reduction is less effective than separate policies for these two objectives. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy, Cross-compliance, Nitrate leaching, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare97:136527&r=env |
| By: | Richards, Peter D. |
| Abstract: | The advancement of South America’s agro-pastoral frontier has been widely linked to losses in biodiversity and tropical forests, with particular impacts on the Brazilian cerrado, the Atlantic Forest, and the Amazon. Here I consider an important, yet largely overlooked, driver of South America’s soybean expansion, namely the devaluation of local currencies against the US dollar in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Much interest has emerged in recent years over the environmental implications of soybean production in Brazil, with evidence of both direct incursions into moist tropical forest by soybean producers and of potential indirect effects, via the displacement of existing ranching operations. In this research I utilize historical trends in soybean prices, exchange rates, and cropland dedicated to soybean production in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil to estimate the impact of currency devaluations on area of production. The results suggest that approximately 80,000km2, or 31 percent of the current extent of soybean production in these countries, emerged as a supply area response to the devaluation of local currencies in the late 1990s. The results also indicate that the more recent depreciation of the dollar and appreciation of the Brazilian real have counteracted a recent rise in global soybean prices, in the process sparing an estimated nearly 90,000 km2 from new cropland, 40,000 km2 of this in the Amazon alone. |
| Keywords: | Soybeans, Amazon, Exchange Rates, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development, Land Economics/Use, Political Economy, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midagr:138606&r=env |
| By: | Heindl, Peter |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of intermediaries in quantity regulation theoretically and presents a data application to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The choice of regulated firms to trade permits through intermediaries or directly at the exchange is discussed. Permit pricing strategies of intermediaries and possible issues of market power of intermediaries are modeled. Based on empirical data, the model application aims to assess the actual costs (fees, fixed costs) from permit trading, which represent costs of transacting. In a competitive setup, costs are relatively modest with about 1% to 2% of the permit price. In the EU ETS, firms that trade more than 283,000t CO2/year are likely to directly access the exchange while others trade with intermediaries. In the unlikely event of an intermediary having market power, overall costs would be six times higher in the model application. Options for regulated firms to access a permit exchange directly at low costs decrease the costs of transacting considerably in a competitive and non-competitive intermediary market. -- |
| Keywords: | permit trading,financial intermediaries,market power |
| JEL: | Q52 D42 D21 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:12064&r=env |
| By: | Maria Berrittella (Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Finanziarie, Università degli Studi di Palermo); Filippo Alessandro Cimino (Facoltà di Scienze Economiche e Giuridiche, Università Kore di Enna) |
| Abstract: | In this article, we analyse the effects of the carousel value-added tax fraud in the European carbon market and the legislative measures that the EU Member States could adopt to deal with this phenomena. We use a computable general equilibrium model, called GTAP-E and the version 6 of the GTAP database to evaluate the economy-wide and terms of trade effects. The policy test has been designed for five European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands and the United Kingdom. According to our findings, the legislative measures aimed to remove the VAT fraud in the European Emission Trading System will have positive effects in terms of GDP and welfare in the selected EU Member States. |
| Keywords: | Domestic Emission Trading, General Equilibrium Analysis, Legislative Measures, Value-added Tax Fraud, Welfare |
| JEL: | C68 H26 K34 Q58 |
| Date: | 2012–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2012.75&r=env |
| By: | Konig, Bettina; Kuntosch, Anett; Bokelmann, Wolfgang; Doernberg, Alexandra; Schwerdtner, Wim; Busse, Maria; Siebert, Rosemarie; Koschatzky, Knut; Stahlecker, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Innovations of agricultural suppliers, producers and retailers are directly or indirectly shaping sustainability within the agro food web. If sustainable innovations targeted at the key challenges agriculture is facing worldwide, such as food security, climate change, sustainable use of natural resources etc. should be promoted, knowledge about current innovation processes is needed to reveal mechanisms that allow for promoting sustainable agricultural innovations. In this paper we present the development of an analytical framework to study agricultural innovation systems. We divide the agricultural sector into four levels and expand the innovation system approach (Malerba 2002 and 2004, Koschatzky 2009) to study innovation processes. On the example of the role of farmers and extension services in agricultural innovation processes we demonstrate the adequateness of the approach and give detailed insight into the later stages of the innovation process, where barriers occur most in the German agricultural innovation system. |
| Keywords: | innovation system, precision farming, animal monitoring, energy in horticulture, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa131:135792&r=env |
| By: | Ostermeyer, Arlette; Schonau, Franziska |
| Abstract: | Biogas production is one of the influential innovations of recent decades in German agriculture. Due to high guaranteed energy prices biogas production led to distortions in agricultural and land markets. This paper provides insights in effects of biogas production on farms, farm structures and rural areas for the region Altmark, Germany, for the period 2012-2026 by using the agent-based simulation model AgriPoliS. AgriPoliS enables to simulate agricultural structural change and impacts of policies based on a linear programming approach. To maximize the household-income, farm agents can invest, produce and compete against each other on the land rental market. To analyse effects of biogas production, biogas plants, possible substrate mixtures and feed-in remunerations are introduced in the model. In our analyses, we focus on 1) the choice of production of farms, 2) the competition between farms, and 3) impacts on rural areas including environmental issues and labour market. Our simulation results show that biogas production provides especially for farmers with high management capabilities and large farms a profitable income opportunity. On average, biogas farms cannot increase their profitability. As result of an increased value added through biogas production and high competition among farms, rental prices increase and thus a high share of the value added is transferred to the land owners. Biogas production leads to an intensification of land use, especially to increases in cultivation of grass and maize silage instead of meadows and other crops, and in livestock production. This may cause negative environmental effects. On the other hand both, the intensification and the biogas production have positive effects on the labour market as biogas farms have an additional workforce demand. |
| Keywords: | biogas production, agricultural production, agent-based model AgriPoliS, land rental prices, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa131:135772&r=env |
| By: | Strohm, Kathrin; Schweinle, Jorg; Liesebach, Mirko; Osterburg, Bernhard; Rodl, Anne; Baum, Sarah; Nieberg, Hiltrud; Bolte, Andreas; Walter, Katja |
| Abstract: | Zusammenfassung: Die deutsche Fläche an Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) ist in den letzten drei Jahren überproportional stark angestiegen, und für 2011 geht die FNR von über 4.000 ha kommerziell genutzten Plantagen aus. Trotz der positiven Entwicklung bleibt die Flächenentwicklung hinter den Erwartungen und Wünschen seitens der Politik zurück. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es Ziel dieses Beitrags, den aktuellen Stand der Erkenntnisse zu den ökologischen und ökonomischen Effekten des KUP-Anbaus zusammenzustellen. Dabei wird auch die Frage der Förderung thematisiert. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- Summary: During the last three years, the German area of short rotation coppice (SRC) has increased strongly. The FNR (Agency for Renewable Resources) expects that in 2011 the commercially used plantations exceed 4,000 ha. Despite the positive development, the SRC area development falls short of expectations and wishes of politicians. Against this background, this contribution aims at compiling current findings regarding ecologic and economic aspects of SRC. Further, the question of government support is being discussed. |
| Keywords: | Kurzumtriebsplantage (KUP), Deutschland, Umweltwirkungen, betriebswirtschaftliche Analyse, Förderinstrumente, short rotation coppice (SRC), Germany, environmental effects, economic analysis, funding instrument, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Q12, Q15, Q18, |
| Date: | 2012–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:138190&r=env |
| By: | Narayan, Prakash; Rutherford, William |
| Abstract: | A market failure exists in the supply of industry-good goods and services with characteristics of non-rivalry and non-excludability. Compulsory levy frameworks are one form of intervention that governments use to address this market failure. Key components of the New Zealand levy framework, the Commodity Levies Act 1990 (the CLA) are described. The CLA is then evaluated against the criteria of accountability, effectiveness, efficiency and fairness. Some key aspects of the Australian, United Kingdom (UK) and Canadian frameworks are also considered. The CLA is found to be strong on accountability, and to place strong performance incentives on industry organisations. The CLA is found to be fair to small and large-scale producers, and its flexibility enables efficiencies in administration and management of industry organisations. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Political Economy, Public Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136050&r=env |
| By: | Hughey, Kenneth F.D. |
| Abstract: | The River Values Assessment System (RiVAS and RiVAS+) are tools that enable regional councils and others to ‘objectively’ and systematically evaluate rivers in their regions for their relative importance across the range of river values (e.g., native birds, irrigation and tangata whenau). RiVAS (which assesses existing importance) has been applied to 11 values, and to a large number of these in each of three regions (Tasman, Gisborne and Hawke’s Bay). RiVAS+ (restoration potential) has had limited application. There are multiple insights from these applications. First, RiVAS and RiVAS+ are highly cost effective. At around $6000 per value-application councils obtain: a collaborative approach resulting in stronger relationships between councils and stakeholder groups; up to date (and user friendly and accessible) information on value-related data often never collected otherwise; lists of rivers ranked according to national (high), regional (moderate) and low (importance) using the same method; indications of where the best prospects for restoration activities exist; and information that is immediately useful in the broader policy making processes. The paper reports also on the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities associated with ongoing application of the tool. |
| Keywords: | River values, multi criteria analysis, prioritisation, evaluation, New Zealand, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136047&r=env |
| By: | Emmann, Carsten H.; Pannwitz, Christian; Schaper, Christian; Theuvsen, Ludwig |
| Abstract: | Im Zuge des Klimawandels gewinnen standortangepasste Landnutzungsverfahren an Bedeutung, die zumindest die regional zunehmenden Wind- und Wassererosionen reduzieren und gleichzeitig die Biodiversität auf der Fläche erhöhen können. Ein solches Verfahren können Alley-Cropping-Systeme darstellen, bei denen Kurzumtriebsstreifen in bestimmten Abständen in die Ackerflächen integriert werden. Bisherige Arbeiten haben zumeist nur Aussagen zur Wirtschaftlichkeit von bestehenden Alley-Cropping-Systemen im Ausland getroffen. Daher werden in diesem Beitrag unterschiedliche Formen von Alley-Cropping-Systemen mit Kurzumtriebsstreifen ökonomisch für den Großraum Brandenburg untersucht. Dazu werden diverse Szenarien und auch die Teilernte der Streifen zur kontinuierlichen Aufrechterhaltung der Windschutzwirkung berücksichtigt. Ein zentrales Ziel ist es, eine Aussage zu einem Schwellenwert des biologischen Mehrertrags der verbleibenden Ackerfläche zu treffen, damit dieses Agroforstsystem konkurrenzfähig zu einer Referenz-Ackerfläche sein kann. Die Ergebnisse sind im Bereich von ca. 3 bis 10 % mindestens benötigtem biologischem Mehrertrag ausgefallen. Zudem wird eine jährliche Ausgleichszahlung für die Anlage eines Alley-Cropping- Systems berechnet, welche zwischen ca. 230 bis 800 €/ha Kurzumtriebsstreifen liegen muss, um die ökonomischen Nachteile des Systems gegenüber einer Referenz-Ackerfläche auszugleichen. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel, Agroforst, Alley-Cropping-System, Kurzumtrieb, Brandenburg, Kapitalwertmethode, biologischer Mehrertrag, Ausgleichszahlung, Climate Change, Agroforestry, Alley Cropping System, Short Rotation, Brandenburg, Net Present Value Method, Biological Surplus, Compensation, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi12:137380&r=env |
| By: | Grimes, Arthur; Hyland, Sean |
| Abstract: | Producers of agricultural commodities treat world commodity prices as exogenous. Prices facing regional producers can also be considered exogenous when we aggregate producers over small districts, and even across New Zealand. Through estimation of a vector autoregressive (VAR) model, under a minimal set of restrictions and through institutional knowledge, we estimate the causal impact of exogenous commodity price innovations on a set of community outcomes. We find the conventional approach of restricting the focus to national effects is insufficient to understand such dynamics, and future analysis and policy should consider sub-national responses. By extending the framework to a VAR on panel data covering all, or a sub-sample, of New Zealand TLSs over 1991-2011, we find that an increase in commodity prices leads to a permanent increase in housing investment and house prices across the country. However there is a significant degree of spatial distribution in effects. Contrary to our hypothesis, we find that rural communities are in fact the most insulated from commodity price shocks, with small and insignificant effects in both outcomes. Instead, due to constrained short-run rural employment and indirect redistribution through increased expenditure, it is urban areas that experience the most significant increases in housing investment, and the lion’s share of house price appreciation. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar12:136046&r=env |
| By: | Horbach, Jens; Chen, Qian; Rennings, Klaus; Vögele, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Despite the high CO2 emission intensity of fossil and especially coal fired energy production, these energy carriers will play an important role during the coming decades. The case study identifies the main technological trajectories concerning more efficient fossil fuel combustion and explores the potentials for lead markets for these technologies in China, Germany, Japan and the USA taking into account the different regulation schemes in these countries. We concentrate on technologies that have already left the demonstration phase. This is the case for supercritical (SC) and ultra-supercritical (USC) pulverized coal technologies that are already established. The analysis shows that the typical pattern of a stable lead market only applies to a limited extent. In the 1960s and 1970s, the USA has established a lead market for SC und USC technologies. In the meanwhile, Japan has surpassed the United States, although it started as a typical lag market. Japan has caught up in terms of supply factors, China in terms of price, demand and regulation advantage. This supports the hypothesis that - apart from the demand-oriented lead market model - push factors such as R&D activity play a strong role as well. The advantage of Japan mainly stems from its intensive R&D activities. It can also be observed that some other advantages - such as price and demand advantage - are shifting to China. China is practicing a leapfrogging strategy, and has already become a leader in the market segment of low and middle quality boilers, whereas Japan and Germany still dominate the world turbine market. The conclusion is that lead markets may switch over time to markets with high growth rates, although first mover advantages exist for some market segments such as turbines. First movers have a strong technological expertise which is important in the catching up process of late followers, and they may even profit from the growth in lag countries by exporting and cooperation activities. Thus international technology cooperation is a beneficial process for all involved parties. -- |
| Keywords: | Lead Markets,Coal Power plants,Energy Technology,Energy Policy |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:12063&r=env |
| By: | Sabah Abdullah (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Italy, University of Bath, Department of Economics, United Kingdom); Randall S. Rosenberger (Oregon State University, College of Forestry, USA) |
| Abstract: | This paper updates the existing meta-analysis in coral reef recreation taking into account the previous work of Brander et al. (2007) but considering some stated preference biases and/or effects. The present meta-analysis uses twice the number of observations as the previous one and sheds more light in understanding the influence of these common biases and/or effects found in valuations. The results show the common biases/effects in varied methodology types significantly influence the willingness to pay (WTP) estimates and in turn this has implications in welfare and benefit transfer at local, regional and global levels. |
| Keywords: | Meta-analysis, Coral Ecosystem, Valuation, Willingness to Pay, Biases |
| JEL: | Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2012–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2012.72&r=env |
| By: | Catherine Figuière (CREG - Centre de recherche en économie de Grenoble - Université Pierre Mendès-France - Grenoble II : EA4625); Renaud Metereau (CREG - Centre de recherche en économie de Grenoble - Université Pierre Mendès-France - Grenoble II : EA4625) |
| Abstract: | Les nombreux travaux sur l'écologie industrielle font désormais apparaître deux grandes approches. Pour certains auteurs elle constitue un outil d'éco-efficience des systèmes économiques existants. Pour d'autres, sa mise en place correspond à une évolution radicale des systèmes d'activités humains. Dans le cadre de cette seconde acception, ce texte cherche à montrer en quoi le secteur agroalimentaire pourrait constituer un point de départ pertinent pour amorcer les évolutions inhérentes à la mise en place d'une démarche d'écologie industrielle. L'ancrage au territoire de l'activité agricole constitue dès lors l'un des principaux arguments à développer. |
| Keywords: | développement durable ; activité agricole ; écosystème ; territoire ; écologie industrielle |
| Date: | 2012–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00750839&r=env |