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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Brock,W.A.; Taylor,M.S. (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Social Systems Research Institute) |
| Date: | 2004 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:att:wimass:200416&r=env |
| By: | Brock,W.A.; Xepapadeas,A. (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Social Systems Research Institute) |
| Date: | 2004 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:att:wimass:200417&r=env |
| By: | Brock,W.A.; Carpenter,S.R.; Scheffer,M. (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Social Systems Research Institute) |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:att:wimass:200514&r=env |
| By: | Ludwig,D.; Brock,W.A.; Carpenter,S.R. (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Social Systems Research Institute) |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:att:wimass:200515&r=env |
| By: | Pierre Courtois; Guillaume Haeringer |
| Abstract: | We examine in this paper the formation and the stability of international environmental agreements when cooperation means to commit to a minimum abatement level. Each country decides whether to ratify the agreement and this latter enters into force only if it is ratified by a number of countries at least equal to some ratification threshold. We analyze the role played by ratification threshold rules and provide conditions for international environmental agreements to enter into force. We show that a large typology of agreements can enter into force among the one constituted by the grand coalition. |
| Keywords: | International Environmental Agreement, |
| JEL: | C72 K32 K42 Q56 |
| Date: | 2005–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aub:autbar:652.05&r=env |
| By: | Asheim, Geir B. (Dept. of Economics, University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | To provide a normative foundation for transfers between different societies, one needs information on the “per capita welfare” in different societies, having different population sizes and environmental characteristics. This paper reviews various methods for doing such comparisons. The main conclusion of the analysis is that there appears to be no practical alternative to applying real comprehensive per capita NNP. This is a per capita variant of Weitzman’s stationary welfare equivalent of future utility. Welfare comparisons between different societies must be made in local real prices calculated according to “purchasing-power-parity”, where non-traded environmental amenities may play an important role. |
| Keywords: | National accounting; Population; Dynamic welfare. |
| JEL: | D60 D90 O47 |
| Date: | 2005–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:osloec:2005_025&r=env |
| By: | Christopher McGrory Klyza; Andrew Savage; Jonathan Isham |
| Abstract: | Scholars who have studied local environmental groups and their effects in the United States have tended to agree about three related, stylized facts: that such groups are widespread, that they are pursuing a diverse set of activities, and, at least implicitly, that they are creating social capital that significantly affects environmental policy and outcomes. However, a healthy skepticism of these claims among academics and within the policy community exists due to a lack of significant data to verify them. In this article, (1) we collect and interpret data to demonstrate, in two counties of central Vermont, that local environmental groups are indeed pursuing a diverse set of activities, developing a typology of these groups based on their main focus; (2) we show the groups are developing and maintaining social capital; and (3) we illustrate how these methodologies can enhance the literature on local environmental groups by testing claims about the extent and influence of these groups. |
| Keywords: | local environmental groups, social capital, local organizations, Vermont |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mdl:mdlpap:0407r&r=env |
| By: | Jon Olaf Olaussen (Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | The paper demonstrates four general mechanisms that may affect economically valuable species when exposed to biological invasion. We distinguish between an ecological level effect and an ecological growth effect. In addition we present an economic quantity effect working through demand. Finally we suggest that there is an economic quality effect that reflects the possibility that invasions affect the harvesting agents directly through new demand-side forces. For example, this may occur because the state of the original species or the ecosystem is altered. We depart from the existing literature by revealing ecological and economic forces that explain why different agents may lack incentives to control invasions. The theoretical model is illustrated by the case where escaped farmed salmon influence wild Atlantic salmon fisheries. |
| Keywords: | Biological invasion; escaped farmed Salmon; recreational fishing; bioeconomic model |
| Date: | 2005–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nst:samfok:5905&r=env |
| By: | Massimo Geloso Grosso |
| Abstract: | This study forms part of on-going OECD work on trade in services, in co-operation with UNCTAD, aimed at assisting WTO Members in managing request-offer negotiations under the GATS. The key objective is to help officials of WTO Members in both gaining a greater insight into the particular issues of importance in the environmental services sector and how they might be approached in the negotiations. The current set of GATS negotiations offers WTO Members an opportunity to achieve greater levels of liberalisation of environmental services, which may lead to significant economic and environmental benefits for all countries. Nevertheless, liberalisation, particularly of environmental infrastructure services, must be appropriately designed and supported by a strong regulatory framework. Making commitments in these services thus raises questions in relation to their nature, although the flexibility provided for in the GATS can be used to schedule them to take account of their characteristics. Risks of market failure to achieve social objectives appear to be less significant for environmental non-infrastructure and support services. |
| Keywords: | exports, services, environment, regulations, liberalisation, barriers, benefits |
| Date: | 2005–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:11-en&r=env |
| By: | Dale Andrew; Karim Dahou; Ronald Steenblik |
| Abstract: | Ce rapport fait le bilan des enseignements tirés d’une série de vingt études de cas réalisées par l’OCDE sur les problèmes spécifiques d’accès aux marchés que rencontrent les exportateurs des pays en développement du fait des exigences environnementales et sanitaires des pays développés. Reposant aussi sur des études de cas de la CNUCED et sur les échanges qui ont eu lieu à l’occasion d’un atelier organisé dans le cadre du Forum mondial sur les échanges à New Delhi, en novembre 2002, il met l’accent sur les solutions trouvées pour remédier à ces problèmes. Ceux-ci sont répartis en deux sections, la première concernant les besoins d’information et de renforcement des capacités des exportateurs des pays en développement, auxquels répondent à la fois les autorités nationales et les organisations non gouvernementales, et la deuxième les procédures d’élaboration, de mise en œuvre et de révision des réglementations et des normes. Bien que les problèmes examinés touchent une grande variété d’exportations et de productions fondées sur les ressources naturelles, ainsi qu’un échange de services, et concernent d’importants marchés à l’importation de la zone de l’OCDE, il n’est pas possible de tirer de conclusion générale sur l’ampleur des problèmes d’accès aux marchés créés par les mesures environnementales et sanitaires. |
| Keywords: | réglementation, environnement, accès aux marchés, norme, pays en développement, renforcement des capacités |
| Date: | 2004–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:5-fr&r=env |
| By: | Chintrakarn, Pandej (SMU); Millimet, Daniel (SMU) |
| Abstract: | The debate over the environmental consequences of free trade is not only quite heated, but also entails significant policy ramifications. The empirical difficulty with assessing this relationship is the fact that trade and environmental quality may be jointly determined, making it difficult to infer a causality. Recently, cross-sectional analysis at the country level has made use of exogenous determinants of trade to identify the causal effect of trade on the environment, finding moderate evidence of a beneficial impact of expanded trade on the environmental quality. Given the stakes involved, we revisit this finding using subnational data on ‘trade’ flows across US states and several measures of pollution. Our findings are striking, providing further evidence of the beneficial impact of trade. |
| Keywords: | Bilateral Trade, Environmental Quality, Pollution Haven Hypothesis |
| JEL: | F18 Q25 |
| Date: | 2005–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smu:ecowpa:0501&r=env |
| By: | Henderson, Daniel (SUNY - Binghamton); Millimet, Daniel (SMU) |
| Abstract: | Keller and Levinson (2002, this Review, 84(4), 691-703) utilize state-level panel data on inflows of foreign direct investment along with an innovative measure of relative pollution abatement costs to assess the impact of environmental stringency on capital flows. Using standard parametric panel data models, the authors find moderate evidence that capital flows are sensitive to abatement costs. Using recently developed nonparametric methods, we assess the robustness of this conclusion. The nonparametric approach reveals that (i) some of the parametric results are not robust, (ii) the impact of relative abatement costs is heterogeneous across states and generally of smaller magnitude than previously suggested. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Regulation, Foreign Direct Investment, Generalized Kernel Estimation |
| JEL: | C14 C33 F21 Q52 |
| Date: | 2005–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smu:ecowpa:0507&r=env |
| By: | Erling Røed Larsen (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Indirect taxes on transportation activities that pollute can correct externalities and close the gaps between private and social costs. However, policy makers often find such Pigou taxes difficult to implement because of political resistance due to possibly adverse affects on equity. For this reason it is important to assess the distributional aspects of environmental levies. This article estimates properties of the demand for transportation in parametric and non-parametric analyses of Consumer Expenditure Surveys for the United States, 2000, and finds patterns in the resulting set of Engel curves. Private transportation using air flights and new automobiles have Engel elasticities above unity while public transportation via mass transit has Engel elasticity below unity. The findings can be interpreted in an important way since they show that a differentiated scheme of environmental taxes on transportation may function progressively. A Pigou scheme with larger taxes on modes of transportation that pollute more appears to coincide with larger levies on luxury modes preferred by richer households. |
| Keywords: | consumption patterns; double dividend; Engel curves; environmental levies; equity; externality; indirect taxation; Pigou correction; redistribution; transportation; travel |
| JEL: | D12 D31 H23 R41 |
| Date: | 2005–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:428&r=env |
| By: | Karina Gabrielsen, Torstein Bye and Finn Roar Aune (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere influences the climate, which then alters the amount of primary energy for countries or regions where hydropower and wind power constitute important parts of the energy supply. Besides, the demand effect of temperature increases may be large in economies where heating and air-conditioning demand a large share of total energy. In this article, we apply climate change calculations from natural science and detailed inflow data from the authorities to estimate the change in primary energy supply of the hydropower-dominated Nordic electricity market. The estimated inflow model shows an increase in primary inflow in the next 40 years of 6–15% in the Nordic countries. An estimated temperature model shows a 2–4% initial drop in demand in the same time period, because of increasing temperature. Within the context of a perfect-competition electricity market model, we simulate the total market outcome. As primary supply increases, the production cost decreases, prices drop and the total demand increases as the price effect dominates the temperature effect. Since the hydropower plants are located away from large consumer groups, the stress on the transmission networks is dramatic for some regions, which in the next phase may trigger new investments in transmission network capacities. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; electricity market |
| JEL: | Q11 Q21 Q42 |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:430&r=env |
| By: | Junyi Shen (Osaka School of Interna ional Public Policy, Osaka University); Yusuke Sakata (School of Economics, Kinki University); Yoshizo Hashimoto (Osaka School of Interna ional Public Policy, Osaka University) |
| Abstract: | This paper models a transport negative impact on environment as one of attributes of the transport mode. By this modeling, we are able to examine whether individual environmental consciousness has a significant effect on his/her choice of transport mode. A survey data from Saito and Onohara Area in Northern Osaka of Japan is used to estimate the model specified by Heteroscedastic Extreme Value (HEV). Both of the estimated and simulated results imply that individual environmental consciousness does influence his/her decision on transport mode choice. Furthermore, the likelihood ratio tests suggest that both the utility and scale parameters are not equal across sub-samples of university commuters, research-facility commuters, and residents. The details of the comparison across sub-samples suggest that we may learn more from subdividing a whole sample into several sub-samples if we could select them based on their characteristics. |
| Keywords: | Environmental consciousness; Transport mode choice; Stated choice experiment; Heteroscedastic Extreme Value (HEV) model; Value of time saving (VOTS) |
| JEL: | C35 D12 Q51 R41 |
| Date: | 2005–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osk:wpaper:0529&r=env |