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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Luca Tacconi (Australian National University, Crawford School of Economics and Government); Frank Jotzo (Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies); R. Quentin Grafton (Australian National University, Crawford School of Economics and Government) |
| Abstract: | Lack of action on cross-border environmental problems in developing countries is often ascribed to gaps in local capacity and resources, failure of regional cooperation, and lack of financial support from rich countries. Using the case of the Southeast Asian Haze pollution from forest and peat fires in Indonesia, we explore the challenges posed by environmental problems whose causes are closely linked to local development and livelihood strategies, and whose impacts are local, regional (haze) as well as global (carbon emissions). We assess whether there are real opportunities to implement effectively the recent Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. To address the deep determinants behind haze pollution, we propose signatories to the Agreement refocus their efforts to controlling peat fires rather than strive for a zero-burning regime. We also recommend a new approach to financing sustainable development based on rules and incentives, with a regional pool of funds, contributed by rich countries through the Global Environment Facility and countries in Southeast Asia. |
| Keywords: | ASEAN, climate change, fires, GEF, haze pollution, regional agreements |
| JEL: | Q54 O20 C60 |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anu:eenwps:0613&r=env |
| By: | John C. V. Pezzey (Australian National University,Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies); Frank Jotzo (Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies); John Quiggen (University of Queensland, School of Economics and Political Science) |
| Abstract: | Effective climate policy requires global emissions of greenhouse gases to be cut substantially, which can be achieved by energy supply technologies with lower emissions, greater energy use efficiency, and substitution in demand. For policy to be efficient requires fairly uniform, fairly pervasive emission pricing from taxes, permit trading, or combinations of the two, as well as significant government support for low-emission technologies. We compare the technology-focused climate policies adopted by Australia and the 'Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate' (AP6), against this ideal policy yardstick. We find that such policies omit the need for emission pricing to achieve abatement effectively and efficiently; they over-prescribe which abatement actions should be used most; they make unrealistic assumptions about how much progress can be achieved by voluntarism and cooperation, in the absence of either adequate funding or mandatory policies; and they unjustifiably contrast technology-focused policy and the Kyoto Protocol approach as the only two policies worth considering, and thus ignore important combined policy options. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, greenhouse gas emissions, abatement, emission taxes, emissions trading, technology policy, innovation, Asia-Pacific Partnership, AP6 |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anu:eenwps:0611&r=env |
| By: | Arimura, Toshi (Resources for the Future); Hibiki, Akira; Katayama, Hajime |
| Abstract: | Using Japanese facility-level data from an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development survey, we estimate the effects of implementation of ISO14001 and publication of environmental reports on the facilities’ environmental performance. While most previous studies focused on an index of emissions toxicity, this study examines three areas of impacts, none of which have been explored in the literature: natural resource use, solid waste generation, and wastewater effluent. The study is also unique in that the effectiveness of ISO14001 is considered in relation to environmental regulations. Our findings are summarized as follows. First, both ISO14001 and report publication help reduce all three impacts; the former appears more effective in all areas except wastewater. Second, environmental regulations do not weaken the effect of ISO14001. Third, assistance programs offered by local governments—a voluntary approach—promote facilities’ adoption of ISO14001. These findings suggest that governments can use command-and-control and voluntary approaches concurrently. |
| Keywords: | environmental management systems, ISO14001, environmental reports, voluntary actions, governmental assistance programs, environmental impacts, discrete choice model, endogeneity, GHK simulator |
| JEL: | C35 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2007–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-07-31&r=env |
| By: | Nicola Cantore (Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna); Emilio Padilla (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | Emissions distribution is a focus variable for the design of future international agreements to tackle global warming. This paper specifically analyses the future path of emissions distribution and its determinants in different scenarios. Whereas our analysis is driven by tools which are typically applied in the income distribution literature and which have recently been applied to the analysis of CO2 emissions distribution, a new methodological approach is that our study is driven by simulations run with a popular regionalised optimal growth climate change model over the 1995-2105 period. We find that the architecture of environmental policies, the implementation of flexible mechanisms and income concentration are key determinants of emissions distribution over time. In particular we find a robust positive relationship between measures of inequalities in the distribution of emissions and income and that their magnitude will essentially depend on technological change. |
| Keywords: | Integrated assessment, Inequality, Emissions distribution |
| JEL: | D58 D63 O13 |
| Date: | 2007–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bag:deiawp:7001&r=env |
| By: | Frank Jotzo (Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies); John C. V. Pezzey (Australian National University,Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies) |
| Abstract: | Uncertainty is an obstacle for commitments under cap and trade schemes. We assess how well intensity targets, where countries' permit allocations are indexed to future realised GDP, can cope with uncertainties in international greenhouse emissions trading. We present some empirical foundations for intensity targets and derive a simple rule for the optimal degree of indexation to GDP. Using an 18-region simulation model of a cooperative, global cap-and-trade treaty in 2020 under multiple uncertainties and endogenous commitments, we show that optimal intensity targets could reduce the cost of uncertainty and achieve significant increases in global abatement. The optimal degree of indexation to GDP would vary greatly between countries, including super-indexation in some advanced countries, and partial indexation for most developing countries. Standard intensity targets (with one-to-one indexation) would also improve the overall outcome, but to a lesser degree and not in all individual cases. Although target indexation is no magic wand for a future global climate treaty, gains from reduced cost uncertainty and the potential for more stringent environmental commitments might justify the increased complexity and other potential downsides of intensity targets. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, emissions trading, uncertainty, flexible targets, intensity targets, optimality, simulation modelling |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anu:eenwps:0605&r=env |
| By: | Quiroga, Miguel; Sterner, Thomas; Persson, Martin |
| Abstract: | We aim to study whether lax environmental regulations induce comparative advantages, causing the least-regulated countries to specialize in polluting industries. The study is based on Trefler and Zhu’s (2005) definition of the factor content of trade. For the econometrical analysis, we use a cross-section of 71 countries in 2000 to examine the net exports in the most polluting industries. We try to overcome three weaknesses in the empirical literature: the measurement of environmental endowments or environmental stringency, the possible endogeneity of the explanatory variables, and the influence of the industrial level of aggregation. As a result, we do find some evidence in favor of the pollution-haven effect. The exogeneity of the environmental endowments was rejected in several industries, and we also find that industrial aggregation matters. |
| Keywords: | comparative advantage, environmental regulation, trade, pollution haven, Porter hypothesis |
| JEL: | F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2007–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-07-08&r=env |
| By: | Hilary Sigman |
| Abstract: | Many arguments about decentralization in public goods provision have testable implications for the relationship between decentralization and the level and spatial variability of public goods. This paper explores the empirical relationship between decentralization and environmental public good, water quality in rivers at monitoring stations around the world. It examines pollution levels and spatial variability of pollution within a country for both a local and a regional pollutant. The results suggest higher pollution levels with greater decentralization when fixed effects are included; the evidence is strongest for the regional pollutant, where it might result from interjurisdictional free riding. Federalism is associated with greater spatial variability in pollution within a country, consistent with the traditional view that decentralization allows policies more tailored to local conditions. |
| JEL: | H77 Q5 |
| Date: | 2007–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:13098&r=env |
| By: | Frank Jotzo (Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies) |
| Abstract: | What is the magnitude of uncertainties about future greenhouse gas emissions, GDP and emissions intensity of economies? Is there a link between fluctuations in economic activity and fluctuations in emissions? These questions are crucial to understand the extent and composition of cost uncertainty under emissions trading schemes, the degree to which it can be reduced by mechanism design options such asintensity targets, and for calibrating models of emissions trading under uncertainty.This paper provides empirical analyses, using historical emissions data in forecast models and in country-level analysis over time. The results indicate that uncertainty about future energy sector CO2 emissions and emissions intensity is greater than uncertainty about future GDP; that uncertainties are greater in non-OECD than in OECD countries; and that there is a strong positive correlation between fluctuations in GDP and fluctuations in CO2 emissions, but not in all cases and not outside the energy sector. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty; greenhouse gas emissions; GDP; emissions intensity; intensity targets; forecasting.; Uncertainty; greenhouse gas emissions; GDP; emissions intensity; intensity |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2006–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anu:eenwps:0603&r=env |
| By: | John C. V. Pezzey (Australian National University,Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies); Frank Jotzo (Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies) |
| Abstract: | We give theoretical, partial equilibrium comparisons of a tax with thresholds, tradable targets ('emissions trading' or ET), and non-tradable targets, as mechanisms to abate well-mixed ('global') emissions from many parties, under independent uncertainties in both future business-as-usual emissions and marginal abatement costs. All three mechanisms are revenue-neutral, and use flexible thresholds or targets indexed continuously to parties' activity levels. We analyse both risk-neutral or risk-averse behaviour. Key theoretical results are that because of emissions uncertainty, there is no simple Weitzman (1974) rule for choosing between 'prices' (a tax) to 'quantities' (ET); under ET, marginal abatement cost uncertainty is a benefit, compared to certainty; and under risk aversion, any mechanism with more expected welfare also gives more expected abatement. We apply our theory to global greenhouse gas abatement in 2020, using an 18-region numerical simulation model with new uncertainty estimates. Key global, empirical results are that under either risk behaviour, a tax dominates ET, which hugely dominates non-tradable targets; and under risk aversion, an optimally indexed tax gives about 60% more welfare and 30% more abatement than unindexed ET, while optimally indexed ET achieves about two-fifths of these improvements. |
| Keywords: | emissions trading, global abatement, greenhouse gases, risk aversion, tax, uncertainty |
| JEL: | D81 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anu:eenwps:0604&r=env |
| By: | Sylvie Demurger (GATE - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - [CNRS : UMR5824] - [Université Lumière - Lyon II] - [Ecole Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines]); Martin Fournier (GATE - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - [CNRS : UMR5824] - [Université Lumière - Lyon II] - [Ecole Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines]); Yang Weiyong (University of International Business and Economics - [University of International Business and Economics]) |
| Abstract: | This article illustrates the impact of changes related to market reforms and environmental policies on the economic structure in rural China by providing a comparative analysis of several villages in a poor township in Beijing municipality. Two main concomitant phenomena are affecting agricultural and non-agricultural choices in the studied area. First, the introduction of market mechanisms is encouraging local population to engage in new activities that are closer to local comparative advantages. Second, rural households are facing new constraints in the form of environmental protection measures, which have weakened traditional insurance channels provided by forest resources and cattle stock. Drawing on household-level survey data and interviews with village heads conducted in ten villages of Labagoumen township in December 2003, this article analyzes households decisions in response to market reforms and environmental constraints. We find large disparities both between villages and households in the diversification process and discuss the reasons of observed inertia in the region, most households still heavily relying on corn production. |
| Keywords: | agrarian change ; Environmental protection ; Income-source diversification ; rural China |
| Date: | 2007–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00144899_v1&r=env |
| By: | Gillingham, Kenneth T.; Newell, Richard G.; Pizer, William A. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | The approach used to model technological change in a climate policy model is a critical determinant of its results. We provide an overview of the different approaches used in the literature, with an emphasis on recent developments regarding endogenous technological change, research and development, and learning. Detailed examination sheds light on the salient features of each approach, including strengths, limitations, and policy implications. Key issues include proper accounting for the opportunity costs of climate-related knowledge generation, treatment of knowledge spillovers and appropriability, and the empirical basis for parameterizing technological relationships. No single approach appears to dominate on all these dimensions, and different approaches may be preferred depending on the purpose of the analysis, be it positive or normative. |
| Keywords: | exogenous, technology, R&D, learning, induced |
| JEL: | Q21 Q28 Q48 O38 |
| Date: | 2007–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-07-14&r=env |
| By: | Sylvie Demurger (GATE - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - [CNRS : UMR5824] - [Université Lumière - Lyon II] - [Ecole Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines]); Hou Yuanzhao (Chinese Academy of Forestry - [Chinese Academy of Forestry]); Yang Weiyong (University of International Business and Economics - [University of International Business and Economics]) |
| Abstract: | Using the latest forest inventory, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of China's forest sector by focusing on new forest trends, forest policy changes and challenges to achieve a sustainable forest management. We analyze the dynamics of forest resources and provide an impact assessment of forest policies on China's forestry development over the last decades. Moreover, the analysis of the forest market highlights substantial disequilibria marked by a limited domestic supply potential and a growing demand for forest products satisfied by increasing imports. Internal and external solutions are explored and their implications for China and supplying countries are assessed. |
| Keywords: | China ; Forest management ; Forest resources |
| Date: | 2007–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00144898_v1&r=env |
| By: | Vajjhala, Shalini (Resources for the Future); Gode, Jenny; Torvanger, Asbjørn |
| Abstract: | This essay was prepared as part of a workshop on carbon capture and sequestration held by the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) in Washington, DC, from March 15–16, 2007. The goal of the workshop was to bring together researchers, practitioners, and regulators from Europe, the United States, and Australia to outline the attributes that an effective regulatory regime for carbon capture and storage should possess. This essay focuses specifically on providing an overview of eight fundamental elements that we believe any effective international and national regulatory structure must address: 1) classification of carbon dioxide (CO2); 2) oversight of CO2 capture and storage; 3) site ownership and storage rights; 4) site operation and management; 5) long-term management and liability; 6) regulatory compliance and enforcement; 7) links to CO2 markets and trading mechanisms; and 8) risk communication and public acceptance. This essay is one of 12 collected for the workshop, and the recommendations herein are the views of the authors and do not reflect the views of their agencies, the IRGC, or specific workshop discussions. |
| Keywords: | carbon sequestration, geologic storage, risk, regulation |
| JEL: | Q38 Q48 |
| Date: | 2007–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-07-13&r=env |
| By: | Vajjhala, Shalini (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | More than a decade after the first environmental justice (EJ) regulations were put in place with Executive Order 12898, the programs and initiatives associated with this mandate remain extremely broad in scope and intent. Compared to more traditional regulations that establish environmental performance criteria or standards, EJ regulations address both the process of making equitable decisions and their desired outcomes. In this respect, EJ regulations are both unusual and understudied. Because the regulatory requirements are so general in nature (e.g., building community capacity, improving public awareness and environmental education, and expanding public participation), their implementation has been piecemeal and few systematic evaluations have been done of the implementation process or the major outcomes of federal EJ programs. As states like California move forward with newer state-level EJ initiatives, there are important lessons to be learned from one of the earliest federal programs, the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Environmental Justice Small Grants (EJSG) Program. Since 1994, more than 1,000 of these grants have been awarded to support communities in developing solutions to local environmental and public health problems. However, the collective impact of these investments has never been evaluated. By using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the locations of grants made through this program, this paper documents patterns of investment and social and environmental change in the low-income and minority communities supported by the program. Major results reveal that EJ small grants are only in part being awarded to the types of communities intended to be served by the program, and only counties in certain EPA regions show improvement or reductions in toxic releases, while others show significant increases in total TRI releases before and after receiving EJ small grants. This assessment provides an important baseline from which to evaluate both federal and state EJ regulations and their implementation more broadly. |
| Keywords: | environmental justice, regulatory evaluation, GIS, spatial analysis, grants |
| JEL: | Y80 |
| Date: | 2007–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-07-15&r=env |
| By: | Westerlund, Joakim; Basher, Syed A. |
| Abstract: | This paper tests the convergence in per-capita carbon dioxide emissions for a collection of developed and developing countries using data spanning the period 1870 to 2002. For this purpose, three recently developed panel unit root tests that permit for dependence among the individual countries are employed. The results lend strong support in favor of convergence for the panel as a whole. Estimates of the speed of this convergence is also provided. |
| Keywords: | Emissions convergence; Panel unit root tests; Common factors; Half-life. |
| JEL: | C32 C33 Q54 Q28 |
| Date: | 2007–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:3262&r=env |
| By: | Tom Kompas (Australian National University, Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government); Tuong Nhu Che (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics); R. Quentin Grafton (Australian National University, Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses data from an actual fishery to construct a tractable and dynamic model to compare expected profit and its variance, optimal stock size, optimal harvest rate and optimal fishing effort under different management regimes under uncertainty. The results provide a comparison of instrument choice between a total harvests control and a total effort control under uncertainty, an original method to evaluate the tradeoffs between profits and other criteria in a dynamic context, and provide guidance as to the relative merits of catch and effort controls in fisheries management. |
| Keywords: | fisheries management, uncertainty |
| JEL: | Q22 D81 |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anu:eenwps:0607&r=env |
| By: | Jessica Wolpaw Reyes |
| Abstract: | Childhood lead exposure can lead to psychological deficits that are strongly associated with aggressive and criminal behavior. In the late 1970s in the United States, lead was removed from gasoline under the Clean Air Act. Using the sharp state-specific reductions in lead exposure resulting from this removal, this article finds that the reduction in childhood lead exposure in the late 1970s and early 1980s is responsible for significant declines in violent crime in the 1990s, and may cause further declines into the future. The elasticity of violent crime with respect to lead is estimated to be approximately 0.8. |
| JEL: | I18 K49 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2007–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:13097&r=env |
| By: | Blackman, Allen (Resources for the Future); Albers, Heidi J.; Ávalos Sartorio, Beatriz; Crooks, Lisa |
| Abstract: | Managed forest ecosystems—agroforestry systems in which crops such as coffee and bananas are planted side-by-side with woody perennials—are being touted as a means of safeguarding forests along with the ecological services they provide. Yet we know little about the determinants of land cover in such systems, information needed to design effective forest conservation policies. This paper presents a spatial regression analysis of land cover in a managed forest ecosystem—a shade coffee region of coastal Mexico. Using high-resolution land cover data derived from aerial photographs along with data on the geophysical and institutional characteristics of the study area, we find that plots in close proximity to urban centers are less likely to be cleared, all other things equal. This result contrasts sharply with the literature on natural forests. In addition, we find that membership in coffee-marketing cooperatives, farm size, and certain soil types are associated with forest cover, while proximity to small town centers is associated with forest clearing. |
| Keywords: | deforestation, managed forest ecosystem, agroforestry, shade-grown coffee, Mexico, spatial econometrics, land cover |
| JEL: | O13 Q15 Q23 |
| Date: | 2007–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-07-30&r=env |
| By: | Solomon, Jill (Cardiff Business School) |
| Abstract: | A number of theoretical lenses have been used to explain voluntary social and environmental reporting (SER) including legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and political economy theory. Recent theoretical work in the SER area suggests that the risk society theory presents an appropriate alternative theoretical framework. According to the risk society theoretical framework, risks have evolved from manageable, identifiable, insurable risks into imperceivable, uninsurable, high consequence risks. Many high consequence risks relate directly to corporate behaviour in the social, ethical and environmental domain, such as global warming. The risk society framework is also characterised by a general decline in trust in institutions and organisations. This paper contributes to the SER literature by providing empirical evidence to support a risk society theory of voluntary SER. By engaging directly with 24 corporate social responsibility managers within UK listed companies, we show that risk is driving them to produce voluntary SER. The paper provides empirical evidence that SER is emerging as a mechanism for reducing risk and anxiety, through the nurturing of trust relationships between companies and their stakeholders. The interviews reveal that building and maintaining trust in shareholder and stakeholder relationships is a primary motivation for SER and that SER is a means of engaging in dialogue with the company's stakeholders. Companies are, from a risk society perspective, implementing SER as a risk management mechanism. We also find from the interviews that voluntary SER is motivated far more by its link with financial performance, through reputation enhancement, than by a genuine desire to enhance social justice. |
| Keywords: | Social and environmental reporting (SER); Risk society; Trust |
| Date: | 2006–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:accfin:2005/2&r=env |
| By: | Frank Jotzo (Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies); John C. V. Pezzey (Australian National University,Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies) |
| Abstract: | A 'new Kyoto', called for by the Australian government, may well be based on cap-and-trade, but with significant changes. Under the old Kyoto, broad participation and meaningful commitments were difficult to achieve - in part because of uncertainty about compliance costs and the dichotomy between countries with targets and those without. This policy brief examines options for making greenhouse gas commitments under a 'New Kyoto' more flexible: intensity targets, sectoral targets, non-binding targets, permit price caps, and linking targets with commitments for technology development. We also touch on market-based options outside the target-based paradigm. |
| Keywords: | new Kyoto, compliance costs, greenhouse gas commitments |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anu:eenwps:0610&r=env |
| By: | R. Quentin Grafton (Australian National University, Crawford School of Economics and Government); Rognvaldur Hannesson (Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Bruce Shallard; Daryl Sykes; Joe Terry |
| Abstract: | The paper reviews existing allocation mechanisms in the five tuna regional fisheries management organizatins and shows that although they have adopted different approaches all have failed to prevent overcapacity and, or some stocks, overexploitation. As an alternative, it is proposed that each tuna regional fishing management organization establish total allowable catches by species and area, and then allocate non-transferable and permanent country shares (as a proportion of the total harvest) to member countries. Each country would be free to use or sell its annual allocation of fish that would be determined by the permanent country shares, but the sales could only be to fellow member countries. A two-tier allocation to countries of permanenet shares of a total allowable catch, and then annual harvest allocations to vessels of member countries, offers the promise of mitigating, and possibly overcoming, the twin problems of overcapacity and overexploitation in the highly migratory and high seas tuna fisheries. |
| Keywords: | tuna, property rights, allocation |
| JEL: | Q22 Q27 |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anu:eenwps:0612&r=env |
| By: | Ariel González |
| Abstract: | Angola refleja al África Subsahariana en varias de sus facetas, es una tierra de grandes riquezas y también de grandes desigualdades, que sufrió durante más de 40 años una guerra continua. En los primeros 14 años (desde 1961 a 1975) se desató una guerra de liberación nacional, mientras que los siguientes 27 años dieron lugar a un guerra civil con ingredientes varios como intervención directa de países extranjeros y la intervención indirecta de las superpotencias de la Guerra Fría, Estados Unidos y Rusia. Durante más de 40 años se discutió quien poseía el poder formal y real; dando a una lógica siniestra de suma cero. Angola retrasó el desarrollo nacional y dio entrada a la participación de fuerzas foráneas en su territorio que minaron su margen de maniobra y su soberanía nacional. |
| Keywords: | angola, natural resources, human resources, civil war, economic growth |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cis:africa:006&r=env |
| By: | Américo M. S. Carvalho Mendes (Faculdade de Economia e Gestão, Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Porto)) |
| Abstract: | This paper is a follow up on a earlier one (Mendes, 1998) where I proposed a series of models for forest owners associations represented as organisation made up of two groups of strategically interacting players: the forest owners who are members of the association and the board of directors they have elected. The directors decide on the amount of services provided by the association which can be public goods (collective representation of the members, promotion of their common interests, diffusion of general information about forest programmes and best forest management practices, etc.) and private goods and services (silvicultural works preventive of forest fires, technical advice, etc.). The models were set up as games in strategic form with complete information and no payoff uncertainty. Here I pick up the second of, what is called in that previous paper, the "Portuguese" models and extend it in the following directions: - there is payoff risk for the forest owners due to exogenous hazards (forest fires or others); - forest owners can buy private services from the owners which contribute to reduce the losses resulting from those hazards. The main focus in this paper is to derive the comparative static results about the demand of these private services by the forest owners. |
| Keywords: | forest owners’ associations, public and private goods joint supply, game theory |
| JEL: | L |
| Date: | 2007–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cap:wpaper:022007&r=env |
| By: | Jean De Beir (EPEE - [Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne]); Mouez Fodha (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - [CNRS : UMR8174] - [Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I]); Guillaume Girmens (EPEE - [Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne]) |
| Abstract: | Cet article analyse l'activité de recyclage dans un cadre d'équilibre général. Nous montrons que l'Etat doit subventionner les récupérateurs recycleurs si ceux-ci supportent des coûts trop élevés, afin de les inciter à récupérer et recycler tout le gisement disponible de déchets. En revanche, cette incitation fiscale doit disparaître si leur activité est profitable. La structure optimale de la fiscalité peut même conduire le régulateur à taxer les firmes de récupération recyclage. Nous montrons enfin que si l'activité de recyclage est suffisamment efficace, elle permet d'internaliser les externalités environnementales. Dans ce cas, la récupération recyclage devient un vecteur du développement durable. |
| Keywords: | Modèle à générations imbriquées, secteur du recyclage, externalités environnementales, politique fiscale. |
| Date: | 2007–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00144632_v1&r=env |