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on Energy Economics |
| By: | Roudari, Soheil; Omidi, Vahid; Ahmadian-Yazdi, Fazaneh |
| Abstract: | Countries with significant fossil fuel deposits may start to think about mining coins if the price of fossil fuels drops. This suggests that countries that export energy may decide to use the power produced from their fossil fuel stockpiles as a substitute method of cryptocurrency mining. To determine the extent of this trend, this research employs the TVP-VAR-EJC model to analyze the vulnerability and impact of the renewable energy market, cryptocurrencies, and fossil fuel energy between 18/01/2018 and 17/02/2023. The results reveal that the cryptocurrency market transmitted net shocks throughout the majority of the period. While the intensity of this relationship decreased in recent months, there is not enough evidence to validate the claim that energy-rich countries typically employ fossil fuels as a cryptocurrency mining input. |
| Keywords: | Oil, Natural Gas, Coal, Bitcoin, Ethereum, TVP-VAR, Graph Theory |
| JEL: | C58 G11 Q41 |
| Date: | 2024–03–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:126833 |
| By: | T. Kobashi; R. C. Mouli; J. Liu; S. Chang; C. D. Harper; R. Zhou; G. R. Dewi; U. W. R. Siagian; J. Kang; P. P. Patankar; Z. H. Rather; K. Say; T. Zhang; K. Tanaka; P. Ciais; D. M. Kammen |
| Abstract: | Urban decarbonization is central to meeting global climate goals, yet progress toward integrated low-carbon energy systems remains slow. The SolarEV City Concept, linking rooftop photovoltaics with electric vehicles as mobile storage offers a technically robust pathway for deep CO2 reduction, potentially meeting 60-95 percent of municipal electricity demand when deployed synergistically. Despite rapid global growth of PVs and EVs, integration through bidirectional Vehicle-to-Home and Vehicle-to-Grid systems has lagged, revealing a persistent SolarEV paradox. This review examines that paradox through a socio-technical framework across four dimensions, technology, economics, policy, and society. Cross-national comparison shows that while technical feasibility is well established, large-scale implementation is limited by fragmented charging-protocol standards, immature and often non-profitable V2G business models, regulatory misalignments between energy and transport sectors, and social-equity barriers that restrict participation mainly to high-income homeowners. Emerging national archetypes from Japans resilience-driven model to Europes regulation-first trajectory highlight strong path dependence in current integration strategies. The analysis concludes that advancing SolarEV Cities requires a shift from parallel PV-EV promotion toward coordinated policy frameworks, interoperable digital infrastructure, and inclusive market designs that distribute economic and resilience benefits more equitably. Achieving this integrated energy transition will require strategic collaboration among researchers, governments, industries, and communities to build adaptive, resilient, and socially just urban energy systems. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2511.15091 |
| By: | Sadeghi, Abdorasoul; Roudari, Soheil; Nammouri, Hela |
| Abstract: | Given the importance of the global issues of climate change and environmental pollution in sustainable development, this study aims to investigate whether there is a connection among green finance, fossil energy, and institutional factors, considering the significance of a transition to renewable clean energy from fossil energy in sustainable development. For this purpose, the effects of fossil energy on the S&P green bonds are compared by considering and ignoring institutional quality as an interaction term in various oil shocks, using the threshold structural vector autoregression (TSVAR) technique for the US in 2012-2019. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of green bonds to oil shocks is limited to short-term periods. Institutional factors make this sensitivity more persistent, extending into the medium and long term. These results highlight the significance of institutional quality in the development of green bonds, especially when the oil market and the large amount of money circulating into it create grounds for corruption, the role of administrative integrity, legal structures, and government policies becomes more prominent. Hence, the integrity and quality of institutional factors, which includes corruption incentives, democratic accountability, government stability, bureaucracy as well as law and orders, should be taken into account in policymaking. |
| Keywords: | Green bonds; Institutional quality; Oil; Sustainable development; TSVAR |
| JEL: | C24 G12 Q41 |
| Date: | 2025–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:126836 |
| By: | Frank Milne (Economics Department Queen’s University Kingston Ontario, Canada) |
| Abstract: | For the past 20 years, Australia has introduced policies encouraging and subsidizing renewable electricity generation. Since the election of the Australian Labor Party government in 2022, these policies have been accelerated. We show that international evidence of the heavy cost of renewable energy projects has been ignored. Cost-benefit studies show that these projects cannot be justified with any reasonable price for carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, the Australian economy has suffered greatly increased prices for electricity provided by the grid. In turn, this has increased the rate of deindustrialization in key industries, contributed to a cost-of-living crisis for consumers and made the country more strategically vulnerable. |
| JEL: | Q2 Q3 Q4 H54 |
| Date: | 2025–11–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4638 |
| By: | David Kurjak (Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the effects of selected policy decisions and energy supply disruptions on electricity prices from 2015 to 2025. Announcements elicited modest, transitory movements. Realized disruptions such as armed conflict or interruptions to gas pipeline flows generated sharp and persistent price increases. Results indicate that electricity prices are highly sensitive to gas and carbon markets. These findings provide new evidence on the drivers of electricity pricing in integrated European markets. |
| Keywords: | electricity prices, event study, energy policy, carbon costs, natural gas prices, market integration |
| JEL: | C32 G14 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:men:wpaper:106_2025 |
| By: | Fahlén, Per (Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden); Henrekson, Magnus (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Nilsson, Mats (Södertörn University, Stockholm, Sweden) |
| Abstract: | We examine EU and UK plans for achieving a fossil-free energy system by 2050, centered on massive electrification and large-scale deployment of wind and solar power. Using empirical trends, cost analyses, and system-function assessments, we argue that current strategies underestimate real economic, technical, and social challenges. Three scenarios for meeting 2050 electricity demand are compared: full reliance on renewables; a 50/50 split between wind-solar and nuclear; predominantly nuclear. Evidence shows that higher shares of weather-dependent generation correlate with higher electricity prices, greater volatility, and increased system integration costs. High renewable shares require extensive backup, storage, and grid reinforcement, raising complexity and environmental impacts. Overlooked costs are highlighted: reduced capacity value, transmission expansion, balancing services, and social externalities. Sustainability must encompass environmental, economic, and social dimensions. A technologically diverse, dispatchable-power-based strategy—especially with expanded nuclear power— offers a more robust, cost-effective, and socially acceptable pathway to climate neutrality than a predominant reliance on intermittent renewables. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Dispatchable electricity; Green transition; Mission-oriented policy; Renewable electricity; Rent seeking |
| JEL: | L26 L52 L70 O38 P11 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–11–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1542 |
| By: | Sen, Anupama (Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Toba, Natsuko (Energy Policy Research Group, University of Cambridge) |
| Abstract: | As the clean energy transition progresses, critical minerals and metals will be essential components in the deployment of clean energy technologies, with estimates of their demand set to soar. However, proven reserves, as well as processing facilities, are geographically concentrated in a small number of countries. This paper addresses the following research question: how will the emerging market structure for critical minerals develop: will producers and consumers compete, cooperate, or cartelise? We contribute to the literature by exploring frameworks to describe some possible outcomes of market evolution based on characteristics of the current critical mineral market, preconditions for competition, cooperation or cartelisation, and case studies. We draw on insights from collusive oligopolies in the international market for oil and gas. |
| Keywords: | Critical minerals; Energy transition; Supply chains; Decarbonisation; Industrial organisation; Cartels; Markets |
| JEL: | L13 O24 Q21 Q34 Q35 Q37 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2025_006 |
| By: | Fahmida Khatun; Foqoruddin Al Kabir; Farha Tasneem |
| Abstract: | This policy brief investigates how climate change and air pollution deepen poverty in the selected 32 climate vulnerable countries. The objective is to analyse the long-run relationship between environmental stressors and household welfare, and to recommend policy intervention that can break this climate–poverty trap. |
| Keywords: | climate change, air pollution, poverty trap, climate vulnerable countries, household welfare, PM2.5, GHG emissions climate adaptation, clean energy, green transportation, social protection, regional cooperation |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:pbrief:83 |
| By: | Qiu, Bobing; Lin, Jiang; Duenas Melendez, Sergio |
| Abstract: | The sharp decline in the cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has led to a dramatic increase in its global deployment over the past decade. In California, a pioneer in renewable energy adoption, solar generation has increased nearly ten-fold, creating significant challenges for grid integration—most notably exemplified by the so-called “duck curve.” This review examines the state’s evolving strategies for managing an increasingly solar-dominant grid in a cost-effective manner. We highlight two key strategies. First, with procurement mandates and rebate incentives, California has strategically invested in and expanded battery energy storage systems, enabling the capture and dispatch of excess solar power during peak net load hours as a cleaner and more flexible alternative to natural gas. Second, electricity interchange, through the real-time Western Energy Imbalance Market, has enhanced operational flexibility and supported more efficient solar integration in California. Despite this progress, long-term challenges remain for fully replacing the state’s natural gas generation with clean, dispatchable alternatives. |
| Keywords: | Physical Sciences and Mathematics, duck curve, renewables, electricity market, integration, battery storage |
| Date: | 2025–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt34b106b2 |
| By: | Chao Zhang; Yulin Lu |
| Abstract: | Since the Industrial Revolution, the world economy has experienced rapid development, and China's economy has also achieved an unprecedented takeoff in the past. Behind the economic growth, population surge, and continuous improvement of people's living standards lies the enormous consumption of fossil energy and environmental pollution. This kind of pollution has caused irreparable damage to the world. The most concerned environmental issue globally at present is the global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions. China is in a stage of rapid development, and as the largest developing country, China's development path has a significant impact on global climate change. At the same time, the global community also puts pressure on China to limit carbon dioxide emissions. To address energy shortages and environmental issues, countries around the world have introduced corresponding energy and environmental regulations. Due to different culture and government systems, the effects of energy and environmental regulations in various countries are also different. Therefore, it is still necessary to discuss China's energy and environmental regulations.This paper uses data from prefecture-level cities between 2003 and 2008 to discuss the impact of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" environmental regulations on urbanization rates. It first provides a theoretical analysis of the relationship between environmental regulation and urbanization, finding that environmental regulation can influence urban population mobility through both crowding-in and crowding-out effects. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2511.10702 |
| By: | Frank Heinz (frank.heinz@rwth-aachen.de); Reinhard Madlener (1- Institute for Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN), School of Business and Economics / E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustrasse 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany; 2- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sentralbygg 1, Gløshaugen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. November 2023) |
| Abstract: | Day-ahead markets for electricity are important institutions in modern energy systems, but their functioning in a future, decarbonized economy has not yet been fully clarified. We address this question with a stochastic long-term simulation for the German market, in which intermittent renewable power generation and total electricity demand are modeled with separate stochastic processes. Model precision is achieved by using mean-reverting processes with time-dependent trend functions and positive dynamics that are calibrated to the current market. Model robustness is ensured by emulating a large number of different scenarios taken from recent research on a sustainable energy transition in Germany. The simulation shows that in a completely decarbonized economy, the day-ahead market for electricity continues to function: the price formation still works, the price volatility is increasing only moderately, and the electricity price remains sufficient for recovering capital investment. Consequently, the current energy-only market does not need to be complemented with capacity-oriented mechanisms. The long-term simulation further informs on the cost effectiveness of certain aspects of the ongoing sustainable energy transition, which is an important contribution to current policy. The model provides a suitable basis for future work with other stochastic methods like real options analysis, and it can be generalized to other markets. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Energy Transition; Day-ahead Market for Electricity; Mean-reverting Stochastic Process; Inverse Gamma Dynamics; Merit-Order Effect |
| JEL: | C58 C61 Q02 Q41 |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:021787 |
| By: | Eugenie Dugoua; Jacob Moscona |
| Abstract: | We examine the economics of climate innovation and its role in the clean technology transition. It outlines the incentives, market failures, and policy levers that shape the development and diffusion of clean technologies; traces global patterns in technology development and deployment; and highlights frontier challenges and open questions related to climate adaptation, critical mineral supply chains, artificial intelligence, and geopolitics. The analysis explores the role of effective climate policy, stressing the relevance of coordinated approaches that match instruments to technology maturity and local context. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Innovation, R&D, Clean Energy, Energy Transition, Industrial Policy, Adaptation, Critical Minerals, AI |
| Date: | 2025–11–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2135 |
| By: | Toba, Natsuko (Energy Policy Research Group, University of Cambridge, UK); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); San, Anupama (Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, UK) |
| Abstract: | Increasing demand for critical minerals as input to clean technologies for end use, such as electric vehicles, solar photovoltaic, wind turbines and battery energy storage, could reduce greenhouse gas and other harmful pollutants in the locations where such technologies operate. However, insufficient attention to those pollutants and other environmental, social and governance performance during the mining, processing and productions of those clean technologies, could result in net negative impacts on the planet and locally. This chapter reviews critical mineral supply chains, investors and governance, and a case of Indonesia. It finds that the mining sector has attracted a very small share of sustainable investments globally, and that the mining sector could take more of such opportunities, especially transition financing. Efforts to increase competitiveness in sustainable and efficient use and allocation, rather than simply taking advantage of natural resources, will help diversify investors and trading partners. Private investors and firms, and governments are, albeit slowly, moving into a sustainable path. |
| Keywords: | Critical minerals; Lifecycle supply chain; Sustainability; Clean technology |
| JEL: | D00 D80 G00 L00 L50 L60 L70 |
| Date: | 2025–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2025_003 |
| By: | Khondaker Golam Moazzem; Atikuzzaman Shazeed |
| Abstract: | Bangladesh aims for 30% renewable electricity by 2030, but only 5.6% of capacity is currently renewable. This study examines the incoherence among 22 power sector policies, laws, plans, and guidelines, using a quantitative network analysis to assess alignment for energy transition. |
| Keywords: | BangladeshPowerSector, EnergyTransition, RenewableEnergy, PowerSectorPolicies, EnergyGovernance, SustainableEnergy, Renewables2030, PowerSectorReform, CleanEnergy |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:report:73 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | China is exposed to both transition and physical risks from climate change. As a large greenhouse gas emitter, China faces noticeable transition risks. Coal and oil dominate energy supply amidst growing global momentum towards a low carbon greener economy where China also has made notable progress in green energy transition. China is also highly exposed to economic damage from hydrometeorological hazards such as floods, typhoons, and extreme temperatures, as the probability and intensity of (extreme) climate events is expected to increase. The FSAP mission analyzed transition risk using a data set obtained from the 20 D-SIBS through an ad-hoc data request. Physical risks were analyzed using publicly available data at provincial level.2 |
| Date: | 2025–11–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/303 |
| By: | Rene-Ojas Woltering; David Downs; Seong Wook Park |
| Abstract: | As the real estate sector grapples with its substantial environmental footprint, quantifying the economic value of sustainability has become imperative. In fact, hospitality is the segment of the real estate industry with the highest carbon footprint. Yet, there is scant evidence assessing the presence of a “green premium” for hotels. Our paper is the first to address this shortcoming. Utilizing a dataset of 811 UK hotel transactions from 2007 to 2022, we estimate a hedonic regression model to quantify the price differentials attributed to Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) ratings. We find a significant price premium for hotels with higher EPC ratings: a 16% premium for A and B ratings (i.e., the two highest ratings), and a 10% premium for C and above ratings, and a nearly 10% discount for D through G (i.e., the lowest ratings). These findings are indicative of the tangible economic value associated with higher degrees of energy efficiency and, perhaps more importantly, suggest increased investor attention to energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency; Green premium; Hedonic valuation; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_158 |
| By: | Chihiro YAGI; Kenji TAKEUCHI |
| Abstract: | Unexpected shocks to the electricity supply can influence people’s decision to invest in renewable energy, particularly when these technologies serve as substitutes for backup power. This study investigates the impact of a large-scale power outage on subsequent photovoltaic (PV) installations and examines how households and firms evaluate the expected benefit of PV systems as an emergency power source. Using a doubly-robust difference-indifferences design, we exploit the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake in Japan as a natural experiment to estimate the effect of the subsequent blackout on municipality-level PV installations. Our results show that the blackout significantly increased commercial PV installations but had no effect on residential installations. In particular, commercial PV capacity rose by 3.900 kW per 1, 000 people per half-year following the blackout. Additional analysis suggests that the intermittent nature of solar power may limit the reliability of residential PV systems during emergencies, especially under adverse weather conditions. These findings highlight the need to address intermittency to enhance the role of PV systems as a resilient infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Solar power; blackout; backup energy; doubly-robust DID |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kue:epaper:e-25-010 |
| By: | Azar, Christian; Johansson, Daniel; Pettersson, Susanne; Sterner, Thomas (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Aviation impacts the climate in several ways. In addition to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the combustion of jet fuel, there are also the climate impacts of nitrogen oxides, particles, water vapor, and condensation trails, or contrails, white cloudlike streaks sometimes visible in the sky. Out of the non-CO2 effects, contrails are the most important, and in terms of climate impacts, they are broadly comparable to the carbon dioxide emissions from aviation.How are contrails formed? How do they affect the climate? And what can be done to reduce them? In this paper, we try to answer these questions. |
| Date: | 2025–11–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:ibrief:ib-25-13 |
| By: | Abraham Park |
| Abstract: | This study is a comparison of the impact of energy certification programs (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, called LEED) and government-mandated sustainability initiatives (CalGeen Code) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While LEED certification is voluntary and focuses on the sustainable design of energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and the use of sustainable materials in building developments, its actual effectiveness in reducing GHG emissions remains debated. In comparison, California’s mandatory CALGreen code, first adopted in 2007 and fully enforced by 2011, sets specific sustainability building code requirements for new constructions statewide. CALGreen aims to reduce GHG emissions and improve environmental quality through energy and water efficiency, among other measures. Unlike LEED, CALGreen is a regulatory mandate, with local jurisdictions responsible for code compliance. While LEED offers flexibility in meeting sustainability goals, it does not have any post-occupancy requirements. CALGreen’s requirements are more prescriptive. This study examines and reports the findings of the effects of these sustainability frameworks on GHG emissions within the context of building operations. |
| Keywords: | CalGreen; LEED |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_34 |
| By: | Carson, Richard T; Lu, Jiajun; Khossravi, Emily A; Köhlin, Gunnar; Sterner, Erik; Sterner, Thomas; Whittington, Dale |
| Keywords: | 4407 Policy and Administration (for-2020), 44 Human Society (for-2020), Infection (hrcs-hc), 13 Climate Action (sdg), 7 Affordable and Clean Energy (sdg), 4 Quality Education (sdg), 0401 Atmospheric Sciences (for), 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience (for), 0502 Environmental Science and Management (for) |
| Date: | 2025–08–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:qt48p616bz |
| By: | Roudari, Soheil; Ahmadian- Yazdi, Farzaneh; Mensi, Walid; Tiwari, Aviral |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the dynamic risk spillover among several uncertainty indices—trade policy uncertainty (TPU), financial policy uncertainty (FPU), and monetary policy uncertainty (MPU)—as well as WTI crude oil prices, the S&P500 stock market, and US green bonds. Utilizing graph theory and the TVP-VAR model, our findings indicate that WTI crude oil, green bonds, and S&P500 stock market returns predominantly act as net transmitters of shocks within the network. In contrast, TPU, FPU, and MPU generally serve as net receivers of these shocks. According to the TVP-VAR-DY analysis, green bonds provide significant benefits for portfolio diversification over the sample period. Nonetheless, the novel graph theory approach reveals that green bonds are not ideal diversifiers in the short term. Additionally, MPU exhibits the highest out-degree in the short term, while FPU shows the highest out-degree in the medium and long term. These results demonstrate the importance of different mathematical approaches, offering valuable insights for investors, policymakers, and academics. |
| Keywords: | Green bonds, stock market, oil, uncertainty index, TVP-VAR and graph theory |
| JEL: | G14 Q41 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–05–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:126835 |
| By: | Gonzalez Vazquez Ignacio (European Commission - JRC); Mariscal De Gante Martin Alvaro (European Commission - JRC); Hakansta Carin; Strauss-Raats Pille; Stahl Christian; Ferm Lisa; Grande Rafael; Vallejo Alberto; Lind Ruben; Lowstedt Lisen; Norlinder Ninni |
| Abstract: | This report investigates the ‘twin transition’ at the workplace level, drawing on twelve case studies in Spain and Sweden across the energy, transport, and finance sectors. Findings reveal that the digital transition is a mature, efficiency-driven process, while the green transition is still incipient and largely policy-driven. The study confirms significant synergies, where digitalisation enables greening through improved coordination and virtualisation, and green objectives can drive digital adoption. However, negative effects such as increased administrative burdens and work intensification are also identified in some cases. |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:laedte:202508 |
| By: | Jaller, Miguel PhD; Xiao, Ivan |
| Abstract: | Under California Assembly Bill 617 (Garcia, 2017), local and state agencies are working to reduce airpollution exposure in low income communities. These communities—often referred to as AB 617 communities—are disproportionately impacted by air pollution due to their proximity to transportation corridors, industrial installations, and logistics centers. A research team at the University of California, Davis investigated the impact of truck parking related activities on air quality in California’s AB 617 communities in Kern County, including truck idling, time spent searching for parking, and parking locations in communities. Searching for parking involves trucks driving extra miles to find available parking spaces, which leads to additional fuel consumption and increased emissions of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10). Once parked, prolonged or illegal parking can exacerbate congestion, noise, and localized pollution. These combined activities heighten exposure to harmful emissions in AB 617 communities, potentially leading to health issues (e.g., asthma and cardiovascular diseases). |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2025–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:uctcwp:qt7x85h2wx |
| By: | Euan Ritchie (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the performance metrics by which the World Bank judges the success of its climate mitigation projects. These indicators provide valuable insights into what such projects are aiming to achieve, as well as shedding light on what the World Bank is actually achieving through each of its projects. Overall, despite common conceptions, performance metrics suggest that World Bank mitigation projects are rarely motivated by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This metric is rarely tracked, and projects tend to focus instead on energy access and other infrastructure. However, where the World Bank does report its GHG emissions impact, performance metrics suggest that the World Bank mitigation projects are reasonably cost-effective in reducing emissions, with an average cost per ton of CO2 equivalent averted of between $26 and $43. But projects financed from trust funds specifically targeting climate objectives avert GHG emissions at much lower costs. |
| Date: | 2025–11–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:369 |
| By: | Juan S. Mora-Sanguinetti; Cristina Peñasco; Rok Spruk |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effect of “green regulations” i.e. those aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change and environmental externalities, on innovation, using a novel regulatory database covering the period 2008 – 2022 for Spain. The database identifies regulations at both the national and regional levels through textual analysis. Employing a panel data approach, we assess how different types of environmental regulations—particularly those related to renewable energy—affect firm-level innovation activities. Our findings indicate that national level green regulations have a positive effect on innovation, whereas regional level regulations show mixed or negligible impacts. Importantly, the interaction between national and regional regulations, measuring the simultaneous production of legal texts at both levels can foster innovation but at a reduced pace with respect to the sole production of regulation at the national level. Given the results for regional-level regulation, our results provide evidence in favour of the hypothesis that regulatory fragmentation due to unequal, overlapping, inconsistent or conflicting procedure across jurisdictions may diminish these benefits. |
| Keywords: | Green Regulation, Innovation, Porter Hypothesis, Renewable Energy, Business |
| JEL: | K32 Q5 O44 O13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:1016 |
| By: | Llorca, Manuel (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Rodriguez-Alvarez, Ana (Oviedo Efficiency Group, Department of Economics, University of Oviedo) |
| Abstract: | Energy poverty refers to the inability of households to afford adequate energy services, connected to negative impacts on health, well-being, and economic opportunities. It is a social policy issue that exacerbates inequality and limits access to essential services, particularly among vulnerable populations. In Spain, energy poverty has become an increasing concern, with many low-income households struggling to meet their energy needs despite various social protection mechanisms. This paper analyses the effectiveness of the Bono Social Eléctrico (BSE), a Spanish social electricity voucher aimed at alleviating energy poverty among vulnerable households. Departing from a microeconomic theoretical framework and a applying a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach, the study evaluates the gap between observed and potential energy poverty levels. The empirical analysis employs Spanish household panel data from 2021 to 2023, capturing key household characteristics and subsidy information. The findings indicate that, while the BSE contributes to reducing energy poverty, its impact is constrained by insufficient coverage of the poorest households and inefficiencies in allocation. The study suggests policy recommendations to enhance the voucher’s targeting mechanisms and explores strategies for more effective interventions to address energy poverty. |
| Keywords: | Energy poverty; Policy evaluation; Stochastic frontier analysis; Spain; Bono social eléctrico |
| JEL: | C23 D12 I38 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–04–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2025_004 |
| By: | Beach, Andrew; Raimi, Daniel (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Policymakers in the United States are interested in boosting domestic supply chains for critical minerals used in the defense, technology, and energy sectors. If successful, this effort to increase mining and processing activities will have a range of environmental, social, and economic consequences for host communities. In this analysis, we examine whether and how tax revenues from the extraction of certain minerals benefit host communities. We examine existing policies, mineral production data, and state and local tax data in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Nevada, and Utah. We find that mining contributes to local revenues in all states, but that this contribution varies widely, from roughly 0.5 to 5 percent of the value of extracted minerals. Existing policy structures do little to mitigate against the risk of revenue volatility, creating the potential for boom-and-bust revenue cycles for host communities. We note that large gaps in the availability of data limit transparency surrounding mining revenues and also make it difficult to understand the scale and scope of this issue nationally. |
| Date: | 2025–10–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-25-29 |
| By: | Karp, Larry |
| Abstract: | Recently discussed international climate policies are suboptimal and do not include international trade in carbon permits. My estimate of the gains from reallocating abatement distinguishes between “fiat gains” that can be achieved by using public information to reallocate quotas, and ``market gains” that require a mechanism to reveal private or non-verifiable information. I estimate that market gains would reduce abatement costs by 7\% at an abatement target of 40\%, but this would finance only a 1\% increase in abatement. The suboptimality of policy targets favors quotas over taxes, but the lack of international trade swamps this effect, favoring taxes. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, asymmetric information, pollution control, cap and trade, Article 6 of Paris Agreement, policy ranking |
| Date: | 2025–08–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt3b14h7g0 |
| By: | Peter Reusens; Tijmen van Kempen; Joren Vandenbergh; Frank Vastmans; Sven Damen |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the impact of the Flemish energy renovation obligation for homebuyers on house prices. This policy was introduced in 2023 and obliges buyers of the most energy-inefficient homes to renovate within five years from purchasing the property in order to obtain at least a class D label. By applying a difference-in-differences technique and leveraging a unique dataset of dwelling characteristics, we find that energy-inefficient houses in the Flemish Region became about 2% cheaper as a result of this renovation obligation, both relative to similar houses in the Walloon Region and to those with a class D energy label in the Flemish Region. The reasons for this only limited effect are that a majority of buyers of energy-inefficient houses were renovating their properties to at least a class D level in any case and that this renovation cost seems to already have been largely factored into the price. As the Flemish Region is the only region in the world to have introduced an energy renovation obligation for homebuyers, our findings may be of interest to the many other countries that are considering a similar policy. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency; Energy renovation obligation; House Prices; Minimum energy performance standards |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_152 |
| By: | Katarzyna Maciejowska; Arkadiusz Lipiecki; Bartosz Uniejewski |
| Abstract: | In recent years, a rapid development of forecasting methods has led to an increase in the accuracy of predictions. In the literature, forecasts are typically evaluated using metrics such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). While appropriate for statistical assessment, these measures do not adequately reflect the economic value of forecasts. This study addresses the decision-making problem faced by a battery energy storage system, which must determine optimal charging and discharging times based on day-ahead electricity price forecasts. To explore the relationship between forecast accuracy and economic value, we generate a pool of 192 forecasts. These are evaluated using seven statistical metrics that go beyond RMSE and MAE, capturing various characteristics of the predictions and associated errors. We calculate the dynamic correlation between the statistical measures and gained profits to reveal that both RMSE and MAE are only weakly correlated with revenue. In contrast, measures that assess the alignment between predicted and actual daily price curves have a stronger relationship with profitability and are thus more effective for selecting optimal forecasts. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2511.13616 |
| By: | James Moriarty-Simmonds; Grazyna Wiejak-Roy; Sandra Weinfeld |
| Abstract: | The built environment is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. Real estate investors are at the forefront of emission reduction. Investors have come under increasing pressure from stakeholders to accurately disclose their greenhouse gas emissions. This research explores embodied carbon disclosures of real estate investment companies listed on the London Stock Exchange that invest in the United Kingdom. Based on purposive sampling, a content analysis method was applied to identify, quantify and qualify public disclosures relating to embodied carbon emissions. This research finds that: (1) only Main Market listed companies make embodied carbon disclosures, (2) nearly all embodied carbon disclosures are made by members of the European Public Real Estate Association, (3) mixed/diversified investors followed by office asset class investors provide more embodied carbon disclosures, (4) larger investment companies (measured by market capitalisation) tend to make more public disclosures on their embodied carbon emissions. However, overall the embodied carbon disclosures are very limited and of low informational value, raising concerns about the actual embodied carbon emissions of these investment companies. |
| Keywords: | Embodied Carbon; public disclosure; reporting |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_10 |
| By: | Brodeur, Abel (University of Ottawa); Cook, Nikolai (Wilfrid Laurier University); Valenta, David (University of Ottawa) |
| Abstract: | Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly viewed as both a potential driver of environmental sustainability and a contributor to global energy demand. Yet little is known about how the public interprets these dual narratives. We conducted a pre-registered online experiment (N = 2142) on a representative sample of the United States to examine how framing the environmental impacts of AI—as positive or negative—affects beliefs, policy preferences, and behavioral intentions. Positive messaging led to greater optimism about AI’s environmental impact, lower support for regulation, increased support for government subsidies of AI-enabled technology adoption, and increased consumer preferences for AI-enabled appliances. Negative messaging increased support for regulation and decreased support for government subsidies. Consistent with previous evidence, the messenger (scientist vs journalist) had minimal impact. Our findings highlight the power of environmental framing in shaping public narratives around AI, with implications for science communication, sustainability governance, and technology acceptance. |
| Keywords: | online experiment, energy use, Artificial Intelligence, energy conservation, behavior |
| JEL: | O3 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18263 |
| By: | Qiulin Ke; Fangchen Zhang |
| Abstract: | Empirical studies provide evidence that commercial real estate with BREME, LEED, ECP, or Energy Star certifications command sale and rent premiums. However, there is a regional gap in green building distribution, often influenced by property market returns and underlying economic conditions in these areas. This paper empirically investigates the factors driving the transformation of green buildings across regions in England and Wales, focusing on regional economic development, green jobs provision, deprivation and commercial real estate market dynamics. We use the building locations of EPC ratings that meet the UK government minimum standards (i.e. EPC rating A-C) to explore the spatial clustering of green building practices in commercial buildings in England and Wale and explore the factors that cause the spatial difference of green buildings. |
| Keywords: | Green Building; social economic development; Spatial Distribution; UK |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_234 |
| By: | Leef H. Dierks (Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Climate change, political measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the transition to a carbon-neutral economy have a significant economic impact. In addition to a dampening effect on aggregate demand and supply, the internalisation of negative externalities will likely in-crease production costs and – in the case of a pass-through to consumers – ultimately the in-flation rate. To the extent that this affects the (SEACEN member) central bank’s objectives of price and financial stability, climate-fuelled economic developments might impact monetary policy – with several central banks resorting to a Green Monetary Policy. This paper identifies its common elements and argues that event though fiscal policies are first best, monetary poli-cy adapts where climate risks impair price and/or financial stability over the policy horizon. Monetary policy has a subsidiary role that operates through its mandate; where climate risks affect inflation and transmission, instruments may be adapted without replacing fiscal policy. The greatest contribution SEACEN member central banks can make to the green transfor-mation, however, is to ensure price stability. |
| Keywords: | green monetary policy, green finance, financial stability, market neutrality, tilting |
| JEL: | E31 E42 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sea:wpaper:wp58 |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (University of Sussex) |
| Abstract: | Environmental determinism in the past followed from the belief that the godsbestowed political power and the best possible weather on the sponsors of early scholars.Although later discredited in academia because of the associations with racism and the lackof support for any monocausal explanation of history, environmental determinism in popularculture has morphed into the unfounded idea of catastrophic climate change. Although ahandful of papers in the literature on the economic impact of climate change appear tosupport this concern, closer inspection reveals severe methodological and conceptual issueswith the analyses. Climate policy will not dominate major economies, because politicians willpull back before it does, but small economies may be overwhelmed by the export of carbon credits. |
| Keywords: | climate change, environmental determinism |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0725 |
| By: | Walker, Reed; Shapiro, Joseph S |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt96x707g2 |
| By: | Khondaker Golam Moazzem; Abrar Ahammed Bhuiyan |
| Abstract: | This brief, drawing on a CPD study, explores the current state of investment facilitation in Bangladesh’s renewable energy sector, particularly at the stages of business establishment and project implementation, with a special focus on Chinese investors. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy investment, foreign investment barriers, investment facilitation, regulatory transparency, digital governance, inter-agency coordination, responsible business conduct, anti-corruption practices, Chinese investors, UNCTAD framework |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:pbrief:81 |
| By: | Martínez-sánchez Wilfrid; Mariscal De Gante Martin Alvaro (European Commission - JRC); Fernandez Macias Enrique (European Commission - JRC); Gonzalez Vazquez Ignacio (European Commission - JRC); Moilanen Fanni |
| Abstract: | The Twin Transition is a cornerstone of EU policy, driving structural changes in European labour markets. However, a critical gap exists between policy and empirical evidence due to the lack of measurement instruments. This study addresses this gap by developing and testing the Twin Transition Survey, designed to measure synergies between digitalisation and sustainability at the workplace. Our results, based on experts' review, cognitive testing and a pilot survey, yield clear insights. First, the aim of capturing synergies should not be conflated with operational measurement. Workers are likely to perceive the green and digital transitions as two distinct phenomena because of their differential tangible impacts. Therefore, survey instruments should treat them as operationally separate to reduce cognitive burden and improve response validity. Second, some indicators used in the literature, e.g., those targeting company-level practices or perceived environmental impacts, can increase nonresponse rates and are prone to acquiescence bias, especially among frontline workers, potentially leading to overestimation. Data reliability is higher when based on factual, individual-level indicators grounded in workers’ direct experience with their daily tasks. These should be complemented with more generalizable measures of “soft greening”, whose reliability can be checked by segmenting responses by supervisory role. Finally, the study presents the questionnaire of the survey as a validated tool to measure the impact of the Twin Transition at the workplace. |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:laedte:202507 |
| By: | Gupta, Disha |
| Abstract: | There has been a declining trend in groundwater depths in India and subsidies on farm electricity contributes to over-extraction of groundwater raising concerns about its sustainability for irrigation. In this paper, we estimate the reduction in groundwater pumping under volumetric pricing of farm electricity for Punjab where farm electricity is free. We use parcel-level cost of cultivation data from Ministry of Agriculture for 2011-12 to 2013-14 to estimate the production function for paddy using instrumental variable approach. We find that the estimated marginal product of water function is relatively flat at the level of the average water application. The average marginal product of water is 32 kilograms for additional thousand cubic meters of water per hectare, which is very low. Simulations show that increasing the price of electricity from current level of zero to the true cost of electricity supply leads to sharp cutbacks of 59 percent in water extraction using electric pumps. However, the decline in average paddy yields is 11 percent. We show welfare gains in terms of reduction of the deadweight loss under volumetric pricing. Finally, we quantify average lump-sum subsidy that can be given to farmers as direct transfers to keep their surplus unchanged and we show that this can be financed using collections done by state electricity board from pricing electricity. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae24:344328 |
| By: | Charles Kenny (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | The World Bank has “ambitious” climate targets that have been accompanied by a growing proportion of its lending being labeled as climate finance. At the same time, the way that finance is defined makes it difficult to know how different the World Bank’s portfolio would look absent a climate finance target. Similarly, the World Bank has introduced a shadow price of carbon (SPC) for use in project analysis, but it does not advertise cases (if any) where the use of the SPC has changed investment choices or project design. This paper takes a brief look at the World Bank’s lending portfolio as well as the economic analysis sections of recent World Bank project appraisal documents to see if they can provide any evidence on the question, "do climate targets and carbon prices change the portfolio?" The answer to “can they provide evidence’ is "suggestive at best.” But while there is some evidence of some impact, there are also reasons to doubt it is large. |
| Date: | 2025–11–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:370 |
| By: | Mayowa Adegoriola |
| Abstract: | The sustainable future of our cultural heritage depends critically on the protection and upkeep of heritage buildings (HB). Conventional maintenance methods frequently depend on human inspection and routine maintenance, which can be expensive, time-consuming, and inefficient in using resources. Nevertheless, digitalization presents chances to overcome these obstacles by delivering data-driven decision-making and real-time monitoring. Current research has demonstrated that although digitalizing maintenance is essential, there is comparatively little use of digital technologies. It is imperative to comprehend the constraints impeding the digitalization of HB maintenance. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the uptake of maintenance digitalization to improve energy efficiency in New Zealand's HBs. Through a literature review, the study identified the various digital technologies in maintenance and their applicability to HBs. The review result showed that New Zealand currently lacks specific guidelines for energy-efficient retrofits of historic buildings, presenting a gap between heritage preservation and environmental sustainability practices. Therefore, education and training programs in digital technologies for heritage conservation should be developed to address these challenges and promote sustainable practices in the field. |
| Keywords: | Digitalization; Energy effeciency; Evaluation; Heritage Building |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_302 |
| By: | Allcott, Hunt; Kane, Reigner; Maydanchik, Maximilian S; Shapiro, Joseph S; Tintelnot, Felix |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–08–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt6sw1w4x0 |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | This paper puts forth a growth model that takes into account the fact that the economy is embedded in a finite Earth. Economic activity uses services which are provided by the biosphere; however, this supply is finite. The question we explore in this paper is whether ideas that drive the accumulation of "brown" and "green" R&D that produces material goods which could be biosphere using or biosphere saving can provide persistent growth when the whole system is embedded in a finite Earth. Or, to put it differently, whether it is possible to have persistent growth supported by idea-driven technical change without violating the impact inequality proposed by Dasgupta (2021), which compares global demand for services provided by the biosphere to the supply of these services. We develop optimal time allocation models and provide conditions that support the feasibility of growth when the net impact on biosphere is zero. |
| Keywords: | growth, limits, biosphere, impact inequality, biosphere saving technology, combination of ideas, spillovers |
| JEL: | O44 J13 Q01 |
| Date: | 2025–11–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2564 |
| By: | Giovanna D'Adda (University of Milan, Italy and CMCC); Simone Ferro (University of Milan, Italy); Tommaso Frattini (University of Milan, LdA, CEPR, RFBerlin); Alessio Romarri (Departament of Applied Economics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain & RFBerlin, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Using large-scale high-granularity data from a food delivery platform and granular pollution and weather information, we study how PM2.5 fluctuations affect riders' absenteeism, productivity, and accidents. Exploiting exogenous pollution variation from inverse boundary layer height, we find that higher pollution increases absenteeism for all workers and raises delivery times and accident rates only among (e-)bike riders, who must exert physical effort while working. Affected workers compensate productivity losses by working longer hours. Monetary incentives mitigate the effects on absenteeism but do not offset the decline in productivity and appear to exacerbate accident risk. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution; Food Delivery Riders; Absenteeism; Labor Productivity; Workplace Safety. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2518 |
| By: | Ayoki, Milton |
| Abstract: | After the ECOWAS-backed abolition of Nigeria’s premium-motor-spirit (PMS) subsidy in June 2023, the pump-price gap between Nigeria and Niger widened overnight from 0.23 to 0.71 USD litre⁻¹. Using a difference-in-differences design that exploits (i) 400+ border checkpoints (Clingendael 2022 GIS), (ii) 13 241 ACLED road-block events 2020-24, and (iii) monthly NBS price panels 2010-24, we show that jihadist taxation revenue on the Magaria–Jibia corridor increased by 0.9–1.4 USD million per month (≈ 18 % of IS-Sahel’s estimated budget). A structural gravity model calibrated to OECD-SWAC trade elasticities implies that a 0.10 USD litre⁻¹ price gap raises the probability of an Islamist checkpoint by 6.3% (SE 1.7, p |
| Keywords: | Keywords: Fuel subsidy; smuggling; jihadist taxation; Sahel; border checkpoints; difference-in-differences; ECOWAS |
| JEL: | D74 F14 H22 H25 O17 Q34 R41 |
| Date: | 2025–05–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:126590 |