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on Entrepreneurship |
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Issue of 2006‒02‒05
24 papers chosen by Marcus Dejardin Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix |
| By: | Aikaterini Kokkinou |
| Abstract: | There is a huge literature for the role and the implications of entrepreneurship on innovation activities and economic growth, through ‘regional systems of innovation’. This paper attempts to define the main determinant factors of entrepreneurial and innovation activities. In particular, the paper attempts to analyze, using an econometric approach, the effects of entrepreneurship on innovation activities and furthermore to clarify the implication on regional system of innovation, competitiveness, modernization process and regional growth. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p419&r=ent |
| By: | Michael Fritsch; Pamela Mueller |
| Abstract: | We investigate regional differences in the level and the development of regional new business formation activity. There is pronounced variance of start-up rates across regions. The level of regional new firm formation activity is rather path-dependent so that changes are relatively small. The main factors determining the level of regional start-up activity are innovation and entrepreneurship. In addition unemployment seems to play a role. These factors also appear to be responsible for changes in the level of regional new business formation activity and could be an appropriate starting point for policy measures trying to promote start-ups. Our empirical evidence strongly suggests that such measures may have significant effect only in the long run. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p706&r=ent |
| By: | Oliver Falck |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effect of industry, regional and firm level characteristics on the post entry performance of newly founded businesses by means of an econometric survival time model. First preference is given to an accelerated failure time model assuming a log-logistic distribution. The dataset involves a representative sample of establishments in the private sector provided by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The data relates to West German states during 1993-2002 period. A start-up’s The likelihood of failure tends to be relatively high in industries characterized by a high minimum efficient size and high numbers of entries. The regional dimension has a considerable impact upon improvements of estimation results. On the firm level, the size of the firm seems to be the best predictor for the likelihood of failure. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p49&r=ent |
| By: | Francisco Liñán; Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cohard; José Manuel Rueda-Cantuche |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurship is becoming a very relevant instrument to promote economic growth and development in different regional and national economies. However, social scientists have not still agreed on the determinants of the decision to become an entrepreneur. Therefore, there is some concern that policies may not be sufficiently efficient in achieving this objective. From a psychological point of view, the intention to become an entrepreneur has been described as the single best predictor of actual behaviour (Ajzen, 1991; Kolvereid, 1996). Hence, some studies have started to analyse the entrepreneurial intention and its determinants (Krueger et al., 2000) but however, methodologies and research instruments used so far differ widely. Then, the availability of a validated instrument to measure abilities, attitudes and intentions towards entrepreneurship could be of much help. In this paper, we use an Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ), which has been recently validated, to measure entrepreneurial intentions in a sample of students from different Spanish universities. After a brief description of the characteristics and psychometric properties of the EIQ, most important results are discussed. In particular, we pay attention to the influence of different personal and family variables on the entrepreneurial intention level. These variables could be considered as belonging to the institutional environment of each territory. Differences in institutions -in a broad sense- may be a very relevant factor to explain divergent entrepreneurial activity levels. Results show how these external variables affect intention and, as a result actual entrepreneurial behaviour. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p432&r=ent |
| By: | Pamela Mueller |
| Abstract: | Why do regions post different growth rates and differences in technological progress? Knowledge creation and knowledge spillovers are an important element in stimulating economic development. Recent empirical studies have shown that knowledge spillovers positively affect technological change and economic growth. Other studies have shown that knowledge spillovers do not occur automatically, hence, it is less clear which mechanisms facilitate and foster knowledge flows. This paper focuses on the exploitation of opportunities and commercialization of knowledge, namely the transformation of knowledge into products, processes and organizations, and their contribution to regional economic growth. The degree of knowledge exploitation may differ across regions because the level of research and development activities varies, incumbent firms might not exploit new opportunities to the full extent, and new knowledge generated in research institutions and universities is hardly translated into new products or services . It may be argued that a knowledge filter exists limiting the total conversion of knowledge into new products, processes and organizations (for details, see Acs, Audretsch, Braunerhjelm & Carlsson, 2003). This paper introduces entrepreneurship and university-industry relations as mechanisms for knowledge spillovers and determinants of economic growth. Entrepreneurial activity can be assumed as a mechanism by which knowledge spillover occurs. Many radical innovations have been introduced by new firms rather than by incumbents, because the set-up of one’s own business might be the most promising possibility to commercialize knowledge (Audretsch, 1995). University-industry relations may be another mechanism facilitating the exploitation of knowledge and the flow of ideas (Mansfield, 1991, 1998). If the generated knowledge at universities is transferred via research partnerships it may accelerate technology transfer and enable firms to develop new products and process (Cohen, Nelsen & Walsh, 2002, Mansfield 1991 and 1998). The empirical modeling framework develops a regional model of economic growth and analyzes if the region’s absorptive capacity, entrepreneurship and university-industry relations drive economic growth. The results of the empirical analysis suggest that new ventures and partnerships between university and industry amplify the permeability of the knowledge filter and thus spur economic growth. The paper also gives an outlook and discusses implications for public policy to stimulate entrepreneurship and university-industry relations. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p610&r=ent |
| By: | Ant Bozkaya (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Abstract: | Using an original survey sample of 103 unquoted Belgian technology-based small firms (TBSFs), we examine the capital structure of start-up companies during their consecutive development stages. We find that internal funds, either alone as personal savings or in combination with family and friends, to be the primary source of financing. Personal funds of the founders are used to finance the start of 82 percent of TBSFs. Commercial bank and government funds are the most important sources of external finance for TBSFs subsequent to start-up. Most founders agreed that business angels and venture capitalists play a greater role at later stages. However, once granted, more substantial amounts of funding come from venture capitalists. There is also evidence that suggests an evolution in the mix of internal and external sources of finance. Finally, our findings based on founders’ scores in raising external funds suggest a call for urgent policy action to improve access to and availability of early-stage entrepreneurial finance in Belgium. We discuss our findings in light of the capital structure of small firms relating to TBSFs. |
| Keywords: | capital and ownership structure; entrepreneurial finance; technology-based firms; seed capital; survey. |
| JEL: | G32 M13 M21 |
| Date: | 2004–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-027&r=ent |
| By: | Astrid Romain (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Keywords: | Venture capital, Productivity growth, Innovation, Absorptive capacity. |
| JEL: | G24 D24 O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2004–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-014&r=ent |
| By: | Astrid Romain (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Keywords: | Venture capital, Technological opportunity, Entrepreneuship, Labour market rigidities. |
| JEL: | G24 M13 C33 O33 |
| Date: | 2004–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-015&r=ent |
| By: | Tüzin Baycan-Levent; Peter Nijkamp |
| Abstract: | In the last decades migrant enterprises have become more embedded in the European urban economy. With the rising number of migrant entrepreneurs, the largest cities in Europe have acquired a more cosmopolitan outlook and have become dynamic multicultural economies. Actually, the ‘ethnic economies’ are often seen as elements of a solution to structural labour market problems and ethnicity is increasingly regarded as a viable resource for economic advancement on the labour market in Europe. Against this background, the aim of this paper is to investigate the forms of migrant entrepreneurship in diverse urban contexts and to interpret the differences in the social integration in European cities. The paper is based on a review of findings in the literature that addresses the migrant entrepreneurship experiences of different European countries such as Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, UK, France, Denmark, Sweden, Italy and Portugal. The focus of the paper will be on a comparative evaluation of the various forms of migrant entrepreneurship in European countries. This comparative evaluation enables us to identify the ‘European’ models of migrant entrepreneurship and to highlight the determinants of migrant entrepreneurship in Europe. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p776&r=ent |
| By: | Hannu Tervo; Mika Haapanen |
| Abstract: | Previous research has shown that local environment is important for self-employment. Self-employment dynamics varies between areas characterized by different labour market conditions, entrepreneurial tradition and other structural factors. Alternation between different labour market states (self-employment, paid-employment, non-employment) is also likely to increase if employment opportunities remain low in local labour market markets. This paper analyses the factors influencing the duration of self-employment spells in Finland with a large registered-based data set from the period of 1987-2002. It is evident that rates of exit out of self-employment and the length of self-employment spells depend upon personal characteristics and cyclical trends in the economy. The main aim is to analyse the role of region-specific factors as compared with individual specific and other factors on the duration of self-employment spells. Self-employment duration is modelled by using discrete survival analysis. First, descriptive analysis is done. Second, simple Cox proportional hazard models are estimated. Third, more complex hazard models e.g. with competing risks are used. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p315&r=ent |
| By: | Sylvain Dessy; Jacques Ewoudou |
| Abstract: | In the informal economy of developing countries, female entrepreneurs face a comparative disadvantage for operating high-productivity activities, owing to the prevalence of patriarchal forms of business regulations. Yet, for microfinance institutions (MFIs) to succeed in enhancing female empowerment, increased access to credit must enable female entrepreneurs to tap into the range of high-productivity activities. So when the costs of legality are too high in developing countries, and the informal economy becomes the only affordable venue for operating a business venture, this paper shows that access to microfinancee services becomes only necessary, but not sufficient for female empowerment. Based upon a game-theoretic model of activity choices by ex ante homogeneous women, we argue that conditioning well-trained women's access to credit to the adoption of high-productivity activities may enable MFIs to induce the emergence of networks of female entrepreneurs large enough to mitigate patriarchal practices that raise the costs of operating such activities in the informal economy. |
| Keywords: | Microfinance, female entrepreneurship, supermodular games |
| JEL: | D13 J16 |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lvl:lacicr:0603&r=ent |
| By: | Pedro Moyano; Beatriz Fariña; Guillermo Aleixandre; Olga Ogando |
| Abstract: | The behaviour of enterprises in terms of their spatial distribution is increasingly drawing the attention of regional science, due to the fact that regional economic development is the result of the complex interaction of various factors, key amongst which is entrepreneurial demography. Yet, as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has recognised, few empirical studies have addressed the link between new enterprises and economic change at a local scale, despite entrepreneurs constituting one means of creating employment and increasing local community wealth. Within this context, this paper pinpoints those factors that determine the birth of new enterprises at a local scale, focusing on towns in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Castilla y León. The information used was gathered from the approximately 15 000 companies set up between 2001 and 2003 in the 270 towns with over 1 000 inhabitants in the region, and whose creation as a company was published in the Official Journal of the Trade Register Office. The approach used is based on the link between entrepreneurial capacity and regional economic growth, prior to an analysis of regional differences in the setting up of companies within the Spanish economy. Subsequently, a detailed analysis is made of the factors that influence the creation of new enterprises in towns in Castilla y León, through the use of a regression model which, amongst other conclusions, attributes the emergence of enterprises to a large extent to the presence of agglomeration economies and urban growth. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p516&r=ent |
| By: | Beckstead, Desmond; Brown, Mark |
| Abstract: | This paper tracks the growth and decline of information and communications technology (ICT) industries that were synonymous with the so-called new economy boom of the late-1990s and its subsequent bust period in the early 2000s. The analysis focuses on the question of whether the ICT bust has been accompanied by a structural shift illustrated by less firm turnover. It shows that to date there is little evidence of a structural shift. Entry rates of new establishments within the ICT sector were above those of other sectors within the economy during both the ICT boom and bust. This is evidence that both firms and entrepreneurs continued to see opportunities to develop new products and markets even during a time of retrenchment. The location of the ICT sector also show little evidence of a change. |
| Keywords: | National accounts, Science and technology, Economic conditions, Information technology |
| Date: | 2005–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp2e:2005010e&r=ent |
| By: | Leo JG Van Wissen; Veronique Schutjens |
| Abstract: | Spatial economic change can be decomposed in it's demographic constituents firm formation, closure, relocation and growth. This paper focusses on the role of relocation in the balancing equation of spatial economic dynamics: Total Change(zone i) = New firms(i)-Closures(i)+ Growth(i)-Decline(i)+ Inmoves(i)-Outmoves(i). Whereas the other components are scale invariant (i.e. a firm birth is a birth whether measured at the local or the regional level) for firm relocation the geographical scale is very important. The larger the size of the region, the smaller the number of border crossing relocations. The question about the role of firm migration in regional economic change can therefore only be answered taking into account the geographical scale. In this paper we will answer this question for various geographical scales. The data that we use are from the longitudinal business register of the province of Gelderland, in the east of the Netherlands, covering the period 1988-2002. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p745&r=ent |
| By: | Corina Huisman; Leo JG Van Wissen |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a model of internal relocation of firms in the Netherlands. Firm relocation is driven both by firm internal factors, such as growth, age, and type of activity, as well as external factors, relating to the business cycle, the geographical environment, the composition of the labour force, and the composition of the firm popuation, as well as linkages with other firms. Using a unique longitudinal database of firms in the Province of Gelderland in the Netherlands, we specify and estimate two related models of firm relocation. The decomposition of the migration process in two subprocesses is consitent with the theory of a two stage decision process, whereby in th first stage the firm decides to move, and in the second step it chooses an alternative destination. Different factors are important in both stages of the process. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p789&r=ent |
| By: | Baldwin, John R. |
| Abstract: | Plant deaths arise from failure when firms exit an industry. Plant deaths are also associated with renewal when incumbent firms close down plants and modernize their production facilities and start-up new plants. The rate of plant deaths affects the amount of change that occurs in labour and capital markets. Plant deaths result in job losses and incur significant human costs as employees are forced to seek other work. The death process also gives rise to capital losses - to the loss of earlier investments that the industrial system had made in productive capacity. This paper makes use of the plant-death date to provide new information on the likely length of life of capital invested in plants. This paper measures the death rate over a forty year period for new plants in the Canadian manufacturing sector. It develops a profile of the death rate for entrants as they age. On average, 14% of new plants die in their first year. Over half of new plants die by the age of six. By the age of 15, less than 20% are still alive. As a result, manufacturing plants have relatively short lives. The average new plant lives only nine years (17 years if the average is employment-weighted). These rates vary by industry. The longest length of life (13 years) can be found in two industries -primary metals and paper and allied products. The shortest average length of life (less than 8 years) occurs in wood industries. |
| Keywords: | National accounts, Manufacturing, Business enterprises, Productivity, Manufacturing industries, Business conditions |
| Date: | 2005–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp5e:2005033e&r=ent |
| By: | Jaakko Simonen |
| Abstract: | Innovation is the driving force of the economy and it is the most important factor to the competitiveness of firms. Firms' capability to innovate, introduce new products to the market and develop new production methods has a significant effect on their success in the domestic and international markets. The role of innovativeness is emphasised particularly in the industries with a high growth rate and rapidly developing technology. This paper investigates the innovativeness of Finnish high technology firms, more precisely their local business units, between 1996 and 2002. Innovativeness of local business units is measured in terms of their ability to introduce both product and process innovations. The role of internal and external factors on the innovativeness of local units is analysed by the means of the probit analysis. An important and novel feature of my paper is that our data provides a unique chance to evaluate the role of two important channels of technological diffusion, R & D cooperation between the firms and institutions and the inter-firm mobility of labour for the innovativeness of high technology establishments. Econometric results reveal that internal factors of local units affect their ability to introduce product and process innovations differently. I find evidence that R & D cooperation, both between firms and between firms and research institutions, can act as a significant catalyst for innovation activity. Moreover, our empirical findings give some evidence that worker inflows, and thereby technology diffusion from other firms, has an effect on the innovativeness of the high technology establishments. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p462&r=ent |
| By: | Guido Pellegrini; Marusca De Castris |
| Abstract: | In Europe several countries adopt different incentives to increase regional development. Some subsidies are targeted to small and medium enterprises, others to large enterprises. Even if the subsidies are targeted to specific industrial aspects, there is a substantial degree of territorial overlapping among them. Usually, every grant scheme operates in isolation, and the evaluation of the different measures does not take into account the presence of complementarity or substitution among them. On the other side, the presence of the SME and large firms in the same area can increase positive externalities and therefore it could be a reason to integrate different grant schemes. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of SME and large project grant scheme in two cases: in areas where financial assistance has been taken up by SME and large firms, and in area where only SME are subsidized. The analysis is based on the two more important measures for local development in Italy: incentives by law 488/92, mainly devoted to SME, and contratti di programma, created for large project. Using data for 784 local labour systems, we estimated the employment effect of subsidies. We control for the presence of spontaneous local growth patterns and for spatial spillovers, using the appropriate spatial models. The preliminary results show that incentives for SME have higher impacts in area where a project financed by contratti di programma is located. This suggests the presence of a relevant level of empirical complementarity between the two incentive measures. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p755&r=ent |
| By: | Marina Van Geenhuizen |
| Abstract: | This paper fits into a new trend in empirical studies on agglomeration economies paying explicit attention to heterogeneity within innovative companies. The paper represents micro-level research, and is based on 21 in-depth case studies in a selected sample of young, innovative companies in the Netherlands. The selection criteria for sampling are derived from resource-based theory, e.g. age, size, corporate position, engaged in services or manufacturing industry. The selected sectors include mechatronics, biotechnology, ICT services and engineering services. In an attempt to identify causal factors and to identify different clusters of companies, we make use of rough set analysis, a method that typically fits small samples and qualitative data. Our research focuses on the importance perceived by company managers of a range of agglomeration advantages for the functioning of the company and on the perceived space in which the company could function satisfactorily. Based on our empirical explorations and given the theoretical positions of the selected case-studies, we arrive at the following findings (1) there is a divide of young, innovative companies into two, namely those facing a high level of importance (in large cities), and those facing a limited importance. In addition, network-based companies that outsource most of their activities to other companies may be facing no importance at all, potentially representing a third category; (2) the strongest factor influencing importance of agglomeration economies is corporate position, e.g. being a corporate spin-off or subsidiary (or not); (3) the spatial influence of agglomeration advantages tends to be broader than large cities only, but there are differences between the individual advantages, e.g. those working in a larger area of central cities, suburban places and medium-sized cities at larger distances, and those exclusively working in large cities or the largest city. Examples of the latter are a pool of young, internationally oriented labour force and direct access to the most advanced telecommunication infrastructure and services. The paper discusses the research design and the empirical outcomes and proposes various new hypotheses to be tested in large scale research. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p729&r=ent |
| By: | Pieter Hendrik Pellenbarg |
| Abstract: | The paper surveys what is known from various data sources about the process of firm migration in the Netherlands. The availability and quality of data sources concerning firm migration are discussed, just as the development of firm migration processes in the past decades, and the impact of firm migrations on regional economic structures and regional employment. This impact is then compared with the impact of other firm demographic components, i.e. new firm establishments, and firm closures. Then the regional patterns of firm migration are shown – to the extent that the data sources allow - with a focus on the movements in and out of the national economic core region (the Randstad). Especially for the sector of manufacturing industry we witness a gradual change, from a clear-cut core-periphery deconcentration pattern in the past to a more erratic pattern at present. This is related to a gradual change in the main migration motives, from labour market shortages to lack of space and accessibility, and from hard to soft location factors. Finally the paper addresses the role of government policies in guiding firm migrations to policy assisted regions and locations. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p435&r=ent |
| By: | Anne Lorentzen |
| Abstract: | The paper discusseses the spatial dimensions of innovation in Polish manufacturing companies. The conceptual framework of the paper is an understanding of social networks as a potential resource of the company, whether they are internal or external. Whether the company benefits from the potential resources attached to the network depends on the capabilities characterising the firm in terms of qualifications, organisational characteristics and attitude towards employees and towards other firms. This again is not only determined by personal characteristics of the management and staff, but also by the common perceptions, and the institutional infrastructure prevailing in the (local) society. In Poland the latter is closely connected with the process of transition since 1990. The paper reports from a study among Polish manufacturing companies. It categorises the types of innovation prevailing in the companies and detects the role of networks in the innovation process of the companies. To what extend do the companies draw on external networks, on what points of the innovation process are the networks involved, what kind of networks are involved, and not least, what are the spatial characteristics of the networks (local, national international). Finally how can the network strategy of the companies be explained? What factors seem to determine an active involvement of networks and what other factors seem to explain a self-sufficient strategy of innovation? What is the spatial extension of the networks, and are there systematic differences in the spatial extension of the networks? Does the transitional situation of the Polish society seem to favour certain strategies of innovation? |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p312&r=ent |
| By: | Laia Castany; Enrique López-Bazo; Rosina Moreno |
| Abstract: | Productivity has been considered a key element for firms and economies to be more competitive. Several studies on productivity at a microeconomic level have found notable heterogeneity between firms. More concretely, differences in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) between large and small firms have been observed. Those differences might be caused by differences in the distribution of the factors determining the level of TFP across firms’ size, and by differences in the return to such factors. To assess to what extent the observed differences in TFP between large and small Spanish manufacturing firms are caused by the above-mentioned reasons we propose a methodology that, built on the traditional Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, focuses the attention on the entire distribution of productivity. The TFP index used in our paper guarantees comparison of the level of productivity across firms in a given year and over time, and has been computed using the information in the Encuesta sobre Estrategias Empresariales (ESEE), a comprehensive survey of manufacturing firms in Spain from 1990 to 1999. Results confirm that the distribution of TFP in the large firms dominates that for the small firms, and how besides differences in the distribution of, for example, human capital and R&D expenditures across firms’ size, heterogeneity in returns between large and small firms play a major role in explaining differences in the distribution of TFP. Important policy issue are derived in connection with the possibility of increasing the aggregate productivity of the Spanish economy considering that the average firm size in Spain is smaller than in other European countries. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p115&r=ent |
| By: | Delphine Gallaud |
| Abstract: | During the eighties, small Sme’s of the so-called « Third Italy » obtain high performances. So Italian scholars ( Baganasco, 1977, Becattini, 1979, Brusco, 1982) underline some elements that remind the English districts studied by Marshall. These works open the way to a set of theories based on the same hypothesis of the importance of geographic proximity to innovate. Between them one can list innovative milieux (Aydalot, 1986, Camagni, 1991, Maillat, 1995), national and regional systems of innovation (Lundvall, 1992, Nelson, 1993, Edquist, 1997), local productive systems (Courlet, Pecqueur, 1989), technological districts (Saxenian, 1994) and clusters (Porter, 1998). But all these works have often postulated the real importance of geographic proximity to innovate, and the one of cooperation. Besides, the part of organizational proximity has been underestimated. So our problematic is to bring to the fore what are the factors which explain the coupling of geographic and organizational proximity. Biotechnology present important specificity, especially in terms of the importance of cooperation. But conflicts become very important too in this industry, besides they may increase because of the modification of property rights. We studied innovation networks of French biotechnology Sme’s. As a first result, we brought to the fore that networks can use three kinds of global geographic proximity. Then we demonstrate that the kind of conflict’s resolution explain the coupling of geographic and organizational proximity. Cooperative resolution is coupled with geographic proximity to solve conflicts and with organizational proximity (in the similarity logic). Avoiding resolution is coupled with no geographic proximity to solve conflicts (ICT are used to solve these conflicts), and with belonging kind of organizational proximity. At last, forcing resolution is coupled with belonging but with a little of geographic proximity to solve conflicts. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p299&r=ent |
| By: | Bosco Sabuhoro, Jean; Gervais, Yvan |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, on étudie les déterminants de la réussite ou de l'échec des établissements canadiens sur les marchés étrangers à l'aide des données du Registre des exportateurs canadiens de Statistique Canada de 1993 à 2000. L'étude des taux de survie et de risque des établissements exportateurs repose sur le modèle de l'analyse de survie, le modèle de régression à risques proportionnels de Cox servant à l'analyse économétrique. |
| Keywords: | Commerce, Exportations |
| Date: | 2004–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp3f:2004220f&r=ent |