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on Entrepreneurship |
| By: | Magnus Gulbrandsen (Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurial scientists who patent, start spin-off companies and commercialise in other ways are usually seen as occupying a dual role with one leg each in the academic world and another in the entrepreneurial world. This article instead argues that many entrepreneurial scientists should be considered liminal, i.e. at a boundary between these two worlds rather than inside both of them. In statements about research orientations, motivations for entering commercialisation, experiences, co-operation and more, many Norwegian entrepreneurial scientists create a certain distance to other faculty members and private entrepreneurs. The status of liminality or “in-between-ness” allows a flexible networking and commercialisation process. One the other hand, liminal entrepreneurial scientists seem to be locked out of many planning processes for initiatives like technology transfer offices in the wake of a recently changed legislation regarding ownership of research results in Norway. |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20120323&r=ent |
| By: | Mariam Bruhn (World Bank); Dean Karlan (Economic Growth Center, Yale University); Antoinette Schoar (MIT) |
| Abstract: | We test whether managerial human capital has a first order effect on the performance and growth of small enterprise in emerging markets. In a randomized control trial in Puebla, Mexico, we randomly assigned 150 out of 432 small and medium size enterprises to receive subsidized consulting services, while the remaining 267 enterprises served as a control group that did not receive any subsidized training. Treatment enterprises were matched with one of nine local consulting firms and met with their consultants once a week for four hours over a one year period. Results from a follow-up survey, conducted after the intervention, show that the consulting services had a large impact on the performance of the enterprises in the treatment group: monthly sales went up by about 80 percent; similarly, profits and productivity increased by 120 percent compared to the control group. We also see a significant increase in the entrepreneurial spirit index for the treatment group, a set of questions designed to illicit the SME owners’ confidence in their ability to manage their business and deal with any future difficulties. However, we do not find any significant increase in the number of workers employed in the treatment group. |
| Keywords: | enterprise growth, entrepreneurship, managerial capital |
| JEL: | D21 D24 L20 M13 O12 |
| Date: | 2012–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egc:wpaper:1010&r=ent |
| By: | Lechmann, Daniel S. J. (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg); Schnabel, Claus (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) |
| Abstract: | Using a large data set for Germany, we show that both the raw and the unexplained gender earnings gap are higher in self-employment than in paid employment. Applying an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, more than a quarter of the difference in monthly self-employment earnings can be traced back to women working fewer hours than men. In contrast variables like family background, working time flexibility and career aspirations do not seem to contribute much to the gender earnings gap, suggesting that self-employed women do not earn less because they are seeking work-family balance rather than profits. Differences in human capital endowments account for another 13 percent of the gap but segregation does not contribute to the gender earnings gap in a robust way. |
| Keywords: | earnings differential, entrepreneurship, gender pay gap, Germany, self-employed, self-employment |
| JEL: | J31 J71 |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6435&r=ent |
| By: | Mångs, Andreas (Centre for Labour Market Policy Research (CAFO)) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we present a detailed description of the survey “How does your life puzzle work?” that was performed in 2009. The survey’s primary purpose was to provide information about the terms and conditions in self-employment relative to wage-employment and about the reasons for taking up self-employment. In addition, the survey included questions related to social background and socio-economic characteristics of self-employed. We report some of the findings from the survey regarding working conditions and working time as well as some additional information concerning in particular individual and household characteristics at the time of first entry into self-employment. The results show that, with regard to working time, being self-employed is quite different from being wage-employed. We observe a significantly higher incidence of self-employed individuals working long hours, a larger dispersion of working time among them as well as a higher tendency to work atypical hours. Taking into account the working conditions, it appears that working atypical hours affects negatively the balance between work and family life for women and men of both employment positions. However, working long hours implies specific problems for female self-employed, in particular regarding the combination of competing demands of work and family life. Considering individual and household characteristics at the time of first self-employment entry, the results obtained largely confirm what has been found by previous research. |
| Keywords: | Self-employment; Working time; Working conditions; Survey data; Response Analysis |
| JEL: | C80 J22 J81 |
| Date: | 2012–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vxcafo:2011_003&r=ent |
| By: | Mångs, Andreas (Centre for Labour Market Policy Research (CAFO)) |
| Abstract: | In this study we examine time allocation between market work and domestic activities and the division of labour for a sample of gainfully employed women, focusing particularly on female self employed. Of primary interest for the present study is whether having resident children, and small children in particular, has an impact on time allocated to market work, domestic activities and the division of labour that can be differentiated between self employed and wage-employed. We use a unique data set that combines survey data with register data covering 10 000 individuals. In this study we use a subsample consisting of 2 155 married or cohabiting women of which 925 are self-employed. Our results suggest that Swedish self-employed women spend significantly more time on market work compared to female wage-employed. About 30 percent of all married/cohabiting self-employed women work on average 45 hours or more per week, the corresponding share for wage-employed being around 7 percent. The fact that this share is high among married or cohabiting self-employed women shows that the assumed gain in flexibility through self-employment is not due to a reduction of working hours. Rather, the flexibility offered by self employment manifests itself in an adaptation of when and presumably also where to work. However, it appears that female self-employed reduce the time spent on market work relatively more than wage-employed women do when they have resident small children. But on average, female self-employed with small children still devote more time to market work than corresponding wage-employed women. Our estimations also suggest that for mothers the number of children affects the time devoted to domestic and care activities differently according to employment status: One more resident child contributes to a significantly smaller increase in the time devoted to housework and care activities for married or cohabiting self-employed women compared to corresponding wage-employed women. We find also that, ceteris paribus, married/cohabitant female self employed have a higher tendency to report a more equal division of domestic tasks than married/cohabitant female wage-employed. |
| Keywords: | Self-employment; Time allocation; Gender |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J24 |
| Date: | 2011–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vxcafo:2011_004&r=ent |
| By: | Ewers, Mara (University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the influence of information on entry choices in a competition with a controlled laboratory experiment. We investigate whether information provision attracts mainly high productivity individuals and reduces competition failure, where competition failure occurs when a subject loses the competition because the opponent holds a higher productivity. Information on the opponent is a promising nudge to raise individuals' awareness towards the complexity of the decision problem and to update beliefs about success. In the experiment, subjects face the choice between a competition game and a safe outside option. We analyze subjects' entry behavior with a benchmark treatment without information and three treatments, where we exogenously manipulate the information on the opponents. Our results are, (1) information on the productivity distribution of all potential opponents reduces competition failures by more than 50%, (2) information on the distribution is sufficient, i.e. precise information on the matched opponent's type does not further diminish failure rates. |
| Keywords: | competition, experiment, information, overconfidence, self-assessment, self-selection, tournament |
| JEL: | C91 D03 D61 D81 D82 M13 M51 |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6411&r=ent |
| By: | Lars Ivar Oppedal Berge; Kjetil Bjorvatn; Bertil Tungodden |
| Abstract: | Which is the most binding constraint to microenterprise development, human capital or financial capital? To answer this question, we present the first field experiment that jointly investigates these two constraints for poor microentrepreneurs, by introducing separate treatments of business training and a business grant. We combine survey data and data from a lab experiment to investigate treatment effects on business results, business practices, business skills and mind-set. Our study demonstrates a strong effect of business training on male entrepreneurs, while the effect on female entrepreneurs is much more muted. There is no effect of the business grant for either males or females. The results suggest that human capital may be the more important constraint for poor microentrepreneurs, but also point to the need for more comprehensive measures to promote development among female entrepreneurs. |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chm:wpaper:wp2011-1&r=ent |
| By: | Ronald Jean Degen (International School of Management Paris) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a new approach to coaching entrepreneurship students to practice innovation and to identify adequate high-impact business opportunities. The coaching approach is based on the methodology for guided experience learning that was developed by Caine, Caine, McClintic, and Klimek (2009) in 12 Brain/Mind Learning Principles in Action, and on the innovation framework that was introduced by Verganti (2009) in Design-Driven Innovation. The cognitive perspective of creativity explained by Weisberg (2006) in his book Creativity is used to show how the practice of innovation can be learned. The model used for the creative process is based on Wallas? (1926) The Art of Thought, and on recent neurological findings on the deliberate and spontaneous pathways to creativity, that were described by Carson (2010) in Your Creative Brain. For the validation of radical innovations, the effectual process, described by Sarasvathy (2008) in Effectuation, is used. |
| Keywords: | brain-based guided experience, teaching entrepreneurship, practice of innovation, innovation framework, cognitive perspective of creativity, creativity process |
| JEL: | M0 M1 |
| Date: | 2012–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pil:wpaper:89&r=ent |
| By: | Poornima Gayangani Wasana Jayawardana Author_Email: poorja08@apu.ac.jp, japgwj@gmail.com (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan) |
| Keywords: | Rural Finance, Entrepreneurship, Women’s Empowerment |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-031-189&r=ent |
| By: | Norizaton Azmin Mohd. Nordin Author_Email: NIL (Faculty of Business and Law, Multimedia University, Melaka); Abdul Halim Abdul Hamid (Faculty of Business and Law, Multimedia University, Melaka); Chong Chin Woon (Faculty of Business and Law, Multimedia University, Melaka) |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneur, Women Entrepreneur, Small Medium Enterprise |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-054-194&r=ent |
| By: | Mohd Hazli Mohd Rusli Author_Email: hazli@hotmail.com (UniKL BMI); Sudirman Zainal Abidin (UniKL BMI) |
| Keywords: | Technopreneurship, e-Business, Information Communication Technology, Tech Entrepreneur, UniKL BMI |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-035-139&r=ent |
| By: | Tawanda Mudamburi Author_Email: mudamburi2005@yahoo.com (Harare Institute of Technology (HIT), Harare, Zimbabwe) |
| Keywords: | Resource, Strategic, Innovation, Value Addition, Business Management |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-042-147&r=ent |
| By: | Cheng Wei Hin Author_Email: NIL (School of Business Management, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia); Filzah Md. Isa (School of Business Management, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Keywords: | Gender Studies, Entrepreneurial Studies, Leadership and Organizational Behaviour |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-050-145&r=ent |
| By: | Norizaton Azmin Mohd. Nordin Author_Email: NIL (Faculty of Business and Law); Musthafa Mohamad (Faculty of Business and Law); Nurul Fatihah Kamarulzaman (Faculty of Business and Law) |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneur, Women Entrepreneur, Investments |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-029-185&r=ent |
| By: | Dr. Khursheed A. Butt Author_Email: drkhabutt@yahoo.com (Department of Business & Financial Studies,University of Kashmir Hazratbal,Srinagar,Kashmir,J&K State,India) |
| Keywords: | NIL |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-043-161&r=ent |
| By: | Nazlina Zakaria Author_Email: nazlina@uum.edu.my (Universiti Utara Malaysia (Malaysia)); Dr. Siti Rohaida Mohamed Zainal (Universiti Sains Malaysia (Malaysia)); Prof. Dr. Aizzat Mohd. Nasurdin (Universiti Sains Malaysia (Malaysia)) |
| Keywords: | Human resource management practices, organizational performance and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-021-153&r=ent |
| By: | Nur Hazelen Mat Rusok Author_Email: hazelen@kelantan.uitm.edu.my (Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan); Mohamed Husny Basir (Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan); PM Dr. Zainudin Awang (Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan); Farahiyah Akmal Mat Nawi (Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan) |
| Keywords: | Small and medium-sized enterprises, entrepreneur innovative behaviour, and constructive thought pattern strategies |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-034-087&r=ent |
| By: | Dr. Susan C Lambert Author_Email: susan.lambert@unisa.edu.au (University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia) |
| Keywords: | business model, SME, business strategies, hierarchical business model framework |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-022-160&r=ent |
| By: | James B. Ang; Jakob B. Madsen |
| Abstract: | Although ideas production plays a critical role for growth, there has been only a modicum of research on the role played by financial forces in fostering new inventions. Drawing on Schumpeterian growth theory, this paper tests the roles of risk capital and private credit in stimulating knowledge production. Using panel data for 77 countries over the period 1965-2009, it is found that countries with more developed financial systems are more innovative. A stronger patent protection framework, on the other hand, curbs innovative production. |
| Keywords: | Schumpeterian growth; financial development; venture capital |
| JEL: | O30 O40 |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2012-08&r=ent |
| By: | Majidah Hassan Author_Email: NIL (Universiti Malaysia Terengganu); Grace McCarthy (Sydney Business School, University of Wollongong, Australia) |
| Keywords: | Organizational capabilities,export performances,SMEs,developing countries,Malaysia |
| JEL: | M0 |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cms:1asb11:2011-045-168&r=ent |
| By: | GUILLERMO CARDOZA (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | The ´Chinese miracle´ has captured the attention of scholars around the world. Coinciding with the extraordinary economic growth registered in China during the last three decades a growing number of studies have been published in recent years providing a wide-ranging analysis of Chinese multinational corporations´ strategies as well as analyzing the role played by the state and the institutional determinants in the internationalization processes However, it is surprising to note that very little has been said about the internationalization strategies of SMEs from China especially considering that SMEs account for 60 percent of China´s GDP, 66 percent of the country´s patent applications, 80 |
| Keywords: | Internationalization |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:ec8-127-i&r=ent |
| By: | Christine Teyssier (COACTIS - Université Lumière - Lyon II : EA4161 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne); Joy Courault (COACTIS - Université Lumière - Lyon II : EA4161 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne); Muriel Perez (COACTIS - Université Lumière - Lyon II : EA4161 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne) |
| Abstract: | L'hyper-croissance est un phénomène perturbateur pour la PME : les exigences de rentabilité sont fortes et les équilibres financiers sont fragiles. Malgré les potentiels de croissance, les sources de défaillance sont nombreuses. Une analyse comparative d'indicateurs financiers nous permet de mettre en évidence des différences significatives entre les PME en hyper-croissance défaillantes et les PME en hyper-croissance pérennes. Les premières se développent plus vite, mais elles sont moins rentables, dégagent des marges plus faibles et sont plus faiblement capitalisées. Nous discutons des résultats obtenus en les situant dans le cadre plus général des recherches sur les liens entre la croissance de l'entreprise et le slack de ressources financières. |
| Keywords: | PME, hyper-croissance, performance, défaillance, slack |
| Date: | 2012–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00647452&r=ent |