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on Energy Economics |
| By: | Ibadoghlu, Gubad |
| Abstract: | The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Azerbaijan's energy cooperation with Europe. It covers the supply of fossil fuels (oil and gas) and green energy, examining both retrospective and prospective dimensions. The analysis includes production levels, transport infrastructure, potential opportunities in this sector, and challenges, calling for further investigation. The article also assesses possible development scenarios and prospects for gas, oil, and renewable energy sources in Azerbaijan's energy sector. The first part covers the current status and prospects of Azerbaijan's gas production, consumption, transportation, and export. The second and third parts analyze and evaluate the status of the oil and renewable energy sectors, respectively. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:306913 |
| By: | AMBASHI Masahito; IWASAKI Fusanori |
| Abstract: | The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) faces the urgent environmental challenge of reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuels to limit the damage from climate change. Meanwhile, in addition to the climate change issues, ASEAN has the critical responsibility of ensuring energy security, including the need to supply stable and affordable energy. To determine how this climate change−energy security nexus has evolved in ASEAN, we examine statement documents released by the ASEAN Minister on Energy Meetings and its associated meetings. Our quantitative text analysis shows that: (1) as the discussions towards achieving carbon neutrality have progressed, the climate change issues have been increasingly highlighted, (2) the decarbonization of coal and diversification to renewable energy has received increasing attention, while energy efficiency and conservation discussions have stalled, (3) innovative technologies such as clean coal, renewable energy, and hydrogen have gained strong attention. Our analysis also finds that individual energy ministerial meetings feature different attitudes toward the climate change−energy security nexus, including in terms of their selection of energy technologies. Our study provides an opportunity to reflect on the direction that ASEAN’s climate change and energy policies should take in future. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:24078 |
| By: | Pascal Heid; Kevin Remmy; Mathias Reynaert |
| Abstract: | The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) shifts the complementary market for passenger transport from oil to electricity. We develop and estimate a joint equilibrium model of the German electricity and automobile markets, emphasizing the timing of EV charging, as electricity generation costs and pollution vary intraday. Our results show that under Germany’s current electricity pricing scheme, EVs create a significant pecuniary externality: electricity expenses rise by €0.66 for every €1 spent charging. Exposing charging to wholesale price variation eliminates the pecuniary externality, makes EVs greener, and increases adoption—a triple dividend. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, electricity markets, charging, complementary markets |
| JEL: | L5 L6 L9 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_615 |
| By: | Grakolet Gourene (Economic Commission for Africa, North Africa Office, Morocco and Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé in Côte d’Ivoire); Samia Mansour Hamouda; Zuzana Brixiova Schwidrowski (Economic Commission for Africa, North Africa Office, Morocco) |
| Abstract: | Decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation and climate change, increasing resource efficiency, and promoting both sustainable production and sustainable lifestyles is a challenge in North Africa, a region where even a relative decoupling of income growth and carbon (CO2) emissions has not been achieved. This chapter aims to examine recent trends in emissions and the main drivers of improvement in the region's carbon intensity (carbon emissions per unit of GDP), energy intensity (energy use per unit of GDP), and per capita emissions. It also analyzes the effect of policies such as energy taxes and energy standards on the energy efficiency of SMEs in North Africa and suggests actions and policies to encourage structural transformation and ensure better energy efficiency. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:307 |
| By: | Gregor Boehl; Flora Budianto; Elod Takats |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the macroeconomics of an energy transition – a shift from brown to green energy production through carbon taxation. Using a medium-scale DSGE model with energy production sectors and endogenous innovation in the green energy sector, we show that an energy transition – initiated through a brown energy tax – resembles a large supply side shock, causing a surge in inflation and energy prices and a decline in consumption. Innovation increases the efficiency of green energy production and drives energy prices down in the medium run. We document that monetary policy plays a critical role for the dynamics and pace of the transition, even if the transition is not explicitly part of the policy rule. A monetary policy with less emphasis on inflation stabilization allows for temporarily higher inflation and energy prices, which boosts R&D and innovation, enhancing welfare and accelerating the transition. |
| Keywords: | energy transition, innovation, inflation dynamics, monetary policy |
| JEL: | O44 E31 E52 E58 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1237 |
| By: | Klaas Mulier; Marten Ovaere; Leo Stimpfle |
| Abstract: | We collect data on 24, 000 state aid cases within the European Union to create granular measures of national environmental support and study their interactions with the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Exploiting variation in regulated installations’ exposure to carbon prices and an unexpected regulatory tightening of the EU ETS, we show that high exposed installations strongly reduced emissions relative to less exposed installations in the same industry with significant heterogeneity across countries and industries. In the power sector, emission reductions are significantly stronger in countries with more generous renewable energy support policies. In contrast, emission reductions in the manufacturing sector are significantly weaker in country-industries with more generous cost compensation for energy-intensive activities. |
| Keywords: | cap-and-trade, climate policy, Overlapping policies, EU ETS |
| JEL: | D22 H23 L52 L98 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202410-461 |
| By: | Larch, Mario; Wanner, Joschka |
| Abstract: | International cooperation is at the core of multilateral climate policy. How is its effectiveness harmed by individual countries not participating in the global mitigation effort? We use a multi-sector structural trade model with carbon emissions from production and a constant elasticity of fossil fuel supply function to simulate the consequences of unilateral non-participation in the Paris Agreement. Taking into account both direct and leakage effects, we find that non-participation of the US would eliminate more than a third of the world emissions reduction (31.8% direct effect and 6.4% leakage effect), while a potential non-participation of China lowers the world emission reduction by 24.1% (11.9% direct effect and 12.2% leakage effect). The substantial leakage is primarily driven by technique effects induced by falling international fossil fuel prices. In terms of welfare, the overwhelming majority of countries gain from the implementation of the Paris Agreement and most countries have only very little to gain from unilaterally deciding not to participate. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, International trade, Carbon leakage, Fossil fuel supply |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:307097 |
| By: | Darudi, Ali |
| Abstract: | The Future Electricity Market Model (FEM) is a comprehensive technoeconomic model designed to simulate the investment, dispatch, and trade dynamics within the power systems of Switzerland and Europe. FEM operates as a partial equilibrium model of the wholesale electricity market, minimizing total system costs while adhering to a wide range of technical constraints. It provides projections of capacity mix, hourly prices, generation profiles, storage dispatch, flexible consumption, and cross-border electricity trading across different market areas. The model is formulated as a quadratic programming problem, implemented in Python, and solved using the Gurobi optimizer. With an hourly resolution over a year and a specific focus on the Swiss power system, FEM allows investment decisions solely within Switzerland, while the rest of Europe follows predefined development scenarios. Key features include the modeling of various renewable and conventional energy technologies, integration of storage systems, and incorporation of detailed electricity demand and trade constraints. In order to model the hydro power system more realistically, the model follows a hydro calendar year, i.e., the model starts at the beginning of October. Despite its deterministic approach, assuming perfect foresight, which may introduce an optimism bias, FEM serves as a powerful tool for analyzing the future dynamics of electricity markets under various scenarios. |
| Keywords: | Electricity market, Numerical modelling, Energy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:306396 |
| By: | Samuel Kortum (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); David A. Weisbach (The University of Chicago Law School) |
| Abstract: | Climate policy by a coalition of countries can shift activities extraction, production, and consumptionÑto regions outside the coalition. We build a stylized general-equilibrium model of trade and carbon externalities to derive a coalitionÕs optimal Pareto-improving policy in such an environment. It can be implemented through: (i) a tax on fossil-fuel extraction at a rate equal to the global marginal harm from carbon emissions, (ii) a tax on imports of energy and goods, and a rebate of the tax on exports of energy but not goods, all at a lower rate per unit of carbon than the extraction tax rate, and (iii) a goods- specific export subsidy. This combination of taxes and subsidies exploits international trade to expand the policyÕs reach. It promotes energy efficient production and eliminates leakage by taxing the carbon content of goods imports and by encouraging goods exports. It controls the energy price in the non-taxing region by balancing supply-side and demand-side taxes. We use a quantitative version of the model to illustrate the gains achieved by the optimal policy and simpler variants of it. Combining supply-side and demand-side taxes generates first-order welfare improvements over current and proposed climate policies. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2311r1 |
| By: | Ralf Martin (Imperial College Business School, CEP, CEPR and World Bank-IFC); Mirabelle Muûls (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Thomas Stoerk (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | Carbon markets are a central instrument to decarbonise our economies and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Within the European Union, carbon pricing to date has primarily targeted electricity generation and greenhouse gas-intensive industries, and regulatory focus has typically been confined to a subset of firms. This paper explores how the carbon price confronting regulated firms not only shapes their own operations and investment choices but also exerts influence on other entities within their customer and supplier network, even in the absence of direct carbon pricing of these suppliers or clients. Such influence could manifest through alterations in production processes, products and prices, market structures and innovation. Leveraging a distinctive dataset for Belgium, this research investigates the impact of the EU’s carbon price on lowcarbon innovation, supply-chain dynamics, and energy economic activity throughout the Belgian economy’s production network. |
| Keywords: | Emissions pricing, production network, clean innovation |
| JEL: | Q58 Q55 L14 H23 F18 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202410-467 |
| By: | Katherine Davidson (University of the Free State); Ariane De Lannoy (SALDRU, University of Cape Town); Joanna Grotte (SALDRU, University of Cape Town); Aindam Jana (African Centre of Excellence for Inequality Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa); Anda David (Agence Française de Développement (AFD)); Murray Leibbrandt (African Centre of Excellence for Inequality Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The threat of climate change and the resultant catastrophic weather events across the globe underpin the need for a shift away from carbon-intensive modes of production. In South Africa, where the generation of electricity is heavily reliant on coal, this imperative is recognised, and various policies are aimed at supporting the implementation of a Just Energy Transition. This transition to a greener economy can have various impacts on the labour force, with a significant concern being an increase in unemployment. In this paper we propose an analytical framework for profiling workers who are likely to be impacted by the energy transition, based on what work they do and in which industry they work. By combining a bottom-up approach to identify occupations related to the green transition, with a top-down approach to identifying ‘brown’ industries, we arrive at a matrix that allows us to look at where on the nexus between green transition occupations, and brown industries, workers find themselves. Using South African labour force data, we plot these two dimensions characterising a worker’s employment, and provide a nuanced picture of what type of worker may be at risk of, or alternatively better placed to withstand, the potential effects of the green transition. This can ultimately assist in developing efficient and effective policies and interventions to mitigate the potential risks of the green transition. A key feature of the framework is its flexibility with respect to the definition of ‘green’ jobs and ‘brown’ industries; the bottom-up and top-down methodologies; as well as the data utilised, extending the usefulness to a global level. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:309 |
| By: | Sónia Félix; Ana Fontoura Gouveia |
| Abstract: | Addressing energy poverty and protecting the most vulnerable consumers have assumed a vital role in national and European energy and climate policies. Access to energy is a fundamental pillar of sustainable development due to its impact on multiple dimensions such as poverty, inequality, climate change, food security, health, and education. At the same time, decarbonization and efficiency of energy consumption are essential to achieve the ambitious climate targets assumed by Portugal and the European Union. This paper characterizes energy poverty in Portugal and presents the main policy instruments that have been implemented or are in progress. Sharing national experiences and good practices in combatting energy poverty is relevant due to the challenges in designing effective policies and because several EU countries are currently strengthening their policy frameworks. The need to accelerate the ongoing energy transition on a global scale requires a robust policy framework, also targeting energy-poor and vulnerable consumers, thus ensuring a fair and just transition. |
| JEL: | H50 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ptu:wpaper:o202401 |
| By: | Sacht, Stephen; Wedemeier, Jan |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen serves as an energy source and represents an important cornerstone for achieving the goal of maintaining a level of zero-carbon-dioxide emissions in industry production processes. Our analysis is based on the computable general equilibrium framework and focuses on a partial switch to hydrogen used in production in northern Germany, particularly in the Bremen region. The simulation results indicate that Bremen's chemical, steel, and copper industries could replace up to 1.5, 15, and 35%, respectively, of petroleum and natural gas with hydrogen, without negative effects on overall production, until 2032. The share of electricity based on renewable sources in the production of hydrogen amounts to approximately 74%. This step can be seen as required for the production of green hydrogen, i.e., in the absence of fossil energy sources. |
| Abstract: | Wasserstoff als ein potenzieller Energieträger der Zukunft stellt einen wichtigen Grundstein für die Erreichung des Ziels einer CO2-freien Industrieproduktion dar. Anhand eines CGE-Modells werden die Effekte der teilweisen Umstellung auf Wasserstoff als Energieträger in der Produktion in Norddeutschland, insbesondere in der Region Bremen, untersucht. Die Simulationsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Bremer Chemie-, Stahl- und Kupferindustrie bis zum Jahr 2032 bis zu 1, 5, 15 bzw. 35% Erdöl und -gas ohne negative Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtproduktion durch Wasserstoff ersetzen könnten. Zudem beträgt der Anteil erneuerbaren Stroms bei der Wasserstoffproduktion etwa 74%. Dieser Schritt kann als notwendig für die Produktion von grünem Wasserstoff, also ohne fossile Energieträger, angesehen werden. |
| Keywords: | Computable General Equilibrium Model Analysis, Hydrogen Economy, Regional and Industrial Development, Bremen |
| JEL: | C68 O13 Q21 R13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwiwp:308096 |
| By: | Menta, Giorgia (LISER); Piccari, Michela (Sapienza University of Rome); Verheyden, Bertrand (LISER) |
| Abstract: | With growing emphasis on sustainable practices, carbon taxes and congestion charges are emerging as key tools to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality, yet they often face public resistance. Using longitudinal data from a randomized survey experiment in Luxembourg, this paper investigates whether providing relevant information about these two green mobility policies influences pro-environmental attitudes (stated support and willingness to pay for the carbon tax) and behaviors (carbon offsetting donations). The first treatment, which informs participants that public support for urban congestion charges tends to increase after implementation, has little to no effect. In contrast, information on the use of carbon tax revenues (redistribution and energy-efficient investments) has a large positive impact on both stated and revealed pro-environmental preferences. Our results indicate that support for the carbon tax is more elastic to information on its redistributive aspect, rather than on its use for funding green projects. Additionally, constraints to behavioral change and pre-treatment environmental attitudes play a role in treatment response heterogeneity, and show that confirmation bias can moderate responses to information, especially among those skeptical of climate science. |
| Keywords: | survey experiment, climate policy, carbon tax, preferences, taxation, Luxembourg |
| JEL: | D83 H23 H31 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17578 |
| By: | Olympia Nisiforou; Christopher Deranian; Angelos Alamanos; Jorge Andres Garcia; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Shipping is a prominent sector within the Greek economy and faces several challenges in decarbonizing as prescribed by the FuelEU Maritime Regulation which is cornerstone of the EU's decarbonization efforts in the shipping sector, specifically targeting the fuels used by vessels, implemented from 1 January 2025. FuelEU Maritime aims to reduce greenhouse gas intensity in ships above 5, 000 gross tonnage at European ports by aiming for a 2% decrease by 2025 and an 80% reduction by 2050. The targets cover CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions over the full lifecycle of fuels used onboard. From January 1, 2030, passenger and container ships must use on-shore power supply (OPS) or alternative zero-emission technologies in ports covered under Article 9 of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). Member States may apply the obligation to ports not covered by Article 9 from January 1, 2030. FuelEU Maritime's goal-based and technology-neutral approach allows for innovation and the development of new sustainable fuels and energy conversion technologies. The regulation also provides flexibility mechanisms, supporting existing fleets in compliance strategies and rewarding first-movers for early investment in energy transition (Directorate of Mobility & Transport, 2024). In this paper we present the application of a free, open-source Investment Decision Support Tool, called MaritimeGCH, to model the transition to cleaner fuels within the maritime industry. The study tests a set of scenarios from slow to fast transition to cleaner fuels within the Greek shipping sector, and explores their effect on fleet optimization decisions. This set of scenarios reflects the potential evolution of some fuels starting phasing out (e.g. Oil and RefPO), being replaced by the transition fuels (LNG and LPG), while others (green fuels) will ultimately become more prevalent in the future (MeOH, NH3 and H2). |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2508 |
| By: | Gert Bijnens (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Carine Swartenbroekx (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a first estimate of the potential greenhouse gas mitigation from the intra-sector reallocation of economic activity by the European manufacturing industry away from carbon-inefficient – or "brown zombie" – firms to more carbon-efficient firms. Using techniques from the literature on productivity, we find a potential reduction of 38% based on a limited reallocation of production, without the need for new technologies. Therefore, when designing emission reduction plans, policymakers should not focus solely on improvements and innovation within existing firms but must also encourage the reallocation of economic activity from "brown zombies" to more carbon-efficient enterprises. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon emission reduction, carbon-intensive industries, reallocation, brown zombies |
| JEL: | D22 L23 L52 L60 O14 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202408-454 |
| By: | Kendall, Alissa; Parés Olguín, Francisco |
| Abstract: | International second-hand vehicle (SHV) exports are a multi-billion-dollar market for the US and an integral process in removing older vehicles from the road and enabling a robust new vehicle market. Mexico is the largest importer of SHVs from the US. As the US rapidly increases electric vehicle (EV) sales to meet decarbonization targets for the transportation sector, EVs will be an increasing large fraction of SHVs. While the benefits of EV adoption are numerous, introducing a radically new technology such as EVs without responsive measures in second-hand market regions may lead to an unintended transfer of economic and environmental burdens, especially if waste EV batteries cannot be managed properly. This research undertook a battery material flow analysis, life cycle assessment of SHVs traded from the US to Mexico, and a qualitive analysis of environmental and transport justice implications of SHV trade. The research finds that SHVs disproportionately contribute to waste battery generation in Mexico, and that second-hand EVs are frequently retired early due to a lack of repairability. In terms of life cycle emissions, SH EVs still contribute to reduced GHG emissions and air pollution relative to internal combustion engine vehicles newly sold in Mexico, but at end-of-life, their batteries are being disposed of in landfills, rather than in recycling facilities. From a justice standpoint, coordination between the US and Mexico and anticipatory policies are needed to ensure that only EVs with sufficient remaining battery life are transferred between the US and Mexico, and that sufficient infrastructure exists to safely dispose of waste EV batteries in Mexico. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Second-Hand vehicles, electric vehicles, LCA, battery recycling, critical battery minerals, LMICs, Mexico |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7cf8785q |
| By: | Zuloaga, Gonzalo; Plückebaum, Thomas; Kulenkampff, Gabriele; Wissner, Matthias |
| Abstract: | This study analyses and quantifies the energy consumption and CO2 emissions associated with operating modern telecommunications access networks, both fixed broadband (FFTH) and mobile networks (4G/5G). To quantify the environmental impacts, specific bottom-up models for the fixed and mobile access network are developed and used to endogenously determine the asset-related quantities of active network elements and their respective energy consumption. The modelling task is carried out for Germany based on household and population data at municipality level from the German Federal Institute for Research on Building and Regional Planning (BBSR), energy consumption data from the EU Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Communication Equipment and the CO2 emission factor for the electricity mix from the German Federal Environment Agency, in order to capture the demand for VHCN fixed and mobile access services. Furthermore, the study investigates how different settlement structures shape the environmental footprint of telecommunications networks. Based on these findings, it is analysed whether the use of mobile networks represents a sustainable strategy for the supply of rural areas in comparison to fixed network technologies. From an environmental perspective, mobile networks, especially 5G, are considered as a possible substitute for the provision of broadband access in rural areas. The analysis shows that, from an environmental perspective, FTTH access networks perform better than mobile access networks. These findings hold for any regional structure but are even more significant for rural areas. The analysis focuses on energy consumption and CO2 emissions of network operations. Deployment-related emissions and spill-over effects induced by using ICT for eco-benefits in other sectors are beyond the scope of this analysis. |
| Abstract: | Die Studie untersucht den Energieverbrauch und die CO2 Emissionen moderner fester (FTTH) und mobiler (4G/5G) Telekommunikationszugangsnetze in Deutschland und überprüft damit die Umweltauswirkungen des Telekommunikationssektors aus dem Netzbetrieb. Zur Quantifizierung werden zwei Bottom-Up Kostenmodelle (für Fest- und Mobilnetz) entwickelt, die die benötigten Netzwerkelements und deren Energiebedarf bestimmen. Die Netze sind für VHCN-Verkehr dimensioniert. Emissionen aus dem Netzausbau werden wegen geringer Relevanz vernachlässigt. Die Studie bestimmt zudem die regionalen Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Besiedlungsstrukturen auf diese Infrastrukturen und deren Energieverbrauch und erarbeitet ein nuanciertes Verständnis der wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten und Auswirkungen. Zum Abschluss bewertet die Studie das Potential mobiler Anschlussnetze aus Nachhaltigkeitsgesichtspunkten, FTTH Anschlussnetze substituieren zu können, insbesondere in ländlichen und dünn besiedelten Regionen. FFTH Anschlussnetze sehen sich z.T. vor großen Herausforderung im ländlichen Raum bzgl. der Kosten zum Zugang entlegender Häuser, für die 5G ein Ersatz sein könnte. Dazu werden die betrieblichen CO2 Emissionen beider Anschlusstechniken miteinander verglichen. Darüber hinaus gehende indirekte Auswirkung aus der Nutzung von IKT-Tools zur Energieeinsparung in anderen Sektoren werden nicht betrachtet, weil sie von der Wahl der Anschlussnetze nicht berührt werden. Im Ergebnis sind die FTTH Anschlussnetze aus der ökologischen Perspektive über alle Regioklassen deutlich besser, und dies insbesondere in den dünn besiedelten ruralen Bereichen. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wikwps:308078 |
| By: | Bauer, Michael D.; Offner, Eric A.; Rudebusch, Glenn D. |
| Abstract: | Policymakers and researchers worry that the low-carbon transition may be inadvertently delayed by higher global interest rates. To examine whether green investment is especially sensitive to interest rate increases, we consider the effect of unanticipated monetary policy changes on the equity prices of green and brown European firms. We find that brown firms, measured in terms of carbon emission levels or intensities, are more negatively affected than green firms by tighter monetary policy. This heterogeneity is robust to different monetary policy surprises, emission measures, econometric methods, and sample periods, and it is not explained by other firm characteristics. This evidence suggests that higher interest rates may not skew investment away from a sustainable transition. |
| Keywords: | monetary transmission, carbon premium, ESG, climate finance |
| JEL: | E52 G14 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:imfswp:308032 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Georgios Feretzakis; Angelos Alamanos |
| Abstract: | Energy systems are facing multiple complex challenges, related to factors such as environmental, climate change, social, economic and market, variations in supply and demand patterns, and infrastructure, to name a few. The Global Climate Hub (GCH) is a research-led initiative operating within the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network framework, and mobilizes nine research units to deliver holistic, equitable, and context-specific energy solutions. These units leverage advanced modelling tools, participatory frameworks, and Open Science principles to support resilient, equitable, and sustainable energy transitions. The integration of new technologies in energy systems planning is key to facilitate the workflows of the GCH, and support a sustainable energy transition. This chapter explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the GCH's transdisciplinary approach to energy systems planning. AI offers transformative capabilities, enabling efficient data analysis, predictive modelling, resource optimization, stakeholder engagement and Open Science. We describe how the major advantages of AI can be integrated in existing approaches developed by the GCH, including climate scenario development, decarbonization pathways design, participatory approaches, and digital applications. While AI's integration into GCH processes is ongoing, the chapter presents a foundational framework for AI-enabled energy planning and invites collaboration to advance global sustainability goals through innovative, inclusive, and scalable solutions. |
| Keywords: | Energy Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Global Climate Hub, Sustainability, Energy Transition |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2506 |
| By: | Lu, Hongyu; Rodgers, Michael O.; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | The Georgia Tech research team developed MOVES-Matrix 3.0 based on the EPA's MOVES3 (version 3.1.0) energy use and emission rate model by running MOVES3 thousands of times on the PACE supercomputing cluster across all combinations of input variables and storing the output as lookup tables. MOVES-Matrix 3.0 allows on-road energy consumption and emissions modeling to be conducted more than 800 times faster than running MOVES, while it generates the exact same results, as verifiedin this report. MOVES-Matrix 3.0 was designed similarly to its predecessor, MOVES-Matrix 2014, but required extensive code modifications to accommodate changes in the MOVES3 environment (including a shift from MySQL to MariaDB and incorporation of new vehicle source sub-types and operating parameters). The review of the fuel and I/M scenarios indicated that MOVES3 now defines 122 modeling regions, as compared with 109 regions in MOVES 2014b (different matrices need to be developed each modeling region). The development of matrices for each modeling region takes approximately 15-20 days on the PACE supercomputing cluster given our assigned resources (compared with only 5-7 days to develop matrices for MOVES 2014). A case study of 3, 000 roadway links using Atlanta's matrices confirmed that MOVES-Matrix 3.0 produces the exact same energy consumption and emissions results as MOVES3, but execution modules operate 800 times faster using MOVES-Matrix lookupsthan running MOVES for any single run. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Emission Rate Modeling, Energy Use Modeling, MOVES, MOVES-Matrix |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4cs5q28b |
| By: | Bernardino Adão; António R. Antunes; Nuno Lourenço |
| Abstract: | We develop a multi-region integrated assessment model with different energy inputs to map carbon taxation policies into three IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways for the 21st century: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. Our contribution is threefold. First, we focus on a small open economy that features key differences vis-à-vis the global economy. Second, we assess the role of forests as carbon sinks, highlighting their relevance for the transition towards a low-carbon economy. Third, we explicitly model (local) adaptation and adaptation costs to quantify their importance in the transition subject to a global climate mitigation policy. We find that the global welfare effects of Paris Agreement-aligned RCP2.6 are slightly negative relative to the other scenarios. However, for a small open economy more vulnerable to climate change like Portugal, welfare gains of RCP2.6 may be sizable, and net zero emissions could be attained by mid-century. Importantly, adaptation policies are a powerful tool to enhance welfare at the local level for any given global tax policy. We also find a strong case for subsidizing carbon sequestration by forests. |
| JEL: | E61 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ptu:wpaper:w202413 |
| By: | Meissner, Leonie P.; Peterson, Sonja; Semrau, Finn Ole |
| Abstract: | In a race against global warming, the world must accelerate the development and adoption of environmental innovations (EIs). In this literature review, we explore the role of governments in promoting EIs across stages of maturity and assess the potential to reduce emissions. Theoretical frameworks on market imperfections underline the necessity of governmental Research and Development (R&D) support. While emission pricing remains the most cost-efficient climate policy, it fails as a stand-alone instrument to sufficiently encourage EI. Overall, the optimal approach is a policy mix complementing emission pricing with governmental R&D support. The theoretical finding is backed by empirical studies on the developmentand deployment of renewable energies, which also show that investment in R&D can effectively reduce emissions. The review concludes by dissecting two pivotalpolicy initiatives, the US Inflation Reduction Act and the European Green New Deal Industrial Plan, evaluating their potential to effectively contribute to decarbonization. |
| Keywords: | green/eco-/environmental innovation, R&D support, climate policy, innovation policy |
| JEL: | O32 O38 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:306604 |
| By: | Darudi, Ali; Savelsberg, Jonas; Schlecht, Ingmar |
| Abstract: | Energy system planning literature often focuses on either normal operating conditions or on shock/restriction scenarios. Systems designed only for normal years struggle during crises like fuel shortages or trade restrictions, leading to lost load or high prices, while systems optimized entirely for shocks can result in overinvestment in generation technologies with high capital costs. In this paper we address this limitation by incorporating both normal years and shocks in one single optimization model, using a partial equilibrium electricity market. Using Switzerland as the case study, we demonstrate how varying the severity and frequency of shocks affects the optimal technology mix. In the case of Switzerland, robust planning of the generation mix becomes crucial only at trade capacity reduction of more than 70%. When gas import is unavailable during the shock period, liquid fuel becomes optimal in severe trade capacity reduction by 90% or full autarky happening from once in 100 years to once in 10 years. As the frequency of these shocks increase, higher CAPEX technologies, such as renewables, become more favourable, with nuclear emerging as a viable option only if these severe shocks happen every other year. Our findings underscore the importance of balancing cost-efficiency with system resilience to ensure robust energy planning, capable of thriving in normal conditions whilst bracing for stressed conditions. |
| Keywords: | System Adequacy, Robust Planning, Energy system resilience, Numerical modelling |
| JEL: | Q40 Q41 C61 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:306555 |
| By: | Frondel, Manuel |
| Abstract: | Eine effektive und kosteneffiziente Klimaschutzpolitik sollte vorwiegend auf den Preismechanismus und den Emissionshandel setzen. Dieser existiert in der Europäischen Union seit dem Jahr 2005, umfasst aber nur wenige Sektoren wie die Energiewirtschaft und die Industrie. In anderen Sektoren wird stattdessen versucht, den Treibhausgasausstoß mittels ordnungsrechtlicher Maßnahmen zu verringern, vor allem in Deutschland. In diesem Beitrag werden die Emissionsvermeidungskosten von ordnungsrechtlichen Maßnahmen wie den EU-Emissionsstandards für Pkw oder eines generellen Tempolimits auf Autobahnen abgeschätzt. Während die Kosten von ordnungsrechtlichen Maßnahmen notorisch intransparent sind, zeigen die Beispielrechnungen zum Tempolimit oder zur Förderung der Elektromobilität, dass damit hohe verdeckte Belastungen verbunden sein können. So zeigt sich, dass ein Tempolimit unter dem Aspekt der Kosteneffizienz eine eher ungeeignete klimapolitische Maßnahme darstellt, wenn die Opportunitätskosten von Pkw-Fahrern, üblicherweise gemessen durch den Stundenlohn, hoch ausfallen. Um Klimaschutz nicht teurer als unbedingt nötig zu machen, sollte die Politik daher künftig weitaus stärker auf das bewährte Instrument des Emissionshandels sowie dessen Ausweitung setzen und dafür auf ordnungsrechtliche Maßnahmen weitgehend verzichten. |
| Abstract: | An effective and cost-efficient climate protection policy should primarily rely on the price mechanism and emissions trading. This has existed in the European Union since 2005, but only covers a few sectors such as the energy sector and industry. In other sectors, attempts are instead being made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by means of regulatory measures, particularly in Germany. This article estimates the emission avoidance costs of regulatory measures such as EU emission standards for cars or a general speed limit on motorways. While the costs of regulatory measures are notoriously opaque, the sample calculations for speed limits or the promotion of electromobility show that they can entail high hidden costs. This shows that a speed limit is a rather unsuitable climate policy measure in terms of cost efficiency if the opportunity costs of car drivers, usually measured by the hourly wage, are high. In order to avoid making climate protection more expensive than absolutely necessary, policymakers should therefore rely far more heavily on the proven instrument of emissions trading and its expansion in future and largely dispense with regulatory measures. |
| Keywords: | Energiewende, Wärmepumpe, Emissionshandel |
| JEL: | Q21 I38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwimat:308059 |
| By: | Christian.Probstin (KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | To identify the households most affected by a carbon tax I set up a multi-sector model with putty-clay technology. A $100-per-ton carbon tax cuts emissions by 25% after 5 years, but reduces output by 3% in the short run and 4% in the long run. Initially, the tax is progressive despite poorer households spending more on carbon-intensive goods, the prices of which rise. The complementarity of capital and energy causes a sharp decline in capital income, affectingtop earners the most, and leads to job cuts in capital goods-producing industries that employ high-income earners. over time the tax incidence flattens. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, putty-clay, input-output linkages, Income Distribution |
| JEL: | D57 E62 Q52 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202410-460 |
| By: | Jamel Saadaoui; Russell Smyth; Joaquin Vespignani |
| Abstract: | Ensuring a stable supply of critical minerals at reasonable prices is essential for the clean energy transition. The security of supply of critical minerals is particularly susceptible to geopolitical risk. In this paper, we use constant and time-varying parameter local projection (TVP-LP) regression models to examine the effect of geopolitical risk on prices of six critical minerals: aluminium, copper, nickel, platinum, tin and zinc. We propose a conceptual framework in which we make two predictions. The first is that the responsiveness of prices for critical minerals to geopolitical risk will depend on the non-technical risk associated with procuring each critical mineral, which will be reflected in the elasticity of supply. The second is that geopolitical threats will have a bigger effect on critical mineral prices than geopolitical acts. With the exception of platinum prices, which have suffered a downward structural demand side shock associated with the growth of the electric vehicle market, we find empirical support for the first prediction. Our results are also consistent with the second prediction. We find considerable evidence that the effect of geopolitical risk on the prices of critical minerals are time varying with time-varying effects of geopolitical shocks observed during the Gulf War, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks and during the COVID-19 pandemic with the time varying effects generally being stronger for geopolitical threats than geopolitical acts. |
| Keywords: | critical minerals, energy security, geopolitical risk |
| JEL: | C14 Q20 Q41 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-69 |
| By: | Russo, Joseph; Holmén, Britt A. |
| Abstract: | Given that today’s real-world diesel fuel supply is comprised of biodiesel as a blendstock with petrodiesel, understanding how addition of biodiesel affects exhaust particle properties and their subsequent effect on human health is critically important. Here, samples of a commercial waste vegetable oil biodiesel B100 fuel were subject to thermal oxidation at 110oC for 5, 10 or 20 hr before diesel engine dynamometer emissions testing as the neat fuel (B100) and as a 20% v/v biodiesel blend (B20) with petrodiesel. Exhaust particulate matter samples collected using impingers were tested for the ability of the particles to initiateformation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using the abiotic dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. DTT Activity [nmol DTT consumed per minute per mg PM] of three B20, three B100 as well as petrodiesel (B0) fuels over a total of 13 emissions tests with a light-duty diesel engine were compared. Combining data for emissions tests by fuel blend and oxidation status, mean DTT Activity was similar between B0 and B20 (10hr oxidized), B100 (neat) and B100 (5 hr). Particles from the B20 neat and B20 (20 hr) fuels had the highest measured DTT Activity whereas the B100 neat and B100 (5 hr) had the lowest DTT Activity. Twenty hours of thermal oxidation conditions resulted in the highest measured DTT Activity (or highest potential to form ROS) for both B20 and B100 fuels and IP=0. An inverse relationship between storage stability (opposite of degree of fuel oxidation) of the biodiesel fuel as measured by induction potential (IP) and the ROS formation potential: higher DTT Activity was noted for the B100 fuels with the lowest IP. Results suggest that mixing of B20 from certified B100 fuel may lead to oxidation of unsaturated FAMES and subsequent higher ROS formation potential. Future work should examine how the detailed chemical composition of biodiesel exhaust PM, especially when waste oil B100 is blended with petrodiesel at 20 % v/v, may be related to DTT consumption or other metrics for ROS formation potential. Further, future emissions studies should provide information on property differences between Bxx blends and the neat B100 fuel that result not only from biodiesel storage, but from fuel handling. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Biodiesel, dithiothreitol (DTT), ROS, B20, B100, oxidative stability, FAMEs |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8j59b5hf |
| By: | Kurz, Antonia; Rubínová, Stela |
| Abstract: | Policies that affect t he c ost o f u sing f ossil f uels i n p roduction h ave a complex impact on the economy. In this paper, we focus on the role of these policies for the pattern of comparative advantage through their effect o n p roduction c osts in manufacturing industries. Using data on carbon prices and fossil fuel subsidies, we show that less stringent carbon pricing policies increase comparative advantage in carbon intensive industries. In the first step, we use a fixed-effects gravity model of trade to estimate the export capabilities that determine the pattern of comparative advantage. In the second step, we regress the change in export capability of a country in an industry on the change in the country's carbon pricing policy, interacted with the carbon intensity of the industry, controlling for country and industry fixed effects. O ur r esults s uggest t hat a 1 0% i ncrease i n c arbon p rice i s a ssociated with a decline in export capability in the most carbon-intensive industry by 0.3% to 0.7%. On the other hand, industries with low carbon intensity are barely affected. Overall, we estimate that changes in all the policy instruments combined can explain up to 1.2% of the changes in export capabilities in the periods 2012-2015 and 2015-2018. We then use the econometric results to illustrate the potential impact of removing fossil fuel subsidies on the pattern of comparative advantage in carbon intensive industries. Furthermore, we extend our analysis to consider potential policy spillovers along the supply chain. The results suggest that carbon pricing policies compound along the domestic supply chain so that an industry's export competitiveness increases when its carbon intensive domestic suppliers face lower carbon prices or higher fossil fuel subsidies. We also find s ome l imited empirical support for supply chain spillovers of foreign carbon prices. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Pricing, Fossil Fuel Subsidies, Fossil Fuel Taxes, Comparative Advantage, Competitiveness |
| JEL: | F18 Q48 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:308083 |
| By: | Bulut, Hamid; Samuel, Robin |
| Abstract: | An increasing number of countries are considering implementing domestic carbon taxes to achieve the carbon-reduction targets set in the Paris Agreement. However, introducing such taxes presents significant challenges for policymakers worldwide. Despite their effectiveness, carbon taxes remain the least popular policy instrument. Furthermore, few studies focus on public support for carbon taxation in low- and middle-income countries, a crucial area of research given the global significance of their emissions. Therefore, we conducted a pre-registered full factorial survey experiment involving more than 13, 000 evaluations of policy designs in China, Germany, India, and the UK to address the most prevalent barriers to the popularity of carbon taxes, as discussed in academic research, policy analysis, and public discourse: perceived effectiveness, average household costs, the types of revenue recycling schemes implemented, and the extent of international cooperation. Our findings revealed striking differences in how the countries responded to carbon tax policies. The key findings included the following: cost transparency unexpectedly reduced support, whereas communicating the effectiveness of the policy increased it; preferences for revenue recycling schemes varied significantly across the four countries, highlighting the need for tailored approaches; and, surprisingly, international cooperation increased support only in Germany, challenging assumptions about global climate policy. These findings have profound implications for policymakers, suggesting that an effective carbon tax design must be carefully calibrated in the national context. This study provides a roadmap for designing carbon tax policies that are environmentally effective and politically viable for diverse global economies. |
| Date: | 2024–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fq4tn |
| By: | Michał Brzeziński (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Monika Kaczan (University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the distributional impacts of carbon taxes, traditionally examined through simulation studies on the regressivity of hypothetical tax scenarios. However, the dy-namic influence of actually implemented carbon taxes on consumption/income poverty and inequality in a cross-country setting has been less scrutinised. This paper assesses the effect of carbon taxes introduced in the past three decades in 15 European countries on consumption shares of the lowest decile groups, poverty rates and inequality indices. The analysis shows that a $40/ton CO2 tax covering 30% of emissions leads to a consumption share increase of up to 4% for the bottom 20% and 40% of the population, a trend that persisted for five years post-implementation, particularly in nations that efficiently redistribute carbon tax revenues. This resulted in a modest reduction in consumption inequality over three years. In contrast, the impact of carbon taxes on income poverty and inequality is not statistically significant. These findings suggest that concerns about poverty and inequality due to carbon taxes can be miti-gated by implementing a moderate tax combined with a strategically efficient revenue redis-tribution mechanism. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon tax, poverty, inequality, consumption/income distribution, revenue re-cycling |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 Q48 H23 D31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-26 |
| By: | Rowangould, Gregory; Ahmadnia, Narges; Nelson, Clare; Quallen, Erica; Clarke, Julia |
| Abstract: | Smaller and rural communities are often automobile dependent, a fact that has raised considerable concerns about the equity and effectiveness of market-based climate strategies including carbon taxes and carbon cap and trade schemes in rural states like Vermont. A lack of research and data describing how people in smaller and rural communities respond to changes in transportation costs is a critical gap to informing the design of market-based greenhouse gas mitigation policies and evaluating their potential outcomes. This report describes several related studies that focus on understanding the opportunities and constraints that people face in changing how they travel in small and rural communities in Vermont and also evaluates the equity implications of gas tax alternatives. The research is informed by data collected by the researcher team from interviews, surveys and unique administrative datasets. Findings show that urban, suburban, and rural households all made significant travel adjustments in response to higher gas prices. Urban households were more likely to substitute their mode of transportation or move, and rural households were more likely to adopt an electric vehicle (EV); however, most people in all community types were able to reduce the amount they travel by making fewer or shorter trips. Greater accessibility and more transit options were noted as barriers to change in all communities studied. Significant concerns about the feasibility of EVs were common and also shared across all communities. Overall, these findings suggest that market-based climate policies could be effective, even in smaller and rural communities. The authors also find that many people misunderstand how the gas tax is collected and what it funds, resulting in widely held beliefs that a mileage base fee alternative would be unfair, particularly to rural households. Using motor vehicle registration and inspection records, the researchers demonstrate that a mileage based user fee would be somewhat less regressive than the current gas tax and also less costly than the gas tax to rural households on average in Vermont. They also find that providing simple, factual, information about the gas tax and alternatives can significantly shift public support for gas tax alternatives in Northern New England. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Travel behavior, rural, travel cost, mode choice, mileage fee |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt03w2v8h7 |
| By: | Kalaskar, Ritaj (Indian Institute for Human Settlements); Haldar, Stuti (CIRCLE, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Over the last decade energy justice has rapidly emerged as an important research and policy agenda across disciplines. It seeks to address dilemmas between accelerated decarbonisation and democratisation of energy systems. However, different articulations and interpretations of energy justice have been co-opted into the dominant framework of the three tenets approach which risks (re)producing top-down and western centric knowledge on what counts as just (energy) transitions. Through this systematic literature review we address this gap by examining scholarship at the intersection of energy transitions and energy justice. From a total of 158 articles, we identified sixteen themes categorised into four groups – approaches to development, power and agency, policy and governance, and science, society and technology. Through these, we illustrate how nuanced articulations of justice emerge based on theoretical underpinnings, conceptual framings, geographical landscapes and historical contexts. Our findings suggest a need for mainstreaming feminist and postcolonial perspectives, and place-based community driven governance of energy systems- which reveal alternative traditions of ethics and philosophy for more equitable and just transitions. Our review concludes that plural conceptualizations of energy justice must be respected by scholars, renewable energy developers and policymakers to ensure that transitions are context sensitive and contribute to a larger societal, technological, political, environmental, and economic transformation that is just, equitable, and sustainable for people, communities and the planet. |
| Keywords: | energy justice; equity; just transitions; socio-technical transitions; capability approach; energy democracy |
| JEL: | O13 O33 P18 Q40 |
| Date: | 2024–12–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2024_022 |
| By: | Becerra, Oscar (Universidad de los Andes); Piñeros, Juana (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of the green transition on the Colombian labor market. Using a task-based approach and data from the 2022 Colombian Household Survey, we find that approximately 22.6% of Colombian employment is linked to green tasks, with 15.9% directly affected by the green transition. While these figures are in line with global estimates, most jobs will not change significantly. Green jobs are concentrated among men, urban residents, and higher-educated workers with STEM degrees in managerial roles, who also earn more and are located at the top of the income distribution. In addition, the tasks and skills of occupations of workers with a lower prevalence of jobs limit their mobility to green jobs. This suggests a need for targeted training programs to facilitate the transition of non-green workers to green occupations, given the limited transferability of skills between these types of jobs. |
| Keywords: | Green jobs; energy transition; task-based approach; Colombia |
| JEL: | J24 O13 Q52 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–12–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021270 |
| By: | Fan, Huiying; Lu, Hongyu; Guin, Angshuman; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | A previous National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) study examined pandemic-related changes in MARTA transit system service and ridership in Atlanta, GA, and the combined effects on energy use and per-passenger energy use (Fan, et al., 2022). For that previous study, General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) and the Automated Passenger Counter (APC) datasets were used to develop the transit network and derive distance and passenger load information within the TransitSim analytical framework. The research coupled ridership data with energy use and emission rates from MOVES-Matrix to assess how the changes in transit service and ridership affected energy use and emissions on a per passenger-mile basis. Research performed in this supplemental NCST study improved model algorithms to increase analytical efficiency and to integrate ridership demographics, so that energy use impacts could be assessed across demographic groups for use in social sustainability analysis. This report summarizes improvements that generated TransitSim 3.0 and provides a social sustainability modeling demonstration. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Transit service, transit energy use, transit ridership, transit demographics, social sustainability analysis |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3171b0j4 |
| By: | LUNN Pete |
| Abstract: | This paper argues that an understanding of perceived fairness is pivotal for the successful implementation of environmental policy, including the European Green Deal. It describes how those at the sharp end of a green transition policy may perceive unfairness even when the policy is designed in the spirit of the “just transition”. This perceived unfairness is a threat to the EU’s efforts to combat climate change and biodiversity loss. People who perceive unfairness are inclined to protest, often in ways that are against their own self-interest. They are also less willing to cooperate in collective action, which is central to pro-environmental policy. Despite their importance, however, perceptions of fairness are under-researched. The paper highlights research questions related to the perceived fairness of environmental policies that have received little, if any, attention, yet may be decisive for policy success. It concludes that policymakers and researchers would be well-advised to correct this oversight |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139534 |
| By: | Aguilar-Gomez, Sandra (Universidad de los Andes); Cárdenas, Juan Camilo (Universidad de los Andes); Galindo, Camila (Universidad de los Andes); Rodríguez-Arenas, Jorge (Universidad de los Andes); Vlasak-González, Daniela (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | Environmental degradation is a major public policy challenge, with the Global South being particularly vulnerable to its effects. In developing countries, women and girls often bear a greater burden of climate change and air pollution than men and boys do. The international literature suggests that compared to men, women are more concerned about environmental degradation and adopt more sustainable practices in their daily lives, but research on this matter in Global South countries is scarce. This study aims to explore the gender differences in environmental knowledge, attitudes, and practices (E-KAP) among secondary school-aged children in Colombia. In Latin America, no research has yet examined the underlying mechanisms driving these differences. We confirm that compared to boys, girls are significantly more concerned about the environment and feel more responsible for climate change (8–10 p.p.). We also provide new insights into girls’ greater awareness and familiarity with indoor air pollution (IAP) (8.5–9 p.p.) and expand on previous research that focused on exposure rather than on perception. Our findings can help in designing and developing inclusive education policies for climate adaptation and mitigation, particularly in Global South countries, and they have the potential to empower students in the face of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Gender; knowledge; attitudes; practices; environmental pollution; climate change |
| JEL: | D83 J16 Q51 Q53 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021267 |
| By: | Cory Davis; Boston Hart; Benjamin Stubbing (The Treasury) |
| Abstract: | The New Zealand ETS is the Government’s main tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As emissions budgets tighten towards the achievement of longer-term targets , so will the supply of carbon credits. This will exert upward pressure on the price of carbon, which will flow through to the price of carbon intensive goods and services. While this price signal is the key mechanism of the ETS, it will have regressive impacts on household cost of living, particularly in the short-term; cost increases may be unavoidable for lower income households, and will consume a larger fraction of their disposable income. In this paper we use Treasury’s TAWA microsimulation model to show how hypothetical increased carbon prices could flow through to household expenditures, and how the impacts could vary across the household equivalized disposable income (HEDI) distribution. The expenditure impacts are regressive. Different household types have different energy use and income characteristics and are covered by different income support payments. With an eye to potential mitigations of regressive cost-of-living impacts, we investigate expenditure impacts for various household types and for households receiving different income support payments. We then model the net household impact of increased carbon prices and hypothetical offsetting transfers, which include universal payments and increases to existing transfers. We compare the fiscal costs and poverty impacts of these transfers. This paper focuses solely on the hypothetical modelling exercise and does not comment on the relative merits of the different transfers modelled or more broadly on the use of ETS revenue. |
| Date: | 2024–03–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nzt:nztans:an24/02 |
| By: | Meitner, Leonhard |
| Abstract: | The looming climate crisis calls for the development of novel forms of response, but so far, climate change action does not meet its ambitions to tackle the issue. Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCMs) are one proposed solution to bridge the gap. However, VCMs are criticized for not providing real climate benefits and exacerbating inequality. This paper critically assesses VCMs, focusing on their regulatory, ecological, and social dysfunctions through an ecological economics lens. It identifies key issues such as inadequate transparency, compromised environmental integrity due to issues of additionality, permanence, double counting, carbon leakage, rebound effects, and adverse social impacts. By analyzing these dysfunctions and the underlying theoretical assumptions, the paper highlights how power relations, fundamental uncertainties, information asymmetries, and the commodification of nature contribute to the observed problems in VCMs. Through a qualitative literature analysis, this research provides a comprehensive evaluation of VCMs' role in global climate policy, emphasizing the need for robust regulatory frameworks, transparency, and inclusive decision-making processes to enhance their efficacy. The findings suggest that while VCMs have potential, addressing their inherent limitations is crucial for their legitimacy and effectiveness in combating climate change. |
| Keywords: | Voluntary carbon markets, carbon offsetting, regulatory frameworks, ecological economics, environmental integrity |
| JEL: | F64 Q50 Q54 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:308040 |
| By: | Stathis Devves; Angelos Alamanos; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The energy and water sectors face increasing challenges amid sustainability and net-zero transitions, which are integral to meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The need for integrated models that connect energy, emissions, and water use is critical for developing holistic and sustainable solutions. This chapter focuses on a water-energy-emissions modelling application for the residential sector, a key development area impacting SDGs related to energy, sustainable urbanization, and environmental management. We apply a combined energy-emissions and water accounting model to assess energy use, emissions output, and water consumption of Greece's residential sector, providing comprehensive, data-driven insights. Such integrated assessments are essential for informed policy evaluation and decision-making. We also analyze Greece's national decarbonization plan to 2050, demonstrating how these models can support policy evaluation and discuss the efficiency of the planned pathways. This approach underscores the importance of cross-sectoral analysis for successful long-term sustainable initiatives. |
| Keywords: | Energy-emissions modelling, WaterReqGCH, Decarbonization, Sustainable Development Goals, Urban development, Greece. |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2505 |
| By: | LARABI JAÏDI; RIM BERAHAB; SABRINE EMRAN |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the outcomes of COP29 in Baku, focusing on its achievements and shortcomings in advancing global climate governance. Key milestones included the adoption of the new collective quantified goal (NCQG), the tripling of climate finance commitments to $300 billion annually by 2035, and progress on Article 6 carbon markets to mobilize international cooperation and finance. However, finance remains insufficient to meet the needs of developing countries, and unresolved issues such as transparency and the risk of greenwashing challenge the integrity of carbon markets. The conference also failed to maintain momentum on fossil-fuel divestment, reflecting geopolitical divisions and waning ambition. As the world prepares for COP30 in Belém, Brazil, the credibility of the COP process depends on addressing these gaps and delivering stronger, actionable commitments to meet the Paris Agreement’s aim of keeping global warming within 1.5°C. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_21-24 |
| By: | Jodie Keane; Hazel Granger; Prachi Agarwal; Maximiliano Mendez-Parra |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, all policy makers must engage with direct and indirect carbon pricing issues. However, the implications of different types of tools and methods to price carbon and support decarbonization deserve further attention in view of their development implications. Two aspects—revenue recycling and complementary policies—are critical when it comes to ensuring that carbon pricing and taxation measures are supportive of broader sustainable structural economic transformation and help to avoid a 'green squeeze'. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Carbon tax, Revenue, Redistribution |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-85 |
| By: | Otrachshenko, Vladimir; Popova, Olga |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to a better understanding of the drivers of electoral support for Green parties and the environmental actions they promote, which is key to ensuring the long-term feasibility of environmental policies. We examine whether individual environmental preferences translate into voting for Green parties and analyze the mechanisms behind this effect. Employing an individual-level survey from developed and developing economies matched with the political parties' programs globally, we find that individuals who prefer environmental protection over economic growth are likely to translate their preferences into voting and supporting Green parties. These findings are robust to alternative definitions of Green parties and environmental preferences and to potential endogeneity concerns. The key mechanisms behind this relationship are changes in the stringency of environmental regulations, individual economic and social insecurity, and individual- and country-level exposure to environmental changes. The effect of environmental preferences on Green party voting is less pronounced among individuals living in rural areas and economically disadvantaged individuals, including those with lower education and income. These results suggest that support for Green parties and environmental policies is contingent on voters' economic security even when environmental preferences are strong, emphasizing the need for Green parties to address voters' economic concerns. |
| Keywords: | environmental preferences, Green parties, sustainable development, voting |
| JEL: | D72 H11 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1525 |
| By: | Clara Bosch Checa; Eloina Coll Aliaga; Mar Correcher Rigau; Pilar De la Torre Fornés; Nuria Guardiola Ibañez; Carlos Jiménez García; Victoria Lerma Arce; Edgar Lorenzo Saez; Raul Sancha Llamosí; Iraklis Stamos (European Commission - JRC); Carolina Perpiña Castillo; María Joaquina Porres De La Haza |
| Abstract: | This publication results from the collaboration between the Valencia City Council, Universitat Politècnica de València, and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. Focused on urban sustainability, this joint effort aims to enhance the understanding and management of urban emissions and mobility through comprehensive data analysis and innovative methodologies. Six key studies are summarized, each addressing different aspects of urban sustainability in Valencia: — Vehicle Emissions Trends: This study analyses vehicle emissions using electromagnetic loops and an origin-destination matrix, assessing the impact of pandemic-related measures and providing policy recommendations for reducing transportation-related pollution. — Mobility Emissions Methodology: Utilizing open-source geo-statistics, this research develops a methodology to measure emissions at the neighbourhood level, offering insights into which areas could benefit from shifts to active transportation or improved public transit. — Metropolitan Emissions Analysis: By analysing emissions in Valencia's metropolitan area, this study high-lights significant discrepancies between municipalities, emphasizing the need for targeted emission reduction measures in highly polluted areas. — Sustainable Mobility and Emission Reduction: This project explores strategies for promoting sustainable urban mobility, such as enhancing public transportation and encouraging active transportation modes, with the aim of reducing CO2, NOx, and PM emissions. — Air Quality and Environmental Justice: Focusing on NO2 concentrations measured by passive dosimetry, this study identifies vulnerable areas with poor air quality and provides recommendations for addressing urban environmental inequities. — 15-Minute City Accessibility: Analysing service accessibility within a 15-minute framework, this research highlights the need for equitable urban planning to improve access to services for both residents and tourists. The findings underscore the critical role of data-driven approaches and spatial analysis in addressing urban sustainability challenges. The methodologies developed provide valuable tools for policymakers to allocate resources effectively and implement evidence-based strategies for emission reduction and sustainable development. This collaborative work highlights the importance of integrating scientific research with urban planning to create healthier, more liveable cities. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138853 |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | CBO maintains a benchmark projection of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to estimate the effects of certain emissions policies. According to that projection, GHG emissions in the United States decline by about 8 percent from 2025 to 2034. |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–11–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:60862 |
| By: | Fridahl, Mathias; Möllersten, Kenneth; Lundberg, Liv; Rickels, Wilfried |
| Abstract: | Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered as a future key technology to provide baseload electricity, heat, pulp, paper, and biofuels, while also enabling atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Sweden seeks to lead the way in bringing this technology up to scale, introducing a EUR 3.6 billion reverse auction scheme to facilitate market entry of companies producing BECCS. We explore instrument design preferences among politicians, regulators, and prospective BECCS operators to identify trade-offs and explore feasible policy design. Based on 35 interviews with experts in the latent BECCS sector in Sweden, we identify under which circumstances prospective operators would be willing to place bids and discuss how actor preferences both align with and challenge auction theory. The analysis concludes that at least four dilemmas need attention. These concerns how to: (1) balance the state’s demand for BECCS to be implemented already in 2030 against the prospective BECCS operators’ fear of the winner’s curse, i.e., a fear of bidding for a contract that turns out to be too costly to implement; (2) allocate contracts at the margin of the auctioneer’s demand for BECCS without driving up costs; (3) design compliance mechanism to achieve effectiveness without undermining efficiency, and; 4) integrate the auction with the voluntary carbon market—if at all—in a manner that safeguards the environmental integrity of the auctions. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:306863 |
| By: | Artem Kochnev |
| Abstract: | This paper examines labour productivity convergence in manufacturing of the planned and market economies in the setting of the oil price shocks of the 1970s. Using the wiiw COMECON Dataset and the KLEMS dataset, the paper constructs a single-digit industry-level productivity metric for selected industries and applies a difference-in-difference estimator to estimate the impact of the oil price shocks on convergence in productivity levels across industries between 1970 and 1985. Although the paper does not find an impact of the oil price shocks on convergence of the command economies, it does detect an accelerating impact on the convergence process of the market economies. wiiw COMECON Dataset https //comecon.wiiw.ac.at/ |
| Keywords: | Labor Productivity, Convergence, Planned Economies, Oil price shocks, Manufacturing, Productivity, Competitiveness, Difference-in-Difference, COMECON Dataset, KLEMS Dataset, Structural change |
| JEL: | O47 N64 P23 L60 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:wpaper:257 |
| By: | Heeb, Florian; Kölbel, Julian |
| Abstract: | We report results from a pre-registered field experiment about the impact of index provider engagement on corporate climate policy. A randomly chosen group of 300 out of 1227 international companies received a letter from an index provider, encouraging the company to commit to setting a science-based climate target to remain included in its climate transition benchmark indices. After one year, we observed a significant effect: 21.0% of treated companies have committed, vs. 15.7% in the control group. This suggests that engagement by financial institutions can affect corporate policies when a feasible request is combined with a credible threat of exit. |
| Keywords: | Shareholder Engagement, Field Experiment, Climate, ESG, Activism |
| JEL: | D22 D62 G23 G34 M14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:308043 |
| By: | Hiroaki Suenaga |
| Abstract: | This study examines the sectoral impacts of electricity supply shortages in South Africa, using the cost share information available from the 2015 social accounting matrix. A simulation conducted under each of two technological assumptions, Cobb-Douglas and Leontief, reveals that a productivity decline in the electricity, gas, steam, and hot water supply (EGSH) sector increases the price of the EGSH sector substantially, while it affects the other sectors marginally due to the small cost shares of the EGSH factor in these sectors. |
| Keywords: | Electricity, Computable general equilibrium, Prices, Productivity, Costs, South Africa |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-82 |
| By: | Berg, Tobias; Ma, Lin; Streitz, Daniel |
| Abstract: | We analyze firms' carbon reduction strategies worldwide and identify one key channel: large, primarily European firms facing increased investor pressure divest pollutive assets to firms that are less in the limelight. There is no evidence of increased engagement in other emission reduction activities. We estimate that 369 million metric tons (mt) of CO2e are reallocated via divestments in the post-Paris Agreement period, shifting pollutive assets from Europe to the rest of the world. Our results indicate significant global asset reallocation effects and imply that responsible investors who want to truly invest responsibly need to monitor firms' divestment strategies closely. |
| Keywords: | GHG Emissions, Asset Sales, Paris Agreement, Institutional Investors, Investor Pressure, Carbon Disclosure Project |
| JEL: | G15 G23 G30 G38 M14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:308042 |
| By: | Raïsa Basselier (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Nabil Bouamara (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Geert Langenus (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Gert Peersman (University of Ghent); Peter Reusens (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of current and future climate transition policies on Belgian firms as they approach the 2030 milestone set by the European Green Deal. Using data from an online survey conducted with members of key Belgian employers’ federations, we assess the effects on firms’ costs, pricing, demand, and investment decisions. The climate transition is largely perceived as a classical negative supply shock, resulting in higher prices, squeezed profit margins, and reduced activity. While the impact on Belgian investment remains ambiguous, part of production capacity – particularly in manufacturing – is expected to shift outside the EU. A scenario analysis and an information experiment embedded within the survey show that an increase in the carbon price beyond firms’ current expectations could exacerbate these adverse effects. Survey participants also express widespread scepticism about the EU's ability to meet its ‘Fit for 55’ targets, citing high costs, reduced profitability, unclear policy guidance and administrative burdens as major impediments. |
| Keywords: | Business surveys; Firms; Climate transition; Randomized information provision. |
| JEL: | C83 C93 D22 D83 D84 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202409-468 |
| By: | Tommaso Oliviero (University of Naples Federico II and CSEF); Sandro Rondinella (University of Calabria); Alberto Zazzaro (University of Naples Federico II, CSEF and MoFiR) |
| Abstract: | Green investment by private companies is essential to sustainable growth paths in advanced economies. Whether, and to what extent, investments by green firms are hampered by lack of external finance is an open question. We estimate the sensitivity of investment to internal finance in firms engaging in green innovation, finding that the elasticity of investment to cash flow is four times less for green than for non-green firms. This result is stronger among smaller firms and robust to alternative definitions of "green firms". Our findings indicate that green firms are less financially constrained, consistent with the growing perception of the importance of the green transition, which potentially affects financial investors outside the company. |
| Keywords: | Green investment; cash flow; external finance; financial constraints |
| JEL: | E22 G30 Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wmofir:189 |
| By: | DE PRATO Giuditta (European Commission - JRC); FERNÁNDEZ CRUZADO Ana (European Commission - JRC); SOGUERO ESCUER Jorge (European Commission - JRC); CALZA Elisa (European Commission - JRC); FABIANI Josefina (European Commission - JRC); VAZQUEZ-PRADA BAILLET Miguel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) can play an important role in supporting energy-intensive industries. Their flexibility in being coupled with renewable energy systems and providing sustainable power can make SMRs an important resource to achieve the twin transition. The flexibility and affordability of SMRs have the potential to reduce energy access inequalities and provide power to remote areas. Their safety features can also help harmonize Member States’ and public opinion stances on nuclear energy. New analytical insights on key aspects of the SMR ecosystem are provided by the Digital Techno-Economic EcoSystem (DGTES) approach and can contribute to supporting the European comprehensive strategy on SMRs. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139371 |
| By: | Heeb, Florian; Kölbel, Julian; Ramelli, Stefano; Vasileva, Anna |
| Abstract: | A fundamental concern about green investing is that it may crowd out political support for public policy addressing negative externalities. We examine this concern in a preregistered experiment shortly before a real referendum on a climate law with a representative sample of the Swiss population (N = 2, 051). We find that the opportunity to invest in a climate-friendly fund does not reduce individuals' support for climate regulation, measured as political donations and voting intentions. The results hold for participants who actively choose green investing. We conclude that the effect of green investing on political behavior is limited. |
| Keywords: | Behavioral Finance, Climate Change, ESG, Externalities, Sustainable Finance, Political Economy, Voting Behavior |
| JEL: | D14 H42 G18 P16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:308044 |
| By: | Povilas Lastauskas; Ziran Ding; Mustapha Douch |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how export activity impacts a firm's energy intensity, emphasizing the upgrading process. We introduce a firm-level complexity index incorporating two dimensions: the complexity of the traded goods and market destinations. We show that growth in external demand incentivizes firms to undertake upgrading activities, resulting in lower energy intensity. However, financial constraints diminish the energy efficiency gains from upgrading, especially for small firms. Additionally, upgraded firms can leverage higher markups, but this is effective only for larger firms. The findings suggest targeted support for small firms and underscore the necessity of open trade in a fragmented global landscape. |
| Keywords: | complexity index; energy intensity; export activity; upgrading activity; upgrading process; Exports; Energy conservation; Imports; Global value chains; Demand elasticity; Global |
| Date: | 2024–12–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/248 |
| By: | Lu, Hongyu; Liu, Haobing; Rodgers, Michael O; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | In this study, a modeling framework for population exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 with high spatiotemporal resolution is proposed and applied to the I-575/I-75 Northwest Corridor (NWC) in Atlanta, GA, for environmental equity analysis. The analyses retrieved trip data from the Atlanta Regional Commission’s (ARC) Activity-Based Model 2020 (ABM2020), after implementing path retention algorithms (Zhao, et al., 2019) to generate individual travel paths for more than 20 million predicted vehicle trips. Emission rates for each link were retrieved from MOVES-Matrix given the ABM link speed and facility type, the ARC’s county-level fleet composition data, and regional fuel properties and I&M program parameters. High-resolution downwind concentration profiles were predicted using EPA’s AERMOD microscale dispersion model with AERMET meteorology profiles for a huge array of receptors. Trip-end locations were derived from the ABM trip data, and the on-road trajectories for each person-trip (vehicle trace data) were derived from the travel paths through network. ABM synthetic household and person data were used in demographic assessment, and linked to representative household latitude and longitude locations in the Epsilon 2019 household demographic dataset. Individual exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 in time and space (average hourly concentration) was assessed by overlaying the second-by-second person location profiles (for 24 hours) against the hourly predicted PM2.5 concentration profiles. The analyses summarize the results across 16 demographic groups and the aggregate population exposure are compared to assess potential impact differences across demographics. High-income households in the corridor were exposed to less traffic-related air pollution as they tended to live further from the freeways. The analyses did not reveal large disproportionate negative impacts on low income groups along this specific corridor, but lager disproportionate negative impacts are expected elsewhere in the metro area due to the spatial clustering of income groups along other corridors. Overall, the research demonstrates the applicability of the modeling framework and describes how the various elements (e.g., link screening, dispersion modeling, path tracing, etc.) are optimized on the supercomputing cluster. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Microscale air quality impact assessment, AERMOD, vehicle emissions, population exposure, environmental equity |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6zx778p0 |
| By: | Filani, Iyanuoluwa; Butt, Ali A; Harvey, John T; Fulton, Lewis M |
| Abstract: | The goal of this study was to develop a framework and first order estimate of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the build-out and maintenance and rehabilitation of the world’s roadway infrastructure networks from 2020 to 2050. The GHG emissions from road pavement emissions, bridges, and maintenance and rehabilitation were calculated by decade based on the existing road networks and the modelling of their expansion. For comparison, the GHG emissions from vehicle manufacture and operation were estimated. Regional comparisons and sensitivity analyses were then performed. Based on one mid-range scenario, GHG emissions from new road construction account for roughly 0.1 to 4% of regional road transportation GHG emissions depending on the region; existing road maintenance accounts for 0.32 to 3%; vehicle manufacturing for 4 to 13% of regional GHG emissions; vehicle operation accounts for 82% to 93% of regional GHG emissions; and road roughness is responsible for approximately 2% of the total system impacts. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, transportation sector, global warming, global road networks, benchmark, road infrastructure |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt85s1v4pg |
| By: | Zhou, Peng (Cardiff Business School); Jin, Shijie; Mazouz, Khelifa (Cardiff Business School); Ding, Wenjie |
| Abstract: | This paper demonstrates that green-labeling forms an integral part of financial investment vehicles. We use data from the EU green bond market to show that green labels reduce the required yields on bonds (the “greenium†) in the long run, with the effect being more pronounced when labels are externally certified. We also find that green bonds can increase investors’ short-term attention when they are externally labeled. Further evidence suggests that the greenium of self-labeled green bonds is mainly attributed to a weak signaling effect, whereas that of externally-labeled bonds results from a combination of signaling effect and pro-environmental preferences. Our findings indicate that investors value the reassurance that third-party certifications provide about the ethical use of bond proceeds. This highlights the potential benefits of introducing stricter oversight of green bond proceeds in the bond market. |
| Keywords: | Green Bond Label; Signaling Effect; Pro-environmental Taste |
| JEL: | G12 G41 Q59 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2024/21 |
| By: | Olympia Nisiforou; Angelos Alamanos; Jorge Andres Garcia; Lydia Papadaki; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The maritime sector faces increasing challenges as part of its ongoing transformation period towards more sustainable shipping: There is a shift in fuel preferences, with a gradual phasing out of high-polluting options in favor of cleaner, more sustainable alternatives, amidst increasingly stringent environmental policies pushing for greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reduction, on top of the already complex techno-economic considerations for optimal shipping operations. These multifaceted challenges call for sophisticated, holistic solutions that can address economic, environmental, and operational aspects simultaneously. In response, the Global Climate Hub (GCH - an initiative under the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network) develops integrated models to assess such problems and provide sustainable pathways. Here, we present such a model, the MaritimeGCH, a free, open-source, simple and comprehensive tool to address such challenges of maritime fleet management. MaritimeGCH integrates different techno-economic, environmental, operational factors and recent European environmental policies into a single, comprehensive model, which is at the same time simple and transferable to various scales. The optimization logic is first described for maritime problems; next the detailed mathematical description of MaritimeGCH model is presented; and finally, its potential for policy-relevant scenario analysis is outlined with specific examples. The model is publicly available to encourage similar applications and improvements. |
| Keywords: | MaritimeGCH, Global Climate Hub, Fleet Optimization, Shipping, Sustainable maritime operations; Environmental regulations, Techno-economic analysis |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2504 |
| By: | Jacqueline Mosomi (SALDRU, University of Cape Town.); Wendy Cunningham (The World Bank) |
| Abstract: | To adequately prepare the labor force for the green economy, policymakers and workers require a detailed understanding of the nature of green jobs. This study profiles green jobs in the South African labour market. We use labour force survey data and apply an occupational task-based approach to identify current green occupations and associated jobs, count them, and profile their workers and wages. We find that 5.5 percent to 32 percent of South Africa’s jobs can be labelled as “green”, where the former estimate uses a strict definition and the latter uses a broad definition. The share of strictly green jobs has not changed over eight years. While 65 percent of strictly green occupations can be classified as high (skill)-occupations, only 55 percent of workers are in these occupations, reflecting numerous employment opportunities in mid-level and elementary green occupations. Strictly green occupations tend to be male-dominated and held by prime-age (25-44) workers with post-secondary school. However, the profile of those in the greenest of the green occupations are older (age 45-65) workers and black African with lower than matric qualifications. Policies to prepare South Africans to engage in the green economy include developing a strategy to teach new and existing workers to use green technologies, targeting green occupations in youth development programs, making a concerted effort to support women in STEM, helping low-skilled green workers to organize and improve their work conditions, and continuing to collect and analyze data to better track South Africa’s progress in becoming a green labour force. |
| Keywords: | green jobs, green occupations, South Africa, task-based approach, labour market structure |
| JEL: | J21 Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:305 |
| By: | GEORGHIOU Luke |
| Abstract: | The paper explores the strategic role of policy mixes in steering large-scale incumbent firms towards sustainable economic pathways in Europe. The paper acknowledges the critical contribution of start-ups in the sustainability sector but emphasizes the need for a transition among the established firms dominating carbon-intensive industries so as to meet climate neutrality targets. Drawing upon a review of existing policy instruments in the EU and beyond and on the policy mix literature, Georghiou emphasises the complexity of aligning technological innovation, business models, and regulatory frameworks at different governance levels. Principles for a taxonomy of policy instruments and measures are proposed. These highlight the need to supplement supply-side and regulatory interventions with demand-side instruments. Systemic frameworks are needed to embrace the complexity of transition and to ensure that changes in corporate behaviour are embedded. The paper calls for more evaluation to gain a nuanced understanding of policy influences on corporate behaviour and the combination of resources, incentives, capabilities and opportunities needed to support policy frameworks that encourage innovation and the diffusion of green technology, balancing sustainability with growth and employment objectives. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139561 |
| By: | Cavalcanti, T.; Mohaddes, K.; Nian, H.; Yin, H. |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the long-term impact of air pollution on firm-level R&D human capital composition and innovation, as well as the strategies firms adopt to mitigate these effects. Using a spatial regression discontinuity design based on China’s Huai River heating policy and exploring a novel dataset with detailed information on firm-level R&D sector, we show that prolonged exposure to air pollution significantly reduces the proportion of R&D workers with advanced degrees, such as PhDs and master’s degrees. To counteract these challenges, firms in polluted areas increase their reliance on external strategies, such as acquiring technology and collaborating with universities, and adopt internal measures, including enhanced welfare subsidies for R&D staff and greater investment in experimental instruments. Despite these efforts, firms in polluted areas still produce lower R&D value compared to those in cleaner regions. Our results highlight the key importance of internal human capital in complementing external technological investments. |
| Keywords: | adaptive strategies, air pollution, firm value, innovation, R&D human capital composition |
| Date: | 2024–11–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2466 |
| By: | Kim, Keuntae; Byrd, Daniel; Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this literature review is to assess what is currently known about the ability of travel demand forecasting models (TDMs) to provide accurate forecasts for different types of transportation plans and projects with respect to different outcome measures of interest. The role of TDMs in assessing the implications of highway expansions for vehicle miles of travel (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is of particular interest given the current regulatory context. Relevant studies for this review were found using a variety of search terms in the Transport Research International Documentation (TRID) database and Google Scholar. The report reviewed the available studies with respect to the themes of limitations of the models, validity testing and sensitivity testing, and VMT forecasting. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Travel demand forecasting, travel demand models, induced travel |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt20v0f1r8 |
| By: | Fairuz , Maisha (Maastricht University); Foster-McGregor , Neil (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | While global value chains (GVCs) are considered an important development escalator, concerns over their environmental consequences have been increasing. By providing opportunities to shift production to developing economies, GVCs risk carbon leakage. Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have proved important drivers of GVC trade. In this paper we examine whether the presence and breadth of PTAs is associated with increased emissions embodied in GVC trade, and further ask whether the presence of environmental provisions in PTAs impacts upon emissions traded in GVCs. Our results suggest that the presence of a PTA between partners is associated with increased emissions embodied in GVC trade, with this effect largely the result of increased GVC trade between PTA partners. We also show, however, that the presence of an environmental provision in PTAs can mitigate this effect, with environmental provisions reducing both the scale of GVC trade and the emissions intensity of that trade. |
| Keywords: | global value chains; CO2 emissions; preferential trade agreements; gravity model |
| JEL: | F13 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0755 |
| By: | Burke, M.; Agarwala, M.; Klusak, P.; Mohaddes, K. |
| Abstract: | This paper links climate science with sovereign risk assessment to produce a single forward-looking measure of country-level climate change risk. We combine the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) climate scenarios with a sovereign credit ratings model to simulate the impact of climate change on credit ratings, cost of debt and probability of default. For the first time, we extend beyond the physical risks of extreme weather events to explicitly incorporate risks associated with transitioning the global economy towards Net Zero. Across the sample of 48 countries and under a scenario of high (low) physical and transition risks, we find average downgrades of 3.9 (2.7) notches and mean increases in the cost of debt of 123 (76) basis points and default probability of 10.4% (6.2%). Counter-intuitively, ratings, default probability, and cost of debt appear insensitive to scenarios in some countries, with important implications for the usefulness of NGFS scenarios across central banks. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign debt, credit ratings, climate policy, transition risks, climate change |
| JEL: | C53 E60 G20 H63 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–12–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2470 |
| By: | Monica Barahona-Varon; Toker Doganoglu (University of Wuerzburg); Lukasz Grzybowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines Eurobarometer survey data from 27, 438 individuals across 28 EU Member States in 2019 to evaluate the awareness and impact of EU Energy Labels. Specifically, we analyze the role of socioeconomic characteristics such as age, gender, education, financial stability, and political engagement. Our results suggest that individual characteristics have a greater effect on the influence of labels on purchase decisions than on label awareness. However, significant heterogeneity across countries persists even after controlling for individual characteristics. Using our model, we conduct three exercises in which we assume a policymaker can either increase label awareness among all unaware individuals or target those with specific characteristics, and we demonstrate the resulting impact on the share of people whose purchases are influenced by the label. The findings reveal that even when label awareness is at its highest level, it does not necessarily translate into substantially higher influence on purchasing decisions in some countries. Additionally, at the country level, certain socioeconomic and political variables are positively correlated with label awareness. |
| Keywords: | European Green Deal, Ecodesign Directive, Energy-efficiency |
| JEL: | D12 Q41 Q48 C83 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-23 |
| By: | Eskander, Shaikh (University of Alabama Birmingham); Mahmud, Minhaj (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the mitigating effects of climate policies in addressing climate-induced health adversities. We first investigate the effect of in utero exposure to rainfall variations on child health outcomes in Bangladesh and find that in utero exposure to rainfall variations negatively affects children’s anthropometric outcomes. We then exploit the heterogeneity in location and timing of district-level allocations for climate projects under the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund to identify that some of these rainfall-induced health adversities can be mitigated through climate policies. Our findings are robust to alternative empirical specifications and have important policy implications. |
| Keywords: | climate change; climate finance; health; rainfall |
| JEL: | I38 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0756 |
| By: | Christian A. Vossler (Department of Economics, University of Tennessee); Timothy N. Cason; James J. Murphy; Paul J. Ferraro; Todd L. Cherry; George Loewenstein; Peter Martinsson; Jason F. Shogren; Leaf van Boven; Daan van Soest |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the fact that few academic publications document the links between behavioral experiments and public decision making, this paper compiles and describes many studies that were used to inform environmental policy and natural resource management decisions. These experiments informed or changed the designs of emissions trading programs, recreational fishing regulations, conservation auctions, pro-environmental initiatives directed at households, and regulatory enforcement and compliance schemes, and produced nonmarket demand estimates that informed government regulatory analyses. We highlight the context and conditions that produced these experiment-policy links and discuss how researchers can better engage with the policymaking process and increase the impact of experimental research on policy. |
| JEL: | C9 D04 D47 Q28 Q48 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ten:wpaper:2024-05 |
| By: | Hung Q. Tran |
| Abstract: | In September 2024, scientists at the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service reported that summer 2024 was the hottest on record globally, and the previous twelve months posted a average global temperature that was a record 1.64 degrees Celsius (2.95 degrees Fahrenheit) above the average during the pre-industrial period, 1850-1900. This was triggered by a combination of a warmer El Niño cycle and the effects of human-caused warming. While it will take more years of such scorching global temperatures to confirm that the world has failed to keep the temperature increase below 1.5 degrees Celsius, the currently hot weather has given a clear warning that efforts need to be significantly accelerated to meet the key target of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), agreed at the COP21 in Paris in 2015. Exceeding the 1.5 degrees Celsius limit increase now appears to be unavoidable. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_65-24 |
| By: | Nina Xiaochun Sun; Zaifang He; Yi Pang |
| Abstract: | Measuring inequality of opportunities has long been a challenging and open problem, primarily due to the limitations associated with individual-level data. In this study, we utilize data obtained from vehicle license plates in a comprehensive survey (17258 vehicles from 6 major cities in China) to evaluate the inequality of opportunities in the country. In our context, we define inequality of opportunity as the scenario where relatively expensive vehicles have a higher likelihood of being paired with license plates featuring 'Lucky Numbers'. To quantify this, we propose a lucky-number-based opportunity Gini coefficient. Through the calculation of the opportunity Gini coefficient, we observe a significant and positive correlation between opportunity inequality and income inequality. Particularly noteworthy is our finding that the advancement of technology, exemplified by the widespread adoption of new energy vehicles, can substantially reduce the inequality of opportunity. Taking incorporation of a random lottery process before acquiring a motor vehicle in Beijing and Shanghai as a natural experiment, our empirical results support the argument that, in terms of equality, employing random drawing is a fair and equitable approach for allocating scarce resources. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.01298 |
| By: | Handy, Susan; Volker, Jamey |
| Abstract: | The “induced travel” effect is a net increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) across the roadway network due to an increase in roadway capacity. Adding capacity can increase the average travel speed on the roadway (at least initially), increase travel time reliability, and make driving on the roadway appear safer or feel less stressful. It might also provide access to previously inaccessible areas. All of these effects reduce the perceived “cost” of driving. And when the cost of driving goes down, the quantity of driving goes up. Accounting for induced travel in transportation planning is important from the standpoint of accurately assessing both the benefits and costs of projects that expand roadway capacity. This brief summarizes the robust empirical evidence on the magnitude of the induced travel effect and discusses the limitations of travel demand forecasting models in fully capturing the effect. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Calculators, Traffic forecasting, Travel demand, Vehicle miles of travel |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0kj840w2 |
| By: | Cassidy, Alecia Waite; Wu, Fangjian; Zhang, Yiyuan |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of a pollution liability insurance mandate on corporate environmental compliance in Shenzhen, China. We employ a triple differences design, comparing electroplating and circuit board manufacturing firms, mandated to purchase insurance, to industries and a neighboring city without the mandate. Results show a 0.48 reduction in annual environmental violations per firm (a 72% decrease). Only about half of firms comply. Within the Shenzhen electroplating and circuit board industry, we find that insured firms violate more than uninsured firms (an increase of about 0.09 annual violations). We find suggestive evidence that this increase is driven by moral hazard rather than adverse selection. Taken as a whole, our findings demonstrate that premium-based incentives effectively counteract market failures due to asymmetric information, increasing environmental compliance on net. |
| Abstract: | Diese Studie untersucht die Auswirkungen einer Haftpflichtversicherung für Umweltverschmutzung auf die Einhaltung von Umweltvorschriften durch Unternehmen in Shenzhen, China. Wir verwenden ein Triple-Differenzen-Design und vergleichen Unternehmen der Galvanik- und Leiterplattenherstellung, die zum Abschluss einer Versicherung verpflichtet sind, mit Industrien und einer benachbarten Stadt ohne dieses Mandat. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Verringerung der jährlichen Umweltverstöße pro Unternehmen um 0, 48 (ein Rückgang um 72 %). Nur etwa die Hälfte der Unternehmen erfüllt die Auflagen. In der Shenzhener Galvanik- und Leiterplattenindustrie stellen wir fest, dass versicherte Unternehmen mehr Verstöße begehen als nicht versicherte Unternehmen (ein Anstieg von etwa 0, 09 jährlichen Verstößen). Wir finden Hinweise darauf, dass dieser Anstieg eher auf moralisches Risiko als auf negative Selektion zurückzuführen ist. Insgesamt zeigen unsere Ergebnisse, dass prämienbasierte Anreize Marktversagen aufgrund asymmetrischer Informationen wirksam entgegenwirken und die Einhaltung der Umweltvorschriften insgesamt verbessern. |
| Keywords: | Environmental compliance, liability insurance, moral hazard, adverse selection |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q58 K32 G22 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:306831 |
| By: | Barbour, Elisa; Volker, Jamey; Kaeppelin, Francois-Xavier |
| Abstract: | This report investigates how local governments (cities and counties) are implementing California’s Senate Bill 743, adopted in 2013 to eliminate traffic delay, measured using level-of-service (LOS) standards, as a basis for analyzing and mitigating transportation-related impacts of development projects and plans as called for under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Based on a survey of local planning directors in California, administered in Spring, 2024, the report finds that more thanfour-fifths of localities are continuing to apply LOS standards on an “off-CEQA” basis in the permitting process for individual development projects, as well as in community-level plans and policies. Most respondent localities reported that using both VMT and LOS at both the project- and plan-level has not created conflicts, indicating that they are able to align VMT and LOS. Mitigation strategies reported as effective in reducing VMT and also improving LOS include improving active travel facilities, supporting mixed-use development, and relaxing parking requirements; these strategies can be deemed “best practices” foraligning VMT and LOS objectives. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Senate Bill 743, California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) analysis and mitigation, level of service (LOS) standards, environmental review of transportation impacts of development, VMT impact standards and implementation |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2vn3k4sr |
| By: | Olympia Nisiforou; Christopher Deranian; Angelos Alamanos; Jorge Andres Garcia; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The maritime sector faces multiple techno-economic, environmental and development challenges, requiring careful investment decisions. The need for holistic solutions that can address these considerations simultaneously is becoming increasingly pressing. In this paper we present the application of a free, open-source Investment Decision Support Tool, called MaritimeGCH: a least-cost linear optimization model that reflects operational and investment variables and constraints within the shipping industry. The model aims to optimize fleet composition under techno-economic, environmental, operational factors and European environmental regulations. Through this, we are able to test the effect of different technologies, their respective costs and carbon abatement potential within the Greek shipping fleet. China has the largest maritime fleet globally, with a merchant fleet of 249.2 million gross tonnes, overtaking Greece, while Greece follows closely with about 249 million GT. Greece ranks first in deadweight tonnage (DWT), accounting for 17.77% of the global capacity, with a fleet of 364 million DWT. This importance stems from a deep-rooted tradition of maritime expertise and a strategic focus on global shipping markets, positioning it as a crucial component of international trade and economic stability (Alexandropoulou et al., 2021; Papandreou et al., 2021) |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2507 |
| By: | Francis Perrin |
| Abstract: | Le bassin Atlantique est une zone très importante pour l’industrie internationale des hydrocarbures (pétrole et gaz naturel). Elle l’est en termes de réserves, de production et d’exportation de pétrole et de gaz. De plus, son potentiel est loin d’être complètement exploité, ce qui signifie qu’elle continuera à jouer un rôle majeur dans ce secteur pendant de longues années. La partie américaine du bassin Atlantique pose d’ailleurs un sérieux problème aux pays de l’OPEP+, une coalition de 22 États exportateurs de pétrole, qui ont réduit leur production de brut à plusieurs reprises depuis deux ans afin de soutenir les prix de l’or noir. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_70-24 |
| By: | Massimiliano Bonacchi (Faculty of Economics and Management, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy); Luca Menicacci (Faculty of Economics and Management, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy); Fabio Zanderigo Jona (Faculty of Economics and Management, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Il concetto tradizionale di successo aziendale, basato esclusivamente su fatturato e profitto, sta evolvendo verso una valutazione più completa che include l'impatto ambientale, sociale e di governance (ESG). Questo cambiamento riflette una nuova filosofia economica dove il profitto diventa strumento per realizzare un più ampio progetto aziendale rivolto agli stakeholder. In questo lavoro si è effettuata un'analisi delle prime 100 aziende altoatesine. I risultati rivelano trend positivi: a fronte di un aumento del fatturato del 50% in tre anni, le emissioni di CO2 sono cresciute solo del 3%, con un'intensità di emissioni in linea con i parametri europei. Sul fronte sociale, il costo medio per dipendente è aumentato dell'11% (2020-2022), mentre la governance mostra progressi nella presenza femminile nei CdA, sebbene oltre 60 consigli siano ancora composti solo da uomini. |
| Keywords: | ESG; private firms; sustainability reporting; carbon intensity; social accounting; women on board. |
| JEL: | M40 M41 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bzn:wpaper:bemps107 |
| By: | Filippo Cicoli (Department of Economics, Society & Politics, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the impact of political polarization and populism on climate change discourse. Political polarization, driven by ideological and affective divides, hampers effective climate communication and policy-making. Populist rhetoric, characterized by anti-elite sentiments and simplistic narratives, further exacerbates these divides. Social media platforms amplify these polarizing messages, creating echo chambers and reinforcing extreme views. Addressing this polarization requires nuanced communication strategies that bridge ideological gaps and promote fact-based, inclusive discourse, fostering better policy outcomes and collaborative solutions. |
| Keywords: | Polarization; Climate Change; Misinformation; Populism |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:urb:wpaper:24_03 |
| By: | Flensborg, Karen Ivana |
| Abstract: | El presente trabajo se adscribe a la problemática vinculada al cambio climático, energía y turismo. Se propone como objetivo determinar niveles de implementación de medidas vinculadas al uso racional, a la eficiencia energética y a las energías renovables en alojamientos turísticos. A fin de lograrlo, este estudio se encuentra sustentado en diferentes decisiones metodológicas, algunas secuenciales, otras simultáneas y otras recurrentes. Los resultados dan cuenta que los niveles de implementación difieren en los alojamientos en términos de climatización, agua caliente sanitaria, iluminación, lavandería y cocina. Asimismo, se evidencia que todos los alojamientos tienen posibilidades de mejoras en su desempeño energético. |
| Keywords: | Turismo; Transición Energética; Eficiencia Energética; Energías Renovables; Alojamientos Turísticos; |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4241 |
| By: | Knut Are Aastveit; Hilde C. Bjornland; Jamie L. Cross; Helene Olsen Kalstad |
| Abstract: | After decades of a stable environment with low inflation in most advanced economies, global inflation rates surged unexpectedly during the pandemic and have remained elevated since. This paper demonstrates that inflation expectations have significantly amplified the global demand and supply shocks triggered by the pandemic, playing a crucial role in sustaining elevated inflation in the post-pandemic regime. We establish this finding by applying a structural vector autoregression model that includes various shocks to global demand and supply, along with domestic inflation and inflation expectations, across six economies: the United States, Canada, New Zealand, the Euro area, the United Kingdom, and Norway. First, we document that global demand and supply shocks in the oil market, as well as disruptions in global supply chains, have been major drivers of the recent inflation surge in all these economies. Then, through various counterfactual exercises, we demonstrate that inflation expectations generally amplify the transmission of global shocks to inflation — particularly in Canada, New Zealand, and the US during the post-pandemic period. As a result, managing inflation expectations should remain a crucial policy objective to mitigate their amplifying effects on inflation. |
| Keywords: | post-pandemic regime, inflationary expectations, elevated inflation, oil prices, supply chain pressures |
| JEL: | E31 C11 C32 D84 Q41 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-68 |
| By: | PONTI Marisa; PORTELA Manuel; PIERRI Paola; DALY Angela; MILAN Stefania; KAUKONEN LINDHOLM Riikka (European Commission - JRC); MACCANI Giovanni; PETER DE SOUZA Siddharth; THABIT GONZALEZ Sara (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Drawing upon the ambitious policy and legal framework outlined in the Europe Strategy for Data (2020) and the establishment of common European data spaces, this Science for Policy report explores innovative approaches for unlocking relevant data to achieve the objectives of the European Green Deal. The report focuses on the governance and sharing of Green Deal data, analysing a variety of topics related to the implementation of new regulatory instruments, namely the Data Governance Act and the Data Act, as well as the roles of various actors in the data ecosystem. It provides an overview of the current incentives and disincentives for data sharing and explores the existing landscape of Data Intermediaries and Data Altruism Organizations. Additionally, it offers insights from a private sector perspective and outlines key data governance and sharing practices concerning Citizen-Generated Data (CGD). The main conclusions build upon the concept of "Systemic Data Justice, " which emphasizes equity, accountability, and fair representation to foster stronger connections between the supply and demand of data for a more effective and sustainable data economy. Five policy recommendations outline a set of main implications and actionable points for the revision of the INSPIRE Directive (2007) within the context of the common European Green Deal data space, and toward a more sustainable and fair data ecosystem. However, the relevance of these recommendations spills over Green Deal data only, as they outline key elements to ensure that any data ecosystem is both just and impact-oriented. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139026 |
| By: | Yilong Xu (Utrecht University); Mikolaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Nick Hanley (University of Glasgow); Leonhard Lades (University of Stirling); Charles N. Noussair (University of Arizona); Steven Tucker (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | A large literature in behavioral science suggests that people’s emotional condition can have an impact on their choices. We consider how people’s emotions affect their stated preferences and willingness to pay for changes in environmental quality, focusing on the effects of incidental emotions. We use videos to induce emotional states and test the replicability of the results reported in Hanley et al. (2017). Additionally, we employ Face Reader software to verify whether the intended emotional states were successfully induced in our experimental treatments. We find that our treatments succeed in implementing the predicted emotional condition in terms of self-reported emotions, but had a variable effect on measured (estimated) emotional states. We replicate the key result from Hanley et al. (2017): induced emotional state has no significant effect on stated preference estimates or on willingness to pay for environmental quality changes. Moreover, we confirm that, irrespective of the treatment assignment or emotional state - be it self-reported or measured - we observe no significant effect of emotion on stated preferences. We conclude that stated preference estimates for environmental change are unaffected by changes in incidental emotions, and that preference estimates are robust to the emotional state of the responder. |
| Keywords: | behavioural economics, choice experiments, emotions, stated choice, experimental economics |
| JEL: | D01 D12 Q51 C91 D90 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-19 |