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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Karanja, Fredrick K; Kabubo-Mariara, Jane |
| Abstract: | This paper measures the economic impact of climate on crops in Kenya. The analysis is based on cross-sectional climate, hydrological, soil, and household level data for a sample of 816 households, and uses a seasonal Ricardian model. Estimated marginal impacts of climate variables suggest that global warming is harmful for agricultural productivity and that changes in temperature are much more important than changes in precipitation. This result is confirmed by the predicted impact of various climate change scenarios on agriculture. The results further confirm that the te mperature component of global warming is much more important than precipitation. The authors analyze farmers ' perceptions of climate variations and their adaptation to these, and also constraints on adaptation mechanisms. The results suggest that farmers in Kenya are aware of short-term climate change, that most of them have noticed an increase in temperatures, and that some have taken adaptive measures. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change,Environmental Economics & Policies,Common Property Resource Development,Global Environment Facility,Crops & Crop Management Systems |
| Date: | 2007–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:4334&r=env |
| By: | John FitzGerald (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)); Richard S.J Tol (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)) |
| Abstract: | A simulation model of international tourist flows is used to estimate the impact of including carbon dioxide emissions from aviation fuels in the European Trading System. The effect on global carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation is minimal: -0.01% at current permit prices, and –0.13% for the aggressive climate policy advocated by the Stern Review. In the latter case, total CO2 emissions from fossil fuels would fall by 0.004%, and total greenhouse gas emissions by 0.002%. Tourist numbers in Europe would fall by up to 0.6%, and would increase in the rest of the world. If the permits are grandparented, the airlines would receive a subsidy of €3 bln at current prices, and €40 bln for the Stern policy. If permits are auctioned, the effect on the airline industry would be minimal. Including aviation in the market for emission permits has almost no effect on the environment and may have a negative effect on the economy. |
| Keywords: | International tourism, tradable permit, carbon dioxide, aviation |
| Date: | 2007–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp179&r=env |
| By: | GRIMAUD, André; LAFFORGUE, Gilles; MAGNE, Bertrand |
| JEL: | H23 O32 Q43 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2007–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ide:wpaper:7393&r=env |
| By: | Joe O'Doherty (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)); Richard S.J Tol (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)) |
| Abstract: | This paper is presented in two parts. The first part demonstrates an environmental input-output model for Ireland for the year 2000. Selected emissions are given a monetary value on the basis of benefit-transfer. This modelling procedure reveals that certain sectors pollute more than others – even when normalised by the sectoral value added. Mining, agriculture, metal production and construction stand out as the dirtiest industries. On average, however, each sector adds more value than it does environmental damage. The second part uses the results of this input-output model – as well as historical data – to forecast emissions, waste and water use out to 2020. The growth in emissions of fluorinated gases and carbon monoxide and the growth of hazardous industrial waste exceed economic growth. Other emissions grow more slowly than the economy. Emissions of acid rain gases (SO2, NOx and NH3) will decrease, even if the economy grows rapidly. |
| Date: | 2007–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp178&r=env |
| By: | Hattori, Keisuke |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the welfare effects of international transfers of environmental technologies in open economies with international oligopoly and transboundary pollution, and shows that policy differentiation between donor and recipient countries and/or product differentiation between donor and recipient firms play a critical role in bilateral agreement on the transfer policy. The results come from the fact that the policy differentiation weakens the strategic relationships in environmental policy setting between governments and that the product differentiation weakens the strategic relationships in quantity choices between firms. |
| Keywords: | Technology Transfer; Environmental Tax; Oligopoly; Product Differentiation |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2007–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:4720&r=env |
| By: | Richard S.J Tol (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)) |
| Abstract: | A simulation model of international tourist flows is used to estimate the impact of a carbon tax on aviation fuel. The effect of the tax on travel behaviour is small: A global $1000/tC would change travel behaviour to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation by 0.8%. This is because the imposed tax is probably small relative to the air fare. A $1000/tC tax would less than double air fares, and have a smaller impact on the total cost of the holiday. In addition, the price elasticity is low. A carbon tax on aviation fuel would particularly affect long-haul flights, because of high emissions, and short-haul flights, because of the emission during take-off and landing. Medium distance flights would be affected least. This implies that tourist destinations that rely heavily on short-haul flights (that is, islands near continents, such as Ireland) or on intercontinental flights (e.g., Africa) will see a decline in international tourism numbers, while other destinations may see international arrivals rise. If the tax is only applied to the European Union, EU tourists would stay closer to home so that EU tourism would grow at the expense of other destinations. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the qualitative insights are robust. A carbon tax on aviation fuel would have little effect on international tourism, and little effect on emissions. |
| Keywords: | International tourism, tax, carbon dioxide, aviation |
| JEL: | L83 L93 Q54 |
| Date: | 2006–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp177&r=env |
| By: | Bosetti, Valentina; Carraro, Carlo; Massetti, Emanuele; Tavoni, Massimo |
| Abstract: | It is widely recognized that technological change has the potential to reduce GHG emissions without compromising economic growth; hence, any better understanding of the process of technological innovation is likely to increase our knowledge of mitigation possibilities and costs. This paper explores how international knowledge flows affect the dynamics of the domestic R&D sector and the main economic and environmental variables. The analysis is performed using WITCH, a dynamic regional model of the world economy, in which energy technical change is endogenous. The focus is on disembodied energy R&D international spillovers. The knowledge pool from which regions draw foreign ideas differs between High Income and Low Income countries. Absorption capacity is also endogenous in the model. The basic questions are as follows. Do knowledge spillovers enhance energy technological innovation in different regions of the world? Does the speed of innovation increase? Or do free-riding incentives prevail and international spillovers crowd out domestic R&D efforts? What is the role of domestic absorption capacity and of policies designed to enhance it? Do greenhouse gas stabilization costs drop in the presence of international technological spillovers? The new specification of the WITCH model presented in this paper enables us to answer these questions. Our analysis shows that international knowledge spillovers tend to increase free-riding incentives and decrease the investments in energy R&D. The strongest cuts in energy R&D investments are recorded among High Income countries, where international knowledge flows crowd out domestic R&D efforts. The overall domestic pool of knowledge, and thus total net GHG stabilization costs, remain largely unaffected. International spillovers, however, are also an important policy channel. We therefore analyze the implication of a policy mix in which climate policy is combined with a technology policy designed to enhance absorption capacity in developing countries. Significant positive impacts on the costs of stabilising GHG concentrations are singled out. Finally, a sensitivity analysis shows that High Income countries are more responsive than Low Income countries to changes in the parameters and thus suggests to focus additional empirical research efforts on the former. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy; Energy R&D; GHG stabilisation; International R&D Spillovers |
| JEL: | H0 H1 H2 |
| Date: | 2007–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:6426&r=env |
| By: | John M. Gowdy (Department of Economics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy NY 12180-3590, USA); Roxana Julia (Department of Economics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy NY 12180-3590, USA) |
| Abstract: | This paper examine the economics of the mega-greenhouse effect under two scenarios. One caps total CO2 levels and the other limits annual emission rates. |
| JEL: | C53 D61 Q20 Q21 |
| Date: | 2007–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rpi:rpiwpe:0711&r=env |
| By: | Thomas P. Lyon (Ross School of Business, University of Michigan); John W. Maxwell (Department of Business Economics and Public Policy, Indiana University Kelley School of Business) |
| Abstract: | We survey the growing theoretical literature on the motives for and welfare effects of corporate greening. We show how both market and political forces are making environmental CSR profitable, and we also discuss morally-motivated or altruistic CSR. Welfare effects of CSR are subtle and situation-contingent, and there is no guarantee that CSR enhances social welfare. We identify numerous areas in which additional theoretical work is needed. |
| Keywords: | corporate social responsibility, environment, self-regulation, preemption, private politics |
| JEL: | Q58 D51 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iuk:wpaper:2007-16&r=env |
| By: | Eggert, Håkan (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the impact of articles published in the Marine Resource Economics and within the field of fisheries economics in general over the period 1954-2004. Specific attention is given to the years 1984-2004, which is the period that Marine Resource Economics have been published. The degree of influence is assessed using citation analysis. I present the most cited papers in Marine Resource, the top ten all time cited fisheries economics papers and the most cited papers during each decade over the last 30 years. By analysing the trend of recently published papers, I can assess which ones are projected to be most influential.<p> |
| Keywords: | Fisheries economics; Marine resource economics; ISI |
| JEL: | Q22 |
| Date: | 2006–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0203&r=env |
| By: | Mehdi Abbas (LEPII - Laboratoire d'Economie de la Production et de l'Intégration Internationale - [CNRS : FRE2664] - [Université Pierre Mendès-France - Grenoble II]) |
| Abstract: | Cette note aborde la question de la mise en place d'une Taxe CO2 aux frontières de l'Union européenne dans le cadre des contraintes imposées par le respect des engagements du Protocole de Kyoto. La note étudie la faisabilité d'une telle mesure d'ajustement aux frontières dans le cadre du régime commercial de l'OMC. Bien que des marges de manoeuvre existent, la proposition d'une taxe CO2 aux frontières à très peu de chance d'être compatible avec le engagements commerciaux multilatéraux de l'UE. Dès lors, la note passe en revue les stratégies susceptibles d'être adoptées par l'UE en vue d'articuler régime de lutte contre le changement climatique et régime commercial. |
| Keywords: | CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE ; TAXE CO2 ; PROTOCOLE DE KYOTO ; COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL ; OMC |
| Date: | 2007–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00168960_v1&r=env |
| By: | Michel Damian (LEPII - Laboratoire d'Economie de la Production et de l'Intégration Internationale - [CNRS : FRE2664] - [Université Pierre Mendès-France - Grenoble II]) |
| Abstract: | Les réponses au changement climatique au cours de la dernière décennie ont négligé les enjeux relatifs à l'adaptation. Cette position n'est plus tenable une fois admise l'inéluctabilité du réchauffement climatique. Reconnaître les besoins d'adaptation contribuerait à mieux faire accepter le renforcement des politiques de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. |
| Keywords: | CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE ; ADAPTATION |
| Date: | 2007–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00168961_v1&r=env |