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on Entrepreneurship |
| By: | Pedro Bento; Diego Restuccia |
| Abstract: | The well-documented decline in business dynamism, measured by the net entry rate of employer firms, has been proposed as an explanation for the productivity growth slowdown in the United States. We examine the role of nonemployers, firms without paid employees, in business dynamism and aggregate productivity. Between 1982 and 2014, the total number of firms per worker including nonemployers increased by 41\%, whereas employer firms per worker declined by -8.7%. Using a standard model of firm dynamics, we derive the implications for aggregate productivity associated with changes in firms per worker and relative size distributions. We find that firm dynamics imply an increase in aggregate productivity of 15.6%, about half the growth observed in the data, that is equally shared by the changes in firms per worker and relative sizes. These results contrast markedly with the much weaker 2.1% growth in aggregate productivity from firm dynamics when abstracting from nonemployer firms. Our results suggest the productivity growth slowdown is not due to changes in net firm entry, and highlight the quantitative importance of comprehensive measures of business dynamism in the U.S. data. |
| Keywords: | nonemployers, employer firms, business dynamism, productivity, TFP. |
| JEL: | O4 O51 E1 |
| Date: | 2024–07–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tor:tecipa:tecipa-780 |
| By: | Patrick Mellacher (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | I develop a simple Schumpeterian agent-based model where the entry and exit of firms, their productivity and markup, the birth of new industries and the social structure of the population are endogenous and use it to study the causes of rising inequality and declining “business dynamism†since the 1980s. My hybrid model combines features of i) the so-called Schumpeter Mark I (centering around the entrepreneur), ii) the Mark II model (emphasizing the innovative capacities of firms), and iii) Cournot competition, with firms using OLS learning to estimate the market environment and the behavior of their competitors. A scenario which is quantitatively calibrated to US data on growth and inequality replicates a large number of stylized facts regarding the industry life-cycle, growth, inequality and all ten stylized facts on “declining business dynamism†proposed by Akcigit and Ates (AEJ:Macro, 2021). Counterfactual simulations show that antitrust policy is highly effective at combatting inequality and increasing business dynamism and growth, but is subject to a conflict of interest between workers and firm owners, as GDP and wages grow at the expense of profits. Technological factors, on the other hand, are much less effective in combatting declining business dynamism in my model. |
| Keywords: | Agent-based economics, Joseph Schumpeter, Evolutionary economics, Innovation. |
| JEL: | B25 C63 D33 L11 O11 O33 O41 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2023-04 |
| By: | Renaud Bourlès (Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Med., AMSE); Timothée Demont (Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, AMSE); Sarah Vincent (Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, AMSE); Roberta Ziparo (Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, AMSE) |
| Abstract: | In developing countries, many policy interventions aim to enhance female entrepreneurship by giving access to cash inflows targeting women. However, important investment decisions are usually made at the household level and may be influenced by local cultural norms about female labour force participation. Using a standard collective household model, this paper studies spouses’ joint investment decisions. We show that the individual optimal investment levels are not necessarily aligned between spouses, though costly utility transfers can realign spouses’ incentives. The required transfer is increasing in the stringency of the gender norm against female labour participation, making investment potentially too costly. We test these predictions using two different empirical settings and strategies. First, we exploit original data from a field experiment in India, which gave access to new investment opportunities to women through microcredit. We find that treated women belonging to castes that are relatively more favourable to women investing are more likely to engage in home agricultural production and less likely to engage in casual low-wage jobs. Yet, they seem to enjoy lower utility levels in some dimensions such as health and freedom. To the contrary, we do not find any change in the occupation or independence of women belonging to castes that traditionally impose strong restrictions on women’s behaviour, suggesting that investment is then too costly. Second, we exploit India’s accession to the GATT in 2005 as a natural experiment and use Indian household surveys to study the effect of the termination of quotas imposed on textile exports, a female-dominated activity, on women’s well-being. We find that in districts that are more suitable for cotton growing, a feminine-oriented occupation, removing the quotas increases specialization in garments and decreases health indicators for women belonging to castes that are relatively more in favour of women working. Those empirical findings are consistent with our model, showing that, in the presence of gender norms, female entrepreneurship entails intra-household transfers that impact female well-being and can eventually prevent investment. |
| Keywords: | Female Entrepreneurship, gender norms, Intra-household allocation |
| JEL: | C71 D13 D81 J16 C93 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2422 |
| By: | Brown, J. David (U.S. Census Bureau); Denes, Matthew (Carnegie Mellon University); Duchin, Ran (Boston College); Hackney, John (University of South Carolina) |
| Abstract: | Industry size standards that determine eligibility for small business subsidies have vastly increased over the past decade. We exploit quasi-random variation in the implementation of size standard increases to study the effects on small firms, subsidy allocation, and industry outcomes using Census Bureau microdata. Following size standard increases, revenues decline for an industry's smallest firms, and they are less likely to survive. We link these effects to a reallocation of government procurement contracts from smaller to larger firms. Consequently, industries become more concentrated and growth declines. These findings highlight the broad economic effects of changing eligibility for small business subsidies. |
| Keywords: | government subsidies, small firms, procurement |
| JEL: | E24 G38 H25 H57 L25 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17092 |
| By: | Chong Yu (Graduate School of Business Administration, Kwansei Gakuin University); Masatoshi Kato (School of Economics & Research Center for Entrepreneurship (RECENT), Kwansei Gakuin University) |
| Abstract: | This study explores whether firms founded by user entrepreneurs have an advantage in raising external capital at start-up, distinguishing between end-user and professional user entrepreneurs. Drawing on the concept of user entrepreneurship in combination with the resource-based view of the firm, we argue that being user entrepreneurs serves as a positive signal to external providers of capital under information asymmetry. Using data based on original questionnaire survey for start-ups in Japan, it is shown that firms founded by user entrepreneurs, especially professional user entrepreneurs, are more likely to raise external capital at start-up. Furthermore, the advantage of user entrepreneurs is found to be more pronounced in firms that engaged in business-to-consumer (B2C) than in business-to-business (B2B). |
| Keywords: | User entrepreneur, end-users, professional users, resource-based view, B2C |
| JEL: | L26 M13 G30 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kgu:wpaper:275 |
| By: | Autio, Erkko (Imperial College Business School); Chiyachantana, Chiraphol (Singapore Management University); Castillejos-Petalcorin, Cynthia (Asian Development Bank); Fu, Kun (Loughborough University London); Habaradas, Raymund (De La Salle University); Jinjarak, Yothin (Asian Development Bank); Muftiadi, Anang (Universitas Padjadjaran); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank); Prasarnphanich, Pattarawan (Chulalongkorn University); Quyên, Pham Minh (Thu Dau Mot University); Smit, Willem (Fulbright University Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | This report investigates the impact of digitalization on firm-level performance using survey data from 681 digital entrepreneurs across six Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. Results show that the reliance of the business on select digital applications and the digitalization of different aspects of the firm’s business models were found to be potent drivers of business model experimentation in entrepreneurial businesses. We also observed consistent mediation effects of digitalization variables on performance through their effect on business model experimentation, although the digitalization variables also exhibited strong direct effects on performance. This last observation signals that the adoption of digital technologies by entrepreneurial businesses has more wide-ranging beneficial impacts than their facilitating effect on business model experimentation. We consider the findings reported here to be of significant value for the design of entrepreneurial and digitalization policies in Asian developing economies and in emerging economies more widely. Our analysis points to important performance implications of digital technology adoption by entrepreneurial businesses. |
| Keywords: | digitalization; business model innovation; entrepreneurial performance; ASEAN; sustainability performance |
| JEL: | L26 O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0734 |
| By: | Jantos, Louisa; Bäumle, Philipp; Feser, Daniel |
| Abstract: | There is a growing scholarly and political consensus about the potential of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) to further sustainability by fostering sustainable start-ups. However, little is known about how the constituents of EEs as institutional framework for entrepreneurship affect the success of sustainable start-ups. Based on institutional theory, this paper develops and tests a conceptual framework to assess how the configuration of EE components affect mature EEs in their ability to support sustainable start-ups. Based on semi-structured interviews with EE stakeholders from Tel Aviv and Berlin, along with site visits and participatory observations, this cross-country analysis demonstrates that the attributes represent a promising explanatory approach for the sustainability alignment of an EE. The empirical results are threefold: (1) sustainable start-ups have special needs regarding their institutional environment and (2) require a more distinctive support structure surpassing the level of an EE. Hence, (3) each institutional component has to be tackled according to its spatial relevance to further sustainability. This translates into differentiated policy implications for fostering sustainability and theoretical advancements in EE research regarding spatial integration of sustainable start-up support. We contribute to institutional and entrepreneurship literature by implementing the idiosyncrasies of an EE's ability to further sustainability through their attributes. |
| Abstract: | Ein wachsender wissenschaftlicher und politischer Konsens besteht darüber, dass unternehmerische Ökosysteme (EEs) durch die Förderung nachhaltiger Unternehmensgründungen zur Nachhaltigkeit beitragen können. Jedoch ist nur wenig darüber bekannt, wie die Bestandteile von Ökosystemen als institutioneller Rahmen für Unternehmertum den Erfolg nachhaltiger Unternehmensgründungen beeinflussen. Auf der Grundlage der Institutionstheorie wird in diesem Beitrag ein konzeptioneller Rahmen entwickelt und getestet, um zu beurteilen, wie die Konfiguration der EE-Komponenten reife EEs in ihrer Fähigkeit, nachhaltige Unternehmensgründungen zu unterstützen, beeinflusst. Auf der Grundlage von semi-strukturierten Interviews mit EE-Akteur*innen aus Tel Aviv und Berlin sowie Standortbesuchen und teilnehmenden Beobachtungen zeigt diese länderübergreifende Analyse, dass die Attribute einen vielversprechenden Erklärungsansatz für die nachhaltige Ausrichtung eines EEs darstellen. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen folgendes: (1) Nachhaltige Gründungen haben besondere Anforderungen an ihr institutionelles Umfeld und (2) benötigen eine ausgeprägtere Unterstützungsstruktur, die über das Niveau eines EEs hinausgeht. Folglich muss (3) jede institutionelle Komponente entsprechend ihrer räumlichen Relevanz für die Ausrichtung auf Nachhaltigkeit angegangen werden. Daraus ergeben sich differenzierte politische Implikationen für die Nachhaltigkeitsförderung und theoretische Weiterentwicklungen innerhalb der EE-Forschung in Bezug auf die räumliche Integration nachhaltiger Gründungsförderung. Indem die Besonderheiten der Fähigkeit eines EEs zur Förderung der Nachhaltigkeit durch ihre Eigenschaften umgesetzt werden, wird hiermit ein Beitrag zur Institutions- & Unternehmertumsliteratur geleistet. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurial ecosystem, sustainable start-ups, case study, institutional theory |
| JEL: | O31 O38 Q01 R11 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhwps:300234 |
| By: | Martin Beraja; Wenwei Peng; David Y. Yang; Noam Yuchtman |
| Abstract: | Venture capital plays an important role in funding and shaping innovation outcomes, characterized by investors’ deep knowledge of the technology, industry, and institutions, as well as their long-running relationships with the entrepreneurship and innovation community. China, in its pursuit of global leadership in AI innovation and technology, has set up government venture capital funds so that both national and local governments act as venture capitalists. These government-led venture capital funds combine features of private venture capital with traditional government innovation policies. In this paper, we collect comprehensive data on China’s government and private venture capital funds. We draw three important contrasts between government and private VC funds: (i) government funds are spatially more dispersed than private funds; (ii) government funds invest in firms with weaker ex-ante performance signals but these firms exhibit growth rates exceeding those of firms in which private funds invest; and (iii) private VC funds follow government VC investments, especially when hometown government funds directly invest on firms with weaker ex-ante performance signals. We interpret these patterns in light of VC funds’ traditional role overcoming information frictions and China’s unique institutional environment, which includes important frictions on mobility and information. |
| JEL: | G18 G24 G28 G30 H19 O3 O38 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32701 |
| By: | Mr. Nathaniel G Arnold; Guillaume Claveres; Jan Frie |
| Abstract: | Relative to the US, productivity growth and investment in R&D in lagging in the EU, where it is more difficult to finance and scale up promising, innovative startups. Many of the most successful EU startups move elsewhere for financing, causing the EU to lose out on both the direct growth benefits and positive spillovers from these innovative firms. The EU could nurture innovative startups by accelerating the development of its venture capital (VC) ecosystem. Reducing regulatory frictions, especially ones that deter pensions funds and insurers from investing in VC, combined with well-designed tax incentives for R&D investments could help accelerate the development of the VC sector. These and other key CMU initiatives, such as the consolidation of stock markets and reforming and harmonizing insolvency regimes, will take time. Given the urgency to boost innovation, giving public financial institutions like the European Investment Fund a more active and expanded role in kickstarting VC markets where needed and in familiarizing investors with the VC asset class can be a helpful interim step. |
| Keywords: | Startups; Venture capital; Productivity; Capital Markets Union |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/146 |
| By: | Xiao Cen |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how household wealth affects the human capital of startups, based on U.S. Census individual-level employment data, deed records, and geographic information system (GIS) data. Using floods as a wealth shock, a regression discontinuity analysis shows inundated residents are 7% less likely to work in startups relative to their neighbors outside the flood boundary, within a 0.1-mile-wide band. The effect is more pronounced for homeowners, consistent with the wealth effect. The career distortion leads to a significant long-run income loss, highlighting the importance of self-insurance for human capital allocation. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-39 |
| By: | Cristiana Bendetti-Fasil; Giammario Impullitti; Omar Licandro; Petr Sedlacek; Adam Hal Spencer |
| Abstract: | R&D is procyclical and a crucial driver of growth. Evidence indicates that innovation activity varies widely across firms. Is there heterogeneity in innovation cyclicality? Does innovation heterogeneity matter for business cycle propagation? We provide empirical evidence that more productive firms are less procyclical in innovation. We develop a model replicating this observation, with selection as the driver of heterogeneous innovation cyclicality. We then examine how heterogeneous innovation and growth influence business cycle propagation. Dynamics of firm entry and exit, coupled with heterogeneous cyclicality, significantly amplify TFP shock propagation. Business cycle fluctuations give substantial welfare losses, with firm heterogeneity contributing significantly. |
| Keywords: | Growth, Business Cycles, Innovation, Heterogeneous Firms |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notcfc:2024/03 |
| By: | Reher, Leonie; Runst, Petrik; Thomä, Jörg; Bizer, Kilian |
| Abstract: | In order to better capture non-R&D based processes related to Learning by Doing, Using and Interacting (DUI) as a basis for policy advice, this paper empirically identifies DUI mode drivers of SME innovation. For the first time, a large set of conceptually derived indicators is used in a self-conducted survey. Using lasso regression as a data-driven selection technique capable of handling such a large number of potential predictors, we find that DUI learning involves a wide range of elements beyond interaction with external actors. Moreover, our results suggest that the relevance of DUI learning for predicting SME innovation depends on both the region and the type of innovation output. SME innovation in lagging regions is strongly related to the DUI mode, which is particularly pronounced in the case of intra-firm learning processes. These results suggest that R&D capacity is not the only main driver of SME innovation, especially in lagging regions, and therefore provide an indication of how firms can compensate for unfavourable conditions in their regional innovation environment. This in turn implies going beyond innovation policy in the narrow sense to a more holistic approach that may include links with other policy areas. |
| Abstract: | Um die nicht auf formaler Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE) basierenden Prozesse im Zusammenhang mit dem handwerksnahen Innovationsmodus des "Learning by Doing, Using and Interacting (DUI)" als Grundlage für die Gestaltung innovationspolitischer Maßnahmen besser zu erfassen, werden in diesem Forschungspapier die DUI-Treiber von Innovationen in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) empirisch ermittelt. Erstmals wird ein umfangreiches Set konzeptionell hergeleiteter DUI-Indikatoren in einer eigenen Erhebung erhoben und ausgewertet. Unter Verwendung der Lasso-Regression als datengetriebene Selektionsmethode, die in der Lage ist, mit einer so großen Anzahl potenzieller Prädiktoren umzugehen, zeigt sich, dass DUI-Lernen in KMU eine breite Palette von Elementen umfasst, die über die Interaktion mit externen Akteuren hinausgehen. Darüber hinaus deuten unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die Relevanz des DUI-Lernens als Treiber von Innovationen in KMU sowohl von der Region als auch von der Art des Innovationsoutputs abhängt. So hängt die Innovationstätigkeit von KMU in strukturschwachen Regionen besonders stark mit dem DUI-Modus zusammen, was im Fall von unternehmensinternen Lernprozessen besonders ausgeprägt ist. Diese und andere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die FuE-Kapazität insbesondere in strukturschwachen Regionen nicht der einzige Treiber für Innovationen in KMU ist, und geben damit einen Hinweis darauf, wie Unternehmen ungünstige Bedingungen in ihrem regionalen Innovationsumfeld zumindest teilweise kompensieren können. Dies wiederum setzt voraus, dass man über die Innovationspolitik im engeren Sinne hinausgeht und einen ganzheitlicheren Ansatz verfolgt, der auch Verbindungen zu anderen Politikbereichen wie Arbeitsmarkt oder Bildung beinhaltet. |
| Keywords: | innovation measurement, innovation indicator, modes of innovation, SME innovation, regional innovation, lagging regions, lasso regression, variable selection, group lasso, ordinal predictors |
| JEL: | C50 C81 O3 O31 R11 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhwps:300235 |
| By: | CONFRARIA Hugo (European Commission - JRC); FAKO Peter (European Commission - JRC); GAVIGAN James (European Commission - JRC); COMPANO Ramon (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This brief provides JRC firm-level microdata-based analyses of innovation dynamics in the global automotive industry comparing EU firms to their global competitors. It takes the sector's top global players from the 2023 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard as a starting point, analyses clusters of R&D intensity, examines past financial performance and analyses participation in start-ups via corporate venturing. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138139 |
| By: | Dwi Rahmadi Nur Fathoni (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Evi Noor Afifah (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to determine the effect of internet usage on entrepreneurship in Indonesia. Probit regression is used in this study because the dependent variable is a binary category that indicates a family’s involvement in entrepreneurial activities. The data used in this study is secondary data sourced from the Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) in 2020 and 2021. The results show that internet usage increases the probability of entrepreneurship in Indonesia by 7.4 percentage points and is statistically significant. Further analysis shows that the effect of the internet is greater for necessity-based entrepreneurship and only affects rural areas in Indonesia. This research may have implications to add to the literature for entrepreneurship development in Indonesia to compete globally. |
| Keywords: | internet, entrepreneurship, probit, susenas, Indonesia. |
| JEL: | D1 J1 M2 O1 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gme:wpaper:202403005 |
| By: | HAMAGUCHI Nobuaki; João Carlos FERRAZ |
| Abstract: | Japanese start-ups are active in product development, but their human resource enhancement and intellectual property strategies are not advanced. In terms of funding, founder self-funding and loans are emphasized and reliance on venture capital funding is increasing. In terms of location, the emphasis is on attracting human resources and proximity to sales outlets, and they are looking for areas where it is easy to hire high-quality labor and obtain government support. Financing that emphasizes self-financing and private venture capital, location strategy that emphasizes access to hiring qualified employees, and entrepreneurial qualities that combine youthfulness and business experience are correlated with higher rates of sales growth. The results of the analysis suggest that policies that support start-ups' efforts in intellectual property strategy and talent acquisition, increasing the diversity of funding sources, and entrepreneurial support targeted to young and experienced personnel will promote the medium- to long-term growth of start-ups. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:24019 |
| By: | Welker, Carl B. |
| Abstract: | Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) and their most prominent version, the blockchain, enable a new type of organization: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). DAOs consist of software code, mainly smart contracts, and the DAO members. Members keep governance tokens that grant property rights, e.g. voting rights. DAOs are featured by anonymity of their members and zero hierarchy coordination. Subsequently, DAOs are predestined for shaping web3 communities, managing decentralized applications (dApps) and operating digital business of any kind in the future. In last instance, DAOs may be entirely autonomous due to fully automated smart contracts. Since DAOs operate on blockchains, they are far from day-to-day bureaucracy and formal legal requirements. Seen from a common business point of view, startups and entrepreneurs might criticize a lack of structure and decency of DAOs. Moreover, it has been reported that U.S. authorities sued and made DAO initiators and token owners personally liable for violating federal law. This discussion paper describes essential features of DAOs and discusses major characteristics of a business firm. Moreover, the author points at favourable U.S. locations for setting up a DAO with a LLC body, however still keeping core web3 features such as its decentralized mode of operation and anonymity for token owners. |
| Keywords: | Startups, Web3, Distributed Ledger Technologies, Blockchain, Tokenization, Decentralized Autonomous Organization, DAO, Wyoming, LAO |
| JEL: | K00 L20 L22 L26 M13 N40 O17 O32 O33 O35 O38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhbm:300237 |
| By: | Kay, Rosemarie |
| Abstract: | Selbstständig erwerbstätige Frauen können sich freiwillig über die Krankenversicherung gegen einen Einkommensausfall während der Mutterschutzfrist absichern. Etwa die Hälfte der selbstständig erwerbstätigen Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter ist entsprechend versichert. Allerdings hat nur etwa ein Viertel der gebärenden selbstständig erwerbstätigen Frauen Mutterschaftsleistungen von ihrer Krankenversicherung in Anspruch genommen. Die jährlichen Gesamtausgaben der Krankenversicherungen für Mutterschaftsleistungen lagen in den Jahren 2021 und 2022 bei 32, 1 bzw. 30, 0 Millionen Euro. Würde eine Regelung eingeführt, die allen gebärenden selbstständig erwerbstätigen Frauen den Einkommensausfall während der Mutterschutzfrist vollständig ersetzen würde, wäre mit Gesamtausgaben in Höhe von etwa 229 Millionen Euro zu rechnen. |
| Abstract: | Self-employed women can voluntarily insure themselves against loss of income during the maternity protection period through health insurance. Around half of self-employed women of childbearing age are insured accordingly. However, only around a quarter of self-employed women who have given birth have claimed maternity benefits from their health insurance. The total annual expenditure of health insurers on maternity benefits in 2021 and 2022 was 32.1 and 30.0 million euros respectively. If a regulation were introduced that would fully compensate all self-employed women who give birth for the loss of income during the maternity protection period, total expenditure of around 229 million euros would be expected. |
| Keywords: | Selbstständig erwerbstätige Frauen, Krankenversicherung, Mutterschutz, Self-employed women, health insurance, maternity protection |
| JEL: | I13 I18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifmduf:300698 |