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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | MAHENC Philippe; |
| Date: | 2008–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ler:wpaper:08.04.248&r=env |
| By: | Cees A. Withagen; Raymond J.G.M. Florax; Abay Mulatu |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:0701&r=env |
| By: | International Water Management Institute (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Rivers/ Ecology/ Hydrology/ Environmental effects/ Indicators |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:polbrs:p05&r=env |
| By: | Berrone, Pascual (IESE Business School); Gelabert, Liliana (Universidad Carlos III); Fosfuri, Andrea (Universidad Carlos III); Gomez-Mejia, Luis R. (Arizona State University) |
| Abstract: | We examine institutional pressures as antecedents of environmental innovation. Drawing on institutional theory and a resource-based view of the firm, we argue that regulatory and normative forces influence companies' propensity to innovate in environment-related projects. Furthermore, we suggest that this relationship is contingent on the availability and specificity of the companies' resources. These relationships were tested using environmental patents and citations of 340 publicly-traded companies from polluting industries in the U.S. Results suggest that institutional pressures can be a source of competitive advantage, and regulatory forces are becoming more strongly associated with environmental innovations as the intensity of companies' R&D activities increase. |
| Keywords: | environmental innovation; institutional theory; resource-based view; |
| Date: | 2007–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:iesewp:d-0723&r=env |
| By: | Matti Liski; Juan Pablo Montero (Instituto de Economía. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.) |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the structure of existing pollution permit markets, we study the equilibrium path that results from allocating an initial stock of storable permits to a large polluting agent and a competitive fringe. A large agent selling permits in the market exercises market power no differently than a large supplier of an exhaustible resource. However, whenever the large agent’s endowment falls short of its efficient endowment –allocation profile that would exactly cover its emissions along the perfectly competitive path– the market power problem disappears, much like in a durable-good monopoly. We illustrate our theory with two applications: the carbon market that may eventually develop under the Kyoto Protocol and beyond and the US sulfur market. |
| Keywords: | Exhaustible resources, market power, pollution markets, durable-good monopoly |
| JEL: | L51 Q28 |
| Date: | 2008 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ioe:doctra:329&r=env |
| By: | Roberto Roson (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Francesco Bosello (Department of Economics, University of Milan); Enrica De Cian (Scuola di Studi Avanzati, University of Venice Ca'Foscari) |
| Abstract: | Future energy demand will be affected by changes in prices and income, but also by other factors, like temperature levels. This paper draws upon an econometric study, disentangling the contribution of temperature in the determination of the annual regional demand for energy goods. Combining estimates of temperature elasticities with scenarios of future climate change, it is possible to assess variations in energy demand induced (directly) by the global warming. We use this information to simulate a change in the demand structure of households in a CGE model of the world economy, in a set of assessment exercises. The changing demand structure triggers a structural adjustment process, influencing trade flows, regional competitiveness of industries and regions, and welfare. We also consider the possible existence of imperfect competition in the energy markets, analyzing the impact of changes in energy demand with an alternative model version, in which energy industries are modeled as Cournot oligopolies. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Damage Function, Integrated Assessment, General Equilibrium. |
| JEL: | C68 D58 F18 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2007_09&r=env |
| By: | Brännlund, Runar (Department of Economics, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | The aim with this study is to evaluate the potential effects on productivity development in the Swedish manufacturing industry due to changes in environmental regulations over a long time period. The issue is closely related to the so called Porter hypothesis, i.e. whether environmental regulations (the right kind) that usually is associated with costs triggers mechanisms that enhances efficiency and productivity that finally outweighs the initial cost increase. To test our hypothesis we use historical data spanning over the period 1913-1999 for the Swedish manufacturing sector. The model used is a two stage model were the total factor productivity is calculated in the first stage, and is then used in a second stage as the dependent variable in a regression analysis where one of the independent variables is a measure of regulatory intensity. The results show that the productivity growth has varied considerably over time. The least productive period was the second world war period, whereas the period with the highest productivity growth was the period after the second world war until 1970. Development of emissions follows essentially the same path as productivity growth until 1970. After 1970, however, there is a decoupling in the sense that emissions are decreasing, both in absolute level and as emissions per unit of value added. A rather robust conclusion is that there is no evident relationship between environmental regulations and productivity growth. One explanation is that regulations and productivity actually is unrelated. Another potential explanation is that the regulatory measure used does not capture perceived regulations in a correct way. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulations; productivity; Porter hypothesis |
| JEL: | Q52 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2008–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:0728&r=env |
| By: | Carlo Carraro (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Valentina Bosetti (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Emanuele Massetti (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Massimo Tavoni (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | The stabilisation of GHG atmospheric concentrations at levels expected to prevent dangerous climate change has become an important, global, long-term objective. It is therefore crucial to identify a cost-effective way to achieve this objective. In this paper we use WITCH, a hybrid climate-energy-economy model, to obtain a quantitative assessment of some cost-effective strategies that stabilise CO2 concentrations at 550 or 450 ppm. In particular, this paper analyses the energy investment and R&D policies that optimally achieve these two GHG stabilisation targets (i.e. the future optimal energy mix consistent with the stabilisation of GHG atmospheric concentrations at 550 and 450 ppm). Given that the model accounts for interdependencies and spillovers across 12 regions of the world, optimal strategies are the outcome of a dynamic game through which inefficiency costs induced by global strategic interactions can be assessed. Therefore, our results are somehow different from previous analyses of GHG stabilisation policies where a central planner or a single global economy are usually assumed. In particular, the effects of free-riding incentives in reducing emissions and in investing in R&D are taken into account. Technical change being endogenous in WITCH, this paper also provides an assessment of the implications of technological evolution in the energy sector of different stabilisation scenarios. Finally, this paper quantifies the net costs of stabilising GHG concentrations at different levels, for different allocations of permits and for different technological scenarios. In each case, the optimal long-term investment strategies for all available energy technologies are determined. The case of an unknown backstop energy technology is also analysed. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, Energy R&D, Investments, Stabilisation Cost |
| JEL: | H4 O3 Q4 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2007_22&r=env |
| By: | Valentina Bosetti (FEEM); Carlo Carraro (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Ca’ Foscari); Emanuele Massetti (FEEM; FEEM) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how international knowledge flows affect the dynamics of the domestic R&D sector and the main economic and environmental variables. The analysis is performed using WITCH, a dynamic regional model of the world economy, in which energy technical change is endogenous. The focus is on disembodied energy R&D international spillovers. The knowledge pool from which regions draw foreign ideas differs between High Income and Low Income countries. Absorption capacity is also endogenous in the model. The basic questions are as follows. Do knowledge spillovers enhance energy technological innovation in different regions of the world? Does the speed of innovation increase? Or do free-riding incentives prevail and international spillovers crowd out domestic R&D efforts? What is the role of domestic absorption capacity and of policies designed to enhance it? The new specification of the WITCH model presented in this paper enables us to answer these questions. Our analysis shows that international knowledge spillovers tend to increase free-riding incentives and decrease the investments in energy R&D. We also analyze the implication of a policy mix in which climate policy is combined with a technology policy designed to enhance absorption capacity in developing countries. Significant positive impacts on the costs of stabilising GHG concentrations are singled out. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, Energy R&D, International R&D Spillovers, Stabilization |
| JEL: | H0 H2 H3 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2007_11&r=env |
| By: | AMIGUES Jean-Pierre; MOREAUX Michel |
| Date: | 2008–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ler:wpaper:08.01.245&r=env |
| By: | Roberto Roson (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Francesco Bosello (Department of Economics, University of Milan) |
| Abstract: | A Climate Change Damage Function (CCDF) is a reduced form relationship linking macroeconomic aggregates (e.g., potential GDP) to climate indicators (e.g., average temperature levels). This function is used in a variety of studies about climate change impacts and policy analysis. However, despite the fact that this function is key in determining results in many integrated assessment models, it is not typically calibrated in a consistent and rigorous way. This paper presents a novel approach, in which several different impacts of climate change are first assessed by means of a full-fledged computable general equilibrium model of the world economy, then results are interpolated to get a simple relationship of the CCDF type. The estimated CCDF is compared with other popular functions used in the literature, to highlight the possible implications associated with the alternative adoption of this functional relationship. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Damage Function, Integrated Assessment, General Equilibrium. |
| JEL: | C68 D58 F18 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2007_08&r=env |
| By: | Patrice Dumas (LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique - CNRS : UMR8539 - INSU - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI - Polytechnique - X - Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, CIRED - Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement - CIRAD : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales - Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural des Eaux et des Forêts); Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement - CIRAD : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales - Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural des Eaux et des Forêts) |
| Abstract: | Many economic sectors, like housing or transportation, are exposed to climate and likely to suffer efficiency losses when climate changes. The global economy is far from dematerialized yet, these sectors represent a significant fraction of the existing capital stock. Using an optimal growth model with perfect knowledge, we examine the balance between these efficiency losses and investment in adaptation measures, which can become sunk costs when climate changes even more. Simulations remind that adaptation should be proactive rather than reactive: protection measures installed today are not designed for today's climate only, but anticipate future warmer conditions over their lifetime. While there is an over-investment compared with a no climate change baseline, the overall cost to adapt is relatively low in front of the potential losses from misadaptation. This allows to stay almost always well adapted to climate. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; adaptation; optimal growth; integrated assessment model |
| Date: | 2008–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00207621_v1&r=env |
| By: | Roberto Roson (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Enrica de Cian (FEEM; Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Elisa Lanzi (FEEM) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an empirical study of energy demand, in which demand for a series of energy goods (Gas, Oil Products, Coal, Electricity) is expressed as a function of various factors, including temperature. Parameter values are estimated econometrically, using a dynamic panel data approach. Unlike previous studies in this field, the data sample has a global coverage, and special emphasis is given to the dynamic nature of demand, as well as to interactions between income levels and sensitivity to temperature variations. These features make the model results especially valuable in the analysis of climate change impacts. Results are interpreted in terms of derived demand for heating and cooling. Non-linearities and discontinuities emerge, making necessary to distinguish between different countries, seasons, and energy sources. Short- and long-run temperature elasticities of demand are estimated. |
| Keywords: | Advertising, Media Industries, Broadcasting, Price Discrimination, Television, Radio, Differentiation.. |
| JEL: | L82 M37 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2007_06&r=env |
| By: | Girja Sharan |
| Abstract: | A large part of Gujarat in the North-west region of India is semi-arid. The lands are less suited for agriculture. Animal husbandry is therefore common. Productivity of cattle is however also low due to problems of feed and due to climatic stresses, specially heat. Environmental control of farm buildings - animal houses, greenhouses- in semi-arid areas is a special challenge. There is widespread shortage of water; rural grid is prone to interruptions several times a day. Cattle owners do not give importance to animal comfort as a means to improve productivity. The HVAC industry and professionals have not made efforts to develop systems compatible with the region’s environment and economics of farming. Towards that, the earth-tube-heat-exchanger based systems appear to be more suited for farm sector in semi-arid climatic conditions. We present the experience of using such systems for environmental control in dwellings of zoo animals, and greenhouse in arid area of Kutch. Mention has also been made of the ongoing work to install more such systems in the dairy cattle housing. |
| Keywords: | earth-tube-heat, exchangers, cattle houses, greenhouses in arid areas |
| Date: | 2008–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:2008-01-02&r=env |
| By: | John Fitz Gerald (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)); Susan Scott (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)); Mary Keeney (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates pricing power, an important criterion for identifying sectors that would be vulnerable under environmental tax reform. Environmental tax reform, defined here as introduction of carbon taxes alongside reductions in labour taxes, could bear heavily on sectors that are energy intensive and highly traded, in particular if their options for adapting technology are limited. However, a sector with pricing power has less to fear as, rather than having to conform to the world price, it can set its price to accommodate a tax mark-up. To assess pricing power, a model of long-run price setting is specified and tested. Significant and plausible results emerged from this exercise, indicating that pricing power as a major aspect of a sector’s relative vulnerability can be assessed. Of the six sectors analysed, the Basic metals sector had least pricing power and the Non-metallic minerals sector had most. As proxies for the world price, the German price tended to matter more than the US price. Thus, competitiveness fears are reduced not just where there is good potential for adapting technology but also if application of environmental tax reform is EU-wide. |
| Keywords: | price-setting behaviour, competitiveness, environmental tax reform |
| Date: | 2007–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp222&r=env |
| By: | Carlo Carraro (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Valentina Bosetti (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Emanuele Massetti (University of Yale) |
| Abstract: | Most analyses of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms focus on the cost effectiveness of “where” flexibility (e.g. by showing that mitigation costs are lower in a global permit market than in regional markets or in permit markets confined to Annex 1 countries). Less attention has been devoted to “when” flexibility, i.e. to the benefits of allowing emission permit traders to bank their permits for future use. In the model presented in this paper, banking of carbon allowances in a global permit market is fully endogenised, i.e. agents may decide to bank permits by taking into account their present and future needs and the present and future decisions of all the other agents. It is therefore possible to identify under what conditions traders find it optimal to bank permits, when banking is socially optimal, and what are the implications for present and future permit prices. We can also explain why the equilibrium rate of growth of permit prices is likely to be larger than the equilibrium interest rate. Most importantly, this paper analyses the efficiency and distributional consequences of allowing markets to optimally allocate emission permits across regions and over time. The welfare and distributional effects of an optimal intertemporal emission trading scheme are assessed for different initial allocation rules. Finally, the impact of banking on carbon emissions, technological progress, and optimal investment decisions is quantified and the incentives that banking provides to accelerate technological innovation and diffusion are also discussed. Among the many results, we show that not only does banking reduce abatement costs, but it also increases the amount of GHG emissions abated in the short-term. It should therefore belong to all emission trading schemes under construction. |
| Keywords: | Emission Trading, Banking, Welfare Distribution, Stabilisation Cost |
| JEL: | C72 H23 Q25 Q28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2008_01&r=env |
| By: | Pantelis Kalaitzidakis (University of Crete, Greece and The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, Rimini, Italy.); Theofanis P. Mamuneas (University of Cyprus, Cyprus and The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, Rimini, Italy.); Thanasis Stengos (University of Guelph, Canada and The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, Rimini, Italy.) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we examine the effect of pollution, as measured by CO2 emissions, on economic growth among a set of OECD countries during the period 1981-1998. We examine the relationship between total factor productivity (TFP) growth and pollution using a semiparametric smooth coefficient model that allow us to directly estimate the output elasticity of pollution. The results indicate that there exists a nonlinear relationship between pollution and TFP growth. The output elasticity of pollution is small with an average sample value of 0.008. In addition we find an average contribution of pollution to productivity growth of about 1 percent for the period 1981-1998. JEL Classifications: C14, O13, O40 |
| Keywords: | TFP Growth, Pollution, Semiparametric Estimation. |
| Date: | 2008–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:06-08&r=env |
| By: | MAHENC Philippe; |
| Date: | 2008–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ler:wpaper:08.02.246&r=env |
| By: | Ofir D. Rubin; Miguel Carriquiry; Dermot J. Hayes (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD); Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)) |
| Abstract: | Biofuel subsidies in the United States have been justified on the following grounds: energy independence, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvements in rural development related to biofuel plants, and farm income support. The 2007 energy act emphasizes the first two objectives. In this study, we quantify the costs and benefits that different biofuels provide. We consider the first two objectives separately and show that each can be achieved with a lower social cost than that of the current policy. Then, we show that there is no evidence to disprove that the primary objective of biofuel policy is to support farm income. Current policy favors corn production and the construction of corn-based ethanol plants. We find that favoring corn happens to be the best way to remove land from food and feed production, thus providing higher commodity prices and income to farmers and landowners. Next, we calculate two sets of alternative biofuel subsidies that are targeted to meeting income transfer objectives and either greenhouse gas emission reductions or fuel energy reductions. The first of these assumes that greenhouse gas emissions and high crop prices are joint objectives, and the second assumes that fuel independence and high crop prices are the joint objectives. Finally, we infer the social willingness to pay for biofuel services. This, in turn, allows us to propose a subsidy schedule that maintains (inferred) social preferences and provides a higher incentive for farmers to choose production of cellulosic materials. This is particularly relevant since the 2007 energy act sets a renewable fuels standard that relies heavily on cellulosic biofuel but does not specify a higher "per gallon" incentive to producers. |
| Keywords: | biofuels, biofuel subsidies, energy security, feedstock, greenhouse gas emissions, social preferences, value-added agriculture. |
| Date: | 2008–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:08-wp459&r=env |
| By: | Rubin, Ofir; Carriquiry, Miguel A.; Hayes, Dermot J. |
| Abstract: | Biofuel subsidies in the United States have been justified on the following grounds: energy independence, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvements in rural development related to biofuel plants, and farm income support. The 2007 energy act emphasizes the first two objectives. In this study, we quantify the costs and benefits that different biofuels provide. We consider the first two objectives separately and show that each can be achieved with a lower social cost than that of the current policy. Then, we show that there is no evidence to disprove that the primary objective of biofuel policy is to support farm income. Current policy favors corn production and the construction of corn-based ethanol plants. We find that favoring corn happens to be the best way to remove land from food and feed production, thus providing higher commodity prices and income to farmers and landowners. Next, we calculate two sets of alternative biofuel subsidies that are targeted to meeting income transfer objectives and either greenhouse gas emission reductions or fuel energy reductions. The first of these assumes that greenhouse gas emissions and high crop prices are joint objectives, and the second assumes that fuel independence and high crop prices are the joint objectives. Finally, we infer the social willingness to pay for biofuel services. This, in turn, allows us to propose a subsidy schedule that maintains (inferred) social preferences and provides a higher incentive for farmers to choose production of cellulosic materials. This is particularly relevant since the 2007 energy act sets a renewable fuels standard that relies heavily on cellulosic biofuel but does not specify a higher “per gallon” incentive to producers. |
| Keywords: | biofuels, biofuel subsidies, energy security, feedstock, greenhouse gas emissions, social preferences, value-added agriculture |
| Date: | 2008–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:12866&r=env |
| By: | Fabrizio Zilibotti |
| Abstract: | In the heart of the Great Crisis, amidst great uncertainty and concerns surrounding the future of capitalism, John Maynard Keynes launched his optimistic prophecy that growth and technological change would allow mankind to solve its economic problem within a century. He envisioned a world where people would work much less and be less oppressed by the satisfaction of material needs. To what extent have his predictions turned out to be accurate? This essays attempts to provide some answers. |
| Keywords: | Capitalism, Consumption, Environmental Sustainability, Growth, Keynes, Leisure. |
| JEL: | B31 E12 E66 I31 J22 |
| Date: | 2007–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zur:iewwpx:344&r=env |
| By: | DAUBANES Julien; |
| Date: | 2007–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ler:wpaper:07.22.243&r=env |
| By: | Stefan Baumgärtner (Centre for Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg); Christian Becker (Research Centre for Environmental Economics, University of Heidelberg, Germany); Karin Frank (Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research,Leipzig, Germany); Birgit Müller (Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research,Leipzig, Germany); Martin F. Quaas (Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle) |
| Abstract: | We develop a comprehensive multi-level approach to ecological economics (CML-approach) which integrates philosophical considerations on the foundations of ecological economics with an adequate operationalization. We argue that the subject matter and aims of ecological economics require a specific combination of inter- and transdisciplinary research, and discuss the epistemological position on which this approach is based. In accordance with this understanding of inter- and transdisciplinarity and the underlying epistemological position, we develop an operationalization which comprises simultaneous analysis on three levels of abstraction: concepts, models and case studies. We explain these levels in detail, and, in particular, deduce our way of generic modeling in this context. Finally, we illustrate the CML-approach and demonstrate its fruitfulness by the example of the sustainable management of semi-arid rangelands. |
| Keywords: | ecological economics, interdisciplinarity, philosophy of science,transdisciplinarity |
| Date: | 2008–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lue:wpaper:75&r=env |
| By: | International Water Management Institute (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Irrigated farming/ Rainfed farming/ Rice/ Water harvesting/ Ethnic groups/ Farmers |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:polbrs:p06&r=env |
| By: | MAHENC Philippe; |
| Date: | 2008–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ler:wpaper:08.03.247&r=env |
| By: | Mariana Conte Grand; Vanesa D´Elia |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo intenta evaluar los determinantes que favorecen a que países de la región adopten políticas ambientales activas. Para eso, se toma como referencia dos indicadores de política ambiental internacional: el número de tratados internacionales ratificados referidos al medioambiente, y el cumplimiento con los programas sugeridos por la Agenda 21 para cumplimentar la meta de un desarrollo sostenible. Luego, se comparan dichos indicadores con variables que pueden explicar su performance. Éstas son principalmente de tres tipos: cuestiones socioeconómicas y de calidad de vida como el PBI o el nivel de educación, cuestiones políticas como el respeto de los derechos políticos y civiles de los ciudadanos, y, el status ambiental de los países. Los datos provienen de fuentes internacionales que hacen posible la comparación entre los países latinoamericanos. Las únicas variables que parecen ser importantes para evaluar si los países de la región van a tener políticas más activas a favor de la conservación del medio ambiente, parecen ser el grado de desarrollo humano (que mide el desarrollo en tres dimensiones: educación, esperanza de vida e ingresos) y la presión demográfica. Las libertades políticas y el status ambiental de los países no parecen determinar si éstos se inclinarán hacia políticas ambientales más activas. Los resultados son robustos a distintas especificaciones. |
| Date: | 2007–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cem:doctra:366&r=env |
| By: | Eric BERR (GREThA-GRES) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper, which synthesizes various researches, is twofold. First, starting from empirical studies, we show that development policies implemented since the beginning of the international debt crisis of 1982 led to a failure, showing that the Washington consensus based approach of development is unsustainable. Thus, from a heterodox perspective, we investigate the theoretical debate aiming at constructing a strong sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Washington consensus, sustainable development, debt, Keynes, post Keynesians |
| JEL: | B31 E12 |
| Date: | 2008 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grs:wpegrs:2008-01&r=env |