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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | John Charlery |
| Abstract: | Discussion of climate change impacts in the Caribbean based on model projections including interpretation of the model results for more detailed impacts the Region could expect as the climate continues to change. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12778&r=env |
| By: | Spash, Clive L.; Lo, Alex Y. |
| Abstract: | The Australian Government has produced a CO2-equivalent tax proposal with a difference, it is a short prelude to an emission trading scheme that will allow the increasing rate of emissions to continue, while being a net cost to the Treasury. That cost extends to allowing major emitters to make guaranteed windfall profits from pollution permits. The emission trading scheme suffers numerous problems, but the issues raised show taxes can also be watered down and made ineffectual through concessions. Taxpayers will get no assets from the billions of dollars to be spent buying-off the coal generators or other polluters. The scheme hopes to stimulate private investors to create an additional 12 percent in renewable electricity generation by 2020. A serious emissions reducing alternative would be to create a nationalised electricity sector with 100 percent renewable energy within a decade. We explore the difficulties of implementing meaningful greenhouse gas taxes in Australia. |
| Keywords: | greenhouse gases; taxation; emission trading; climate change; regulation; renewable energy; Australia |
| JEL: | D62 Q54 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2011–10–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:33997&r=env |
| By: | Roger S. Pulwarty |
| Abstract: | A presentation about the basics of climate change - the science, the impacts, and the consequences. The focus is on water and the Caribbean in particular but the information is general. It includes information about climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12758&r=env |
| By: | Scandurra, Giuseppe; Romano, Antonio Angelo |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to analyse the driving of investment in renewable energy sources in low carbon and high carbon economies. To address these issues, a dynamic panel analysis of the renewable investment in a sample of 29 countries was proposed. Results demonstrate that the dynamic of investments in renewable sources is similar in the two panels, and depends by nuclear power generation, GDP and technological efficiency. Results show that countries try to reduce their environmental footprint, decreasing the CO2 intensity . Based on the estimation results, we think that energy sustainability passes through the use of renewable resources that can complement the nuclear technology on condition that both exceed their limits. |
| Keywords: | CO2 intensity; Dynamic model; Nuclear Energy |
| JEL: | C23 O13 Q42 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:34216&r=env |
| By: | Ulric Trotz |
| Abstract: | This presentation gives a focus on the impacts of climate change on water resources in the Caribbean. This was a very specific presentation trying to outline the vulnerabilities and the risks to the water sector from climate change. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12738&r=env |
| By: | Adrian R. Trotman |
| Abstract: | This presentation discussed one of the major impacts of climate change - drought. It addressed the impacts on the water sector from this type of climate effect. Mechanisms for adaptation for such impacts were presented. This presentation also included state of the art climate science to describe potential future impacts. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management, Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12838&r=env |
| By: | Davoust, Romain |
| Abstract: | Le changement climatique de la planète constitue un problème majeur du 21ième siècle. Une limitation du réchauffement à +2⁰C au dessus des niveaux pré-industriels devrait permettre d'atténuer les dégradations environnementales. En l’état de la science climatique, cet objectif de développement durable requiert une stabilisation des concentrations de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) à 450 ppmv CO2-équivalent. Au cours du prochain demi-siècle, la communauté internationale devra réduire ses rejets de GES de manière drastique, d'environ 50% par rapport au niveau de 1990. Dans ce contexte, l'Europe a adopté un objectif officiel de réduction des GES de 20% en 2020 par rapport à 1990, rehaussable à 30% en cas d'accord international équitable. A long terme, l'UE vise un minimum de 80% de réduction en 2050, pourcentage minimal exigé sous la contrainte de 450 ppmv CO2-éq.. Cette thèse modélise l'effort carbone en Europe pour atteindre -80% de GES en 2050. Sur la projection, le modèle OCTET (Optimal Carbon Trajectories for Emission Targets) projette un ensemble de trajectoires CO2 temporellement optimales. Des stratégies de réduction efficaces sont précisées pour les points de passage (2020, 2030, 2040) en fonction de l'incertitude internationale. La thèse calcule également les profils de prix du carbone en Europe pour une contrainte de réduction facteur 5 ainsi que les coûts de réduction. Dans l'ensemble, la thèse s'attache à explorer les implications d'une société européenne faiblement carbonée et à éclairer la politique européenne de réduction à l'horizon 2050. |
| Abstract: | Global warming will be a major issue in the 21st century. Limiting temperature increase to +2⁰C above pre-industrial levels should help to preserve ecosystems. According to current estimates, this sustainable development objective requires a stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) concentrations at 450 ppmv CO2-equivalent. Over the next decade, the world should reduce its GHG emissions by a factor 2 compared to 1990 levels. Europe has committed to reduce its Greenhouse Gases emissions by 20% in 2020 compared to 1990 and by 30% in case of a fair international agreement. In the long term, EU is targeting an abatement of at least 80% by 2050, which is a required level under the 450 ppmv CO2-equivalent constraint. The thesis models carbon effort in Europe to reach -80% GHG by 2050. Over the projection, the OCTET model (Optimal Carbon Trajectories for Emission Targets) projects a set of temporally optimal CO2 pathways. Efficient reduction strategies are built for the next decades (2020, 2030, 2040) depending on international uncertainty. The thesis calculates carbon price profiles in Europe under a factor 5 reduction as well as reduction costs. In a word, this thesis seeks to explore the implications of a low-carbon European society and to advise the European abatement policy over the 2050 horizon. |
| Keywords: | Réchauffement Climatique; Optimisation Intertemporelle; Modélisation Environnementale; Coût de Réduction; Prix du Carbone; Réduction de CO2; Développement Durable; Intertemporal Optimisation; Environmental Modeling; Reduction Cost; Carbon Price; CO2 Abatement; Europe; Sustainable Development; Global Warming; |
| JEL: | Q32 Q56 Q54 |
| Date: | 2011–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ner:dauphi:urn:hdl:123456789/7235&r=env |
| By: | Ulric Trotz; Roger S. Pulwarty |
| Abstract: | This presentation specifically focused on adaptation measures - what is being done and what can be done in the water sector to adapt to climate change impacts. Very specific options and suggestions were presented. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12818&r=env |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Zeshan, Muhammad; Tiwari, Aviral Kumar |
| Abstract: | Impulse responses of our structural VAR portray a positive correlation between the real GDP of Romania and energy consumption. The present study employs the annual data covering the period 1980-2008, and brings to light the factors playing important role in satisfying the energy requirements, its economic and social implications. Any short-run rise in energy requirements is contented with the help of nonrenewable energy consumption, for renewable energy is not so common in Romania. In addition, high installation cost and the ignorance about our environmental responsibilities etc. might be other possible factors for this limited use of renewable energy. It also identifies a strong positive correlation between the nonrenewable energy consumption and the CO2 emissions; resultantly, CO2 piles on in the ecosystem as the nonrenewable energy consumption boosts up. This exaggeration of the CO2 emissions ever time paves some way for the renewable energy which appears to play a minor role at this stage. Impulse responses represent some weak substitution between the nonrenewable energy consumption with the renewable energy consumption, which lowers carbon emissions and communicates some positive message. |
| Keywords: | renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption; real GDP; CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | P28 |
| Date: | 2011–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:34066&r=env |
| By: | Michael Taylor |
| Abstract: | USAID in the Caribbean has been given funding for climate change. This presentation talked about how this money will be directed and the types of activities USAID will be financing and supporting. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11138&r=env |
| By: | Michael Taylor; Tannecia S. Stephenson |
| Abstract: | This presentation focused on climate modeling and included the methods used and the results that come from climate models. The presentation focused on interpretation of the models rather than the detailed "how to" use of models. The focus was again the Caribbean region. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12798&r=env |
| By: | Tsur, Yacov; de Gorter, Harry |
| Abstract: | Regulation of nonpoint source pollution often relies in one way or another on policy instruments based on ambient indicators. For wellknown reasons, enforcement of ambient-based policies is, at best, limited. If no individual choices or actions are observed, than ambientbased regulation might be the only feasible approach. Often, some relevant individual indicators, such as output or certain inputs, are observable. For such cases, we offer a regulation mechanism that does away with ambient indicators. The mechanism implements the optimal output-abatement-emission allocation and gives rise to the full information outcome when the social cost of transfers is nil. Special attention is given to the regulation of (unobserved) abatement. |
| Keywords: | Nonpoint source pollution, abatement, asymmetric information, regulation mechanism, implementation., Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:huaedp:116228&r=env |
| By: | Ian A. MacKenzie (ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Markus Ohndorf (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Project-based emissions trading schemes, like the Clean Development Mechanism, are particularly prone to problems of asymmetric information between project parties and the regulator. In this paper, we extend the general framework on incomplete enforcement of policy instruments to reflect the particularities of credit-based mechanisms. The main focus of the analysis is to determine the regulator’s optimal spot-check frequency given plausible assumptions of incomplete enforcement under asymmetric information on reduction costs and heterogeneous verifiability of projects. We find that, depending on the actual abatement cost and penalty schemes, optimal monitoring for credit-based systems is often discontinuous and significantly differs from the one to be applied for cap-and-trade schemes or environmental taxes. We conclude that, in a real-world context, project admission should ultimately be based on the criterion of verifiability. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation, Project-based emissions trading systems, Audits and compliance. |
| JEL: | K32 D42 D82 Q58 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:11-152&r=env |
| By: | Ekhosuehi Iyahen |
| Abstract: | This presentation outlines the potential for insurance to help with risk transfer for adaptation mechanisms to climate change. It discusses the availability of insurance and re-insurance as a source of financing (or at least reduction in risk of costs) for climate change adaptation. The presentation was given by an insurance agency staff that operates in the Caribbean. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Disasters |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12678&r=env |
| By: | Felix Groba |
| Abstract: | Studies analyzing renewable energy market development usually investigate additional capacity or investment. Characteristics, roles and determinants of cross border trade with renewable energy system components remain blurred. Environmental regulation and renewable energy policies are important in promoting renewable energy use. Yet, the effect of respective policies on determining exports remains ambiguous. The Porter hypothesis and the lead market literature argue that environmental regulation leads to a comparative export advantage. Empirical studies testing both hypotheses reach diverging conclusions and rarely focus on the renewable energy sector. Using solar energy technology components, this study adds to the literature by explaining exports of environmental technologies. The analysis uses a gravity trade model and a unique panel dataset to test the role of renewable energy policies on environmental technology exports from OECD countries and to describe structure and development of international solar energy technology component trade. The results find a rapidly growing market with trade dominated by European countries. The study supports the Porter and the lead market hypotheses as early adopters of strong renewable energy policies have gained a comparative advantage. Analyzing the importer side, the study suggests that regulatory policies and import tariffs determine export flows of solar energy technology components. |
| Keywords: | Solar Energy Technologies, Energy Policy, Environmental Regulation and Trade, Trade Barriers |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q42 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1163&r=env |
| By: | William D. Nordhaus (Cowles Foundation, Yale University) |
| Abstract: | A new and important concept in global warming economics and policy is the social cost of carbon or SCC. This concept represents the economic cost caused by an additional ton of carbon-dioxide emissions or its equivalent. The present study describes the development of the concept as well as its analytical background. We estimate the SCC using an updated version of the RICE-2011 model. Additional concerns are uncertainty about different aspects of global warming as well as the treatment of different countries or generations. The most important results are: First, the estimated social cost of carbon for the current time (2015) including uncertainty, equity weighting, and risk aversion is $44 per ton of carbon (or $12 per ton CO_{2}) in 2005 US$ and international prices). Second, including uncertainty increases the expected value of the SCC by approximately 8 percent. Third, equity weighting generally tends to reduce the SCC. Finally, the major open issue concerning the SCC continues to be the appropriate discount rate. |
| Keywords: | Social cost of carbon, Climate change, Carbon price, Equity weights |
| JEL: | Q54 Q5 H4 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1826&r=env |
| By: | Sandra Valencia |
| Abstract: | This presentation focused on financing available for adaptation in the water sector. The specific focus was on funds coming from the international negotiations and that are available through MDBs and/or through UN conventions or other such agreements. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management, Financial Sector :: Financial Services |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12698&r=env |
| By: | Vishal Bhalla |
| Abstract: | This presentation focused on how a case study in St Lucia - the Coconut Bay Beach Resort - has adapted their operations for climate change but specifically on how these activities were financed. It discussed the creation of a public-private partnership and talked about the various entities that funded the collaboration. |
| Keywords: | Environment & Natural Resources :: Climate Change, Environment & Natural Resources :: Water Management, Private Sector :: Public Private Partnerships |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12618&r=env |
| By: | Don Fullerton; Catherine Wolfram |
| Abstract: | While economic models have already proven useful to analyze big picture questions about climate policy such as the choice between a carbon tax or cap-and-trade permit system, the 19 chapters in this book show how economic models also are useful to address the many remaining smaller questions that arise as policy is implemented. For example, chapters consider: the tradeoffs policymakers confront in deciding whether to implement the policy upstream on energy producers or downstream on energy users; how to monitor and enforce climate policy; how Federal actions might interact with climate policies at other levels of government or with other non-climate policies; the distributional effects of different policy variations; policies that might impact particular sectors, including residential energy use, agriculture and transportation; and specific questions regarding offsets, trade, innovation, and adaptation. |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:17499&r=env |
| By: | Jan-Henrik Meyer |
| Abstract: | Environmental policy has become an important area of European Union (EU) policy making, even though it had not originally been foreseen in the Treaty of Rome. Its emergence in the early 1970s can be understood as a result of a transfer of the novel policy idea of the environment to the European level. This paper thus inquires into the emergence of a European environmental policy from a diffusion of ideas perspective. Rather than focusing on multi-level policy making it seeks to trace the diffusion of environmental ideas from the level of international organizations to the European Communities (EC) in the early 1970s. It analyzes how and why these new concepts were taken up by the European Communities and adapted to the specific institutional framework of the EC. Starting with a brief introduction into the historical context, the paper first explores the origins of the notion of the environment as a political concept emerging in the context of international organizations at the time. Secondly, an analysis of the first Environmental Action Programme of 1973 will be used to show how the EC conceptualized the environment, including the definition of problems and potential remedies. Thirdly, the origins of these ideas will be traced back to international models, from the UNESCO conference Man and the Biosphere in 1968 onwards. In a final step, the paper tries to explain the diffusion and reception of ideas. It examines how these ideas were received by the EC, which actors were involved in this process, and which mechanisms of diffusion played a role. The goal is thus to make a contribution to the debate about the transnational diffusion of ideas. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy; Europeanization; Europeanization |
| Date: | 2011–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erp:kfgxxx:p0031&r=env |
| By: | Giulio Cainelli; Massimiliano Mazzanti; Sandro Montresor |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the drivers of the environmental innovations (EI) introduced by firms in local production systems (LPS). The role of firm network relationships, agglomeration economies and internationalization strategies is analysed for a sample of 555 firms in the Emilia-Romagna region, North-East of Italy. Cooperating with 'qualified' local actors - i.e. universities and suppliers - is the most important driver of EI for most firms, along with their training policies and IT innovations. The role of agglomeration economies is less clear and seems to depend on the EI propensity of more locally oriented firms playing in industrial district areas, which might even turn agglomeration economies into dis-economies. Networking effects and agglomeration economies are instead found to strongly promote the adoption of EI by multinational firms, thus highlighting the importance of local-global interactions. We provide some interesting findings for particular kinds of challenging EI in such fields as CO2 abatement and ISO labelling, generally extending the analysis of EI drivers by joining local and international factors. |
| Keywords: | Eco-innovation, foreign ownership, networking, district, agglomeration economics, local production systems |
| JEL: | C21 L60 O13 O30 Q20 Q58 F23 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trn:utwpol:1108&r=env |
| By: | John Whalley |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the role that trade can potentially play in both negotiating and operating a post Kyoto/post 2012 global climate policy regime. As an addition to the bargaining set for a global climate negotiation, trade in principle widens the range of jointly beneficial potential outcomes and can in this sense be a potential facilitator of an agreed global climate regime. The reverse is also true, that in a linked climate-trade-finance global policy coordination structure that goes well beyond what was envisioned at Bretton Woods, climate now added to the global policy bargaining set also offers the prospect of potentially stronger trade disciplines (and even beyond WTO disciplines being negotiated). Trade policy can as well be an instrument for the implementation of a global climate regime, since trade provides a mechanism for achieving an internalization outcome for the global externality that climate change represents, and that provides a potentially more efficient outcome and also helps meet distributional objectives. In short, trade added to the emerging post 2012 climate regime can both expand the bargaining set for both (effectively linked) negotiations, and additionally provide an instrument for the implementation of an agreed outcome. |
| JEL: | F13 F18 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:17498&r=env |
| By: | Seiji Ikkatai (Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University); Katsuhiko Hori (Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University); Ikuma Kurita (Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University) |
| Abstract: | This paper reports the results of interviews with four Polish companies. The results of the interviews shows that Polish companies tend to evaluate the effects of the introduction of EU ETS in 2005 positively: it provided an alternative view that they need considering environment in their business, and that they had much useful information for the improvement of energy losses by measuring it to verify the amount of emissions. However, there are also several negative claims to the EU ETS: auction adopted in the EU ETS from 2013 not only requires purchasing allowances, but also increases production cost due to the rise in the electricity price. Moreover, some of them are concerned that the competitiveness of Poland might be weakened, since it deeply depends on coal. |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kyo:wpaper:786&r=env |
| By: | Hippolyte D'Albis (LERNA - Economie des Ressources Naturelles - INRA : UR1081 - CEA : DPG - Université des Sciences Sociales - Toulouse I, TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - Toulouse School of Economics); Stefan Ambec (LERNA - Economie des Ressources Naturelles - INRA : UR1081 - CEA : DPG - Université des Sciences Sociales - Toulouse I, TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - Toulouse School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | In this article, overlapping generations are extracting a natural resource over an infinite future. We examine the fair allocation of resource and compensations among generations. Fairness is defined by core lower bounds and aspiration upper bounds. The core lower bounds require that every coalition of generations obtains at least what it could achieve by itself. The aspiration upper bounds require that no coalition of generations enjoys a higher welfare than it would achieve if nobody else extracted the resource. We show that, upon existence, the allocation that satisfies the two fairness criteria is unique and assigns to each generation its marginal contribution to the preceding generation. Finally, we describe the dynamics of such an allocation. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources; Sustainable; Core; Fairness; Overlapping generations |
| Date: | 2010–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00630440&r=env |
| By: | Ian David Soane; Rocco Scolozzi; Beatrice Marelli; Cristina Orsatti; Klaus Hubacek; Alessandro Gretter |
| Abstract: | This paper explores methods of applying resilience theory to a case study of natural resource management and the cultural landscape of upland and alpine pasture in northern Italy. We identify that the close interaction between alpine pastures and its managers offers a strong fit with the concept of a social-ecological system that maintains the cultural landscape. We first considered a descriptive approach looking historically at socio-economic development in the study area. We explored whether this can be related to resilience phenomena such as regime shifts, thresholds and/or regime stability through adaptive processes. However, we found it difficult at this overarching level to conceptually combine natural and social capital of alpine pastures and their managers in any quantitative way. We also interpreted our data through considering economic, social and ecological information as acting within separate but interacting domains. This led us to construct conceptual models of adaptive cycles to describe the alpine mountain grassland ecosystem of our study site and to conclude that a panarchy model can offer a powerful metaphor for its ecological dynamics. This has practical implications both for the management of Natura 2000 interest and the maintenance of the cultural landscape in which this Alpine interest occurs. We suggest that Resilience theory through its dynamic approach of interacting scales of adaptive cycles offers useful insights into the resource management (of valued cultural and natural attributes) but that care is needed in distinguishing between descriptive metaphor and predictive model or "real" system. |
| Keywords: | natural resource management, natural and social capital |
| JEL: | M1 M4 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trn:utwpol:1107&r=env |
| By: | Ross McKitrick (Department of Economics and Finance, University of Guelph); Timothy Vogelsang (Department of Economics, Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | Inference regarding trends in climatic data series, including comparisons across different data sets as well as univariate trend significance tests, is complicated by the presence of serial correlation and step-changes in the mean. We review recent developments in the estimation of heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust (HAC) covariance estimators as they have been applied to linear trend inference, with focus on the Vogelsang-Franses (2005) nonparametric approach, which provides a unified framework for trend covariance estimation robust to unknown forms of autocorrelation up to but not including unit roots, making it especially useful for climatic data applications. We extend the Vogelsang-Franses approach to allow general deterministic regressors including the case where a step-change in the mean occurs at a known date. Additional regressors change the critical values of the Vogelsang-Franses statistic. We derive an asymptotic approximation that can be used to simulate critical values. We also outline a simple bootstrap procedure that generates valid critical values and p-values. The motivation for extending the Vogelsang-Franses approach is an application that compares climate model generated and observational global temperature data in the tropical lower- and mid-troposphere from 1958 to 2010. Inclusion of a mean shift regressor to capture the Pacific Climate Shift of 1977 causes apparently significant observed trends to become statistically insignificant, and rejection of the equivalence between model generated and observed data trends occurs for much smaller significance levels (i.e. is more strongly rejected). |
| Keywords: | Autocorrelation; trend estimation; HAC variance matrix; global warming; model comparisons |
| JEL: | C14 C32 C52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gue:guelph:2011-09.&r=env |
| By: | Caballero Hernandez, Alvaro Jose; Enamorado, Luis Ernesto Pocasangre; Casanoves, Fernando; Avelino, Jacques; Fernandez, Ana Cecilia Tapia; Ortiz, Juan Luis |
| Abstract: | This paper was submitted on the first national congress of Sustainable Agriculture: Today and future life towards climate change, 25-26 August 2011,UNA Nicaragua. |
| Keywords: | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Panama disease, banana, Gros Michel (AAA), endophytic fungus, biological control, Trichoderma spp, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Food Security and Poverty, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2011–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nauncp:116033&r=env |
| By: | Louafi Bouzouina (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat); Jean-Pierre Nicolas (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat); Florian Vanco (CERTU - Centre d'études sur les réseaux de transport et l' urbanisme - Ministère des Transports, de l'Équipement, du Tourisme et de la mer) |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte de regain des modes alternatifs à la voiture particulière à l'échelle intra-urbaine, comment les émissions de CO2 liées aux déplacements quotidiens évoluent-elles sur la période récente ? Les dernières enquêtes déplacements locales semblent indiquer une stabilisation, voire une baisse de ces émissions dans les grandes villes françaises. Ce résultat peut-il être confirmé par une analyse fine, et quelles dynamiques sont à l'œuvre derrière ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cet article analyse l'évolution des émissions de CO2 associées à la mobilité quotidienne de semaine des résidents de l'agglomération lyonnaise en les estimant sur les deux dernières enquêtes ménages déplacements (1995 et 2006). Au-delà de la stabilité globale des émissions constatée durant ces 11 années, il met en évidence des dynamiques de mobilité (modes de transport, distances parcourues dans la journée) différenciées entre des groupes de populations (distingués selon le statut, la localisation résidentielle, l'accès à l'automobile et le genre des individus). La typologie permet ainsi de cibler les groupes pour lesquels les marges de manœuvre sont importantes, et l'analyse aide à envisager où devraient porter prioritairement les mesures visant à réduire les émissions de CO2 liées aux déplacements quotidiens. |
| Keywords: | Mobilité quotidienne ; Distance ; Mode de transport ; Émissions de CO2 ; Enquête ménages déplacement ; Agglomération lyonnaise ; Typologie socio-économique |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00629769&r=env |
| By: | Levy, Brian |
| Abstract: | Many low-income countries contend with a governance syndrome characterized by a difficult combination of seeming openness, weak institutions, and strong inter-elite contestation for power and resources. In such countries, neither broad-based policy nor public management reforms are likely to be feasible. But are broad-based approaches necessary? Theory and evidence suggest that in such settings progress could be driven by"islands of effectiveness"-- narrowly-focused initiatives that combine high-quality institutional arrangements at the micro-level, plus supportive, narrowly-targeted policy reforms. This paper explores whether and how local-level collaborative governance can provide a platform for these islands of effectiveness. Drawing on the analytical framework developed by the Nobel-prize winning social scientist Elinor Ostrom, the paper reviews the underpinnings of successful collaborative governance. It introduces a simple model for exploring the interactions between collaborative governance and political economy. The model highlights the conditions under which coordination is capable of countering threats from predators seeking to capture the returns from collaborative governance for themselves. The relative strength in the broader environment of two opposing networks emerges as key --"threat networks"to which predators have access, and countervailing"trumping networks"on which protagonists of effective collaborative governance can draw. The paper illustrates the potential practical relevance of the approach with three heuristic examples: the governance of schools, fisheries, and road construction and maintenance. It concludes by laying out an agenda for further empirical research, and suggesting what might be the implications of the approach for future operational practice. |
| Keywords: | Governance Indicators,National Governance,Public Sector Corruption&Anticorruption Measures,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance |
| Date: | 2011–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:5842&r=env |
| By: | Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) |
| Abstract: | Con el fin de mejorar el entendimiento del riesgo de desastre y el desempeño de la gestión del riesgo, el Instituto de Estudios Ambientales (IDEA) de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales desarrolló un Sistema de Indicadores transparente, representativo y robusto, de fácil comprensión por los formuladores de políticas públicas y relativamente fácil de actualizar periódicamente. Este sistema de indicadores permite representar el riesgo y la gestión del riesgo a escala nacional, facilitando la identificación de los aspectos esenciales que lo caracterizan desde una perspectiva económica y social, así como también comparar estos aspectos o el riesgo mismo de los diferentes países estudiados. Este documento presenta un resumen de los resultados de la aplicación del Sistema de Indicadores a Guatemala en el período de 2001-2005 y posterior al 2005 hasta donde la información lo permite. Estos resultados son de utilidad para analizar la evolución del riesgo y de la gestión de riesgos en el país, con base en la información suministrada por diferentes instituciones nacionales. |
| Keywords: | Medio ambiente y recursos naturales :: Desastres naturales, gestión del riesgo, riesgo natural, catástrofe, sistema de indicadores |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:46358&r=env |
| By: | Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) |
| Abstract: | Con el fin de mejorar el entendimiento del riesgo de desastre y el desempeño de la gestión del riesgo, el Instituto de Estudios Ambientales (IDEA) de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales desarrolló un Sistema de Indicadores transparente, representativo y robusto, de fácil comprensión por los formuladores de políticas públicas, relativamente fácil de actualizar periódicamente y que permitiera la comparación entre países. Este sistema de indicadores permite representar el riesgo y la gestión del riesgo a escala nacional, facilitando la identificación de los aspectos esenciales que lo caracterizan desde una perspectiva económica y social, así como también comparar estos aspectos o el riesgo mismo de los diferentes países estudiados. Este informe presenta los resultados del sistema de indicadores para El Salvador. |
| Keywords: | Medio ambiente y recursos naturales :: Desastres naturales, gestión del riesgo, riesgo natural, catástrofe, sistema de indicadores |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:46338&r=env |