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on Energy Economics |
| By: | Goran Durakovic; Hongyu Zhang; Brage Rugstad Knudsen; Asgeir Tomasgard; Pedro Crespo del Granado |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen and carbon capture and storage are pivotal to decarbonize the European energy system in a broad range of pathway scenarios. Yet, their timely uptake in different sectors and distribution across countries are affected by supply options of renewable and fossil energy sources. Here, we analyze the decarbonization of the European energy system towards 2060, covering the power, heat, and industry sectors, and the change in use of hydrogen and carbon capture and storage in these sectors upon Europe's decoupling from Russian gas. The results indicate that the use of gas is significantly reduced in the power sector, instead being replaced by coal with carbon capture and storage, and with a further expansion of renewable generators. Coal coupled with carbon capture and storage is also used in the steel sector as an intermediary step when Russian gas is neglected, before being fully decarbonized with hydrogen. Hydrogen production mostly relies on natural gas with carbon capture and storage until natural gas is scarce and costly at which time green hydrogen production increases sharply. The disruption of Russian gas imports has significant consequences on the decarbonization pathways for Europe, with local energy sources and carbon capture and storage becoming even more important. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.08953&r=ene |
| By: | Fournel, Jean-François |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the environmental performance of electric vehicle subsidy programs in Canada. I leverage changes in the provincial-level subsidies to study their short-run impact on sales and charging station deployment using a natural experiment setting. My findings suggest that subsidies are very effective at increasing electric vehicle adoption, but failed to induce additional charging station installations in the short-run. I rely on a structural estimation of the demand for cars and the supply of charging stations to evaluate the environmental impact of subsidies. My results suggests that Canadian rebate programs led to an increase in adoption of 93%, and an increase in the size of the charging station network of 19%. I take these results as additional evidence of weak network effects. I propose a unified framework to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. I estimate the marginal cost of abating carbon emissions to be between $311 and $423 per ton, well above conventional estimates of the social cost of carbon. Part of the reason behind these high estimated costs is that half of the subsidies went to infra-marginal consumers who would have purchased an electric vehicle whether or not rebates are available. Finally, I evaluate the performance of two alternative policies: an income threshold on eligibility and a cash for clunker program. I find that the additional emission reductions tied to the removal of clunkers are crucial for improving the environmental performance of rebate programs. |
| JEL: | L91 L98 Q5 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:128429&r=ene |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | December 14th, 2022, Viêt Nam with G7 countries plus Denmark and Norway issued a political declaration to establish a Just Energy Transition Partnership. This nonbinding agreement aims to mobilize at least 15.5-billion-USD over the next 3 to 5 years, half as private finance and half as public sector finance. To be prepared by November 2023, the Resource Mobilization Plan (RMP) should support Vietnam's green transition, including these quantified objectives: peaking electricity sector emissions at 170-MtCO2e in 2030; peaking the coal-fired power generation capacity at 30.2-GW; producing 47% of electricity from renewable sources in 2030. This report aims to establish a common understanding to ease the next step: the RMP negotiation. The story is about a group of rich countries seeking to help a middle-income country switch to renewable energy. It starts with a reminder of Vietnam's energy transition context, which has shown impressive gains in the last four years. It then describes the JETP mechanism as a country platform, reviewing the South Africa pathfinder to introduce the Vietnam case, before examining how JETP fit in the international 3nance and climate diplomacy context. Next, it analyzes the two sides of the deal: the pledge to increase the public and private financial Bows into Vietnam's energy sector and the promise to boost Vietnam's GHG emissions reductions. Afer discussing Justice, Technology Transfer, and Finance, the report concludes with a summary of the vision implicit in the JETP political declaration. A comprehensive bibliography on Vietnam's JETP, the verbatim JETP Political Declaration, excerpts from Vietnam's COP26 implementation plan, and our interview protocol including a detailed vision for the JETP implementation are annexed. |
| Keywords: | JETP, Vietnam, Energy transition, Development, Cooperation, Climate Finance |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04094268&r=ene |
| By: | Manuel Llorca; Ana Rodriguez-Alvarez |
| Abstract: | The European Union has committed to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. Reaching this objective implies massive changes in the economies of the region. The biggest challenge of this green transition is to make sure that it happens without sacrificing economic progress and guaranteeing justice and inclusiveness. This pledge requires that every country be capable of addressing the trade-offs between the targets while remaining committed towards the common decarbonisation goal. This paper analyses the success with which European countries are carrying out the energy transition. We propose an enhanced hyperbolic distance function and a stochastic frontier analysis approach to model the joint attainment of economic development, environmental sustainability, and energy equity. We apply our model to an unbalanced panel dataset of 29 European countries for the period 2005-2018. Our estimates show that the average performance of the European economies has improved throughout the studied period. However, the patterns of progress have been different, showing the non-EU-15 countries a steeper evolution than the EU-15 countries. Our results also highlight the pivotal role of a sustainable economic development with clean energies for both slashing CO2 emissions and fostering energy equity. Moreover, we find sigma convergence, being this slightly higher for the EU-15 countries. Additionally, we obtain absolute and conditional beta convergence for both non-EU-15 and EU-15 countries. Finally, we show that a higher share of renewable energy sources helps countries that are lagging behind to reach their optimal level of performance. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oeg:wpaper:2023/05&r=ene |
| By: | Yanxia Yu |
| Abstract: | Do carbon taxes reduce CO2 emissions in the countries that adopt it? Andersson (2019) provides a clear, affirmative answer. His paper has been widely cited as evidence that carbon taxes “work”. To check whether the estimates from Andersson (2019) are reliable, I replicate his paper using its publicly available data and codes. I modify his synthetic control method (SCM) by using a more restricted set of control units (excluding one potential treated unit). I also use a more efficient methodology to estimate price effects on gasoline consumption. My best estimate is that carbon taxes reduced CO2 emissions in Sweden’s transport sector by 7.7%, even larger than Andersson’s estimate of 6.3%. I then extend Andersson’s approach to Norway to see if I obtain similar results. My estimates indicate that per capita CO2 emissions decreased by a smaller, 2.4% in Norway’s transport sector after the introduction of its carbon tax. When I extend Andersson’s analysis to the national level in Sweden, my results are uninformative due to the difficulty in finding a satisfactory synthetic control counterfactual. |
| Keywords: | Replications, synthetic control method, carbon tax, CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | C8 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:23/09&r=ene |
| By: | Stephen K. Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley I. Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Favour C. Onuoha (Evangel University Akaeze, Nigeria); Benedict I. Uzoechina (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria); Ebele S. Nwokoye (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The Sub-Saharan Africa region is disproportionately affected by energy poverty and is considered highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Therefore, addressing the pressing challenges of energy poverty and promoting environmental sustainability in this region is of paramount importance. Consequently, this study appraises the relationship between energy poverty and ecological preservation in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2005 to 2020, using government effectiveness and regulatory quality as moderating variables. A combination of energy poverty indicators and an index of energy poverty computed via the principal component analysis method were applied to identify the link between energy poverty and ecological sustainability. The instrumental variable generalized method of moment technique was applied to address the likelihood of endogeneity issues, and the Driscoll-Kraay approach was employed to check the consistency of the instrumental variable generalized method of moment method. Key findings indicate that energy poverty expands the ecological footprint in Sub-Saharan Africa, leading to ecological deterioration, while the interaction with government effectiveness and regulatory quality further deteriorates the environment. Subsequently, the study provides several recommendations to mitigate the influence of energy poverty on the environment. |
| Keywords: | Energy Poverty, Environmental Sustainability, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/050&r=ene |
| By: | Khalil, Makram; Strobel, Felix |
| Abstract: | In a structural dynamic model that incorporates two broad production sectors with different carbon emissions, we find that climate policy uncertainty (CPU) shocks (i) lower the market value of the highly carbon-emitting sector relative to the low carbon-emitting sector, and (ii) reduce real investment and the capital stock in the highly carbon-emitting sector, while real investment in the sector with low carbon emissions tends to fare better. To apply the theoretical predictions to the data, we employ a news article-based measure of climate policy uncertainty to identify CPU shocks as well as quarterly balance sheet data of listed firms in the United States. In line with the predictions from the theoretical model, we find that in response to CPU shocks (i) financial markets markedly revalue strongly carbon-emitting firms relative to firms with low carbon emissions, and (ii) substantial investment reallocation takes place, in particular from the manufacturing sector towards services. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy uncertainty, production factor reallocation, firm-level investment decision, financial market valuation |
| JEL: | E22 E44 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:232023&r=ene |
| By: | Ottesen, Andri; Banna, Sumayya; Alzougool, Basil; Damrah, Sadeq |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the early adopter market for electric vehicles (EVs) as preamble for mass adoption of EVs as a tool to help Kuwait lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and meet climate policy standards. From interviews and surveys conducted, we found major trends preventing EVs from mass adoption and conclude with a series of recommendations for the Kuwaiti government that would help EV market in Kuwait to develop their mass market appeal, thus lowering current GHG emissions and fulfil international and national commitments towards sustainability. Open-ended interviews were conducted with all automobile dealers in Kuwait selling EVs as well as with 10 current EV owners, in addition to a quantitative 600-participant survey of mostly 18 to 40-year-old drivers of conventional cars. The survey focuses on whether participants were likely to purchase an EV as their next vehicle and under what circumstances. More than half of the participants indicated they were likely to purchase EVs if there were more fast charging stations readily available, if the price of EVs was comparable to conventional vehicles and if gasoline prices increased relative to electricity. Additionally, they would need to have a battery warranty for the duration of the vehicle. Based on the interviews and surveys, the paper presents ten reasons for the current low rate of EV adoption in Kuwait as well as recommendation for improvements. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120091&r=ene |
| By: | Daniel Clarke; Philip Chan; Matthew Dequeljoe; Yuri Kim; Sarah Barahona |
| Abstract: | The shipping industry is essential for international trade, but it is also an important source of CO2 emissions. To make progress towards climate targets, countries need to monitor CO2 emissions from vessels owned by their ship operator companies. However, most shipping activity takes place outside national borders, making it more difficult to monitor than activity taking place within countries. The OECD’s experimental database on OECD.stat provides a new source of data for CO2 emissions from global shipping, which is available monthly in near real time. This data will help national statistics producers to compile their Air Emission Accounts (AEAs) for the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). This Working Paper presents some initial results from the new data source and describes how they were produced. The method is based on granular and timely ship-level data provided by the United Nations Global Platform, and it uses a bottom-up estimation approach to produce results broken down by country and type of ship. |
| Keywords: | Climate, Environmental-economic accounting, Greenhouse gas emissions, Net zero, Transport |
| JEL: | L91 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2023/04-en&r=ene |
| By: | Emambakhsh, Tina; Fuchs, Maximilian; Kördel, Simon; Kouratzoglou, Charalampos; Lelli, Chiara; Pizzeghello, Riccardo; Salleo, Carmelo; Spaggiari, Martina |
| Abstract: | Transition to a carbon-neutral economy is necessary to limit the negative impact of climate change and has become one of the world’s most urgent priorities. This paper assesses the impact of three potential transition pathways, differing in the timing and level of ambition of emissions’ reduction, and quantifies the associated investment needs, economic costs and financial risks for corporates, households and financial institutions in the euro area. Building on the first ECB top-down, economy-wide climate stress test, this paper contributes to the field of climate stress testing by introducing three key innovations. First, the design of three short-term transition scenarios that combine the transition paths developed by the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) with macroeconomic projections that allow for the latest energy-related developments. Second, the introduction of granular sectoral dynamics and energy-specific considerations by country relevant to transition risk. Finally, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transition risk on the euro area private sector and on the financial system, using a granular dataset that combines climate, energy-related and financial information for millions of firms with the euro area credit register and securities database and country-level data on households. By comparing different transition scenarios, the results of the exercise show that acting immediately and decisively would provide significant benefits for the euro area economy and financial system, not only by maintaining the optimal net-zero emissions path (and therefore limiting the physical impact of climate change), but also by limiting financial risk. An accelerated transition to a carbon-neutral economy would be helpful to contain risks for financial institutions and would not generate financial stability concerns for the euro area, provided that firms and households could finance their green investments in an orderly manner. However, the heterogeneous results across economic sectors and banks suggest that more careful monitoring of certain entity subsets and of credit exposures will be required during the transition process. JEL Classification: C53, C55, G21, Q47, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate scenarios, climate stress test, energy, transition risk |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2023328&r=ene |
| By: | Fabian Scheller; Karyn Morrissey; Karsten Neuhoff; Dogan Keles |
| Abstract: | Transitioning to a net-zero economy requires a nuanced understanding of homeowners decision-making pathways when considering the adoption of Low Carbon Technologies (LCTs). These LCTs present both personal and collective benefits, with positive perceptions critically influencing attitudes and intentions. Our study analyses the relationship between two primary benefits: the household-level financial gain and the broader environmental advantage. Focusing on the intention to adopt Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems, Energy Efficient Appliances, and Green Electricity Tariffs, we employ Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to demonstrate that the adoption intention of the LCTs is underpinned by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Attitudes toward the LCTs are more strongly related to product-specific benefits than affective constructs. In terms of evaluative benefits, environmental benefits exhibit a higher positive association with attitude formation compared to financial benefits. However, this relationship switches as homeowners move through the decision process with the financial benefits of selected LCTs having a consistently higher association with adoption intention. At the same time, financial benefits also positively affect attitudes. Observing this trend across both low- and high-cost LCTs, we recommend that policymakers amplify homeowners' recognition of the individual benefits intrinsic to LCTs and enact measures that ensure these financial benefits. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.10104&r=ene |
| By: | naryono, endang (STIE PASIM SUKABUMI) |
| Abstract: | Jakarta tops the list as the world's most polluted city, having consistently been in the ranks of the top 10 most polluted cities globally since May, according to data from Swiss air quality technology company IQAir. Jakarta, which has a population of more than 10 million people, records unhealthy levels of air pollution almost every day. While not number one daily on IQair's list of most polluted cities, historical air quality charts show it is consistently in the top 10. Jakartans have long complained of the toxic air from traffic, industrial fumes and coal-fired power plants. Some of them filed and won civil lawsuits in 2021 demanding the government take action to control air pollution. The court at the time ruled the government should establish national air quality standards to protect human health, while the health minister and governor of Jakarta should devise a strategy to control air pollution. The impact of air pollution is getting more polluted day by day and threatening public health, the policies of the central and regional governments are not able to reduce the pollution index in Jakarta which is getting worse and tends to be dangerous. The volume of vehicles that continues to increase, the amount of green space that is reduced and the lack of strict adherence to regulations result in worsening air quality in Jakarta. |
| Date: | 2023–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2kej4&r=ene |
| By: | Valérie Mignon; Celso Brunetti; Marc Joëts |
| Abstract: | We analyze the content of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) communications and whether it provides valuable information to the crude oil market. To this end, we derive an empirical strategy which allows us to measure OPEC’s public signal and test its credibility. Using Structural Topic Models, we identify several topics in OPEC narratives. We show that these topics are related to fundamental factors such as demand, supply, and speculative activity in the crude oil market, highlighting that OPEC narratives are highly linked to oil market volatility and traders’ positions. We also find that OPEC communication is credible, reduces oil price volatility, and prompts market participants to rebalance their positions. |
| Keywords: | OPEC Announcements, Structural Topic Models, Volatility, Traders’ Positions |
| JEL: | G10 Q35 Q40 C45 C50 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2023-24&r=ene |
| By: | Gisela Rua |
| Abstract: | Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and resulting international sanctions, natural gas imports from Russia to Europe declined drastically to well below their historical averages. This reduction raised concerns about Europe’s energy supply, given its dependence on Russian gas. |
| Date: | 2023–08–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfn:96659&r=ene |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | energy crisis, international markets, vietnam |
| Date: | 2023–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04088100&r=ene |
| By: | Daniel Moura da Costa Teixeira; Helder Lara Ferreira Filho; Jose Luis Oreiro |
| Abstract: | For most of human history, the economic system has operated according to the environment’s support capacity, but this relationship changed radically after the Industrial Revolution. Since then, the economy has achieved sufficiently great scale and scope to make the rate of natural resource and energy consumption as well as waste generation rival the environment’s support capacity. Hence, sustainable development requires the economy to expand at diminishing rates of natural resource consumption and pollutant emissions, including GHGs, as well as allow the long-term restoration of natural capital stocks. This purpose is only achieved through an Ecological Structural Change, which doesn’t occur spontaneously due to several market failures and risks involved in investments in cleaner technologies and innovations, requiring a set of public policies. Therefore, this paper discusses the relationship between environmental sustainability, ecological structural change, economic complexity, and the implications for environmental policies in an eco-developmental (and broader) strategy. The insights obtained point out that it is the State's role to coordinate and provide information during policy management, acting as an identifier of opportunities for diversification of the economy that contribute to environmental sustainability. Besides that, to avoid corruption and rent-seeking processes, it is important to establish a proper institutional framework for effective interaction between the market and public sectors, mechanisms for transparency and accountability as well as the national eco-developmental strategy must have a high status in the governmental agenda |
| Keywords: | Green New Developmentalism; Climate Change; Forest Change; Economic Complexity; Policy Coordination |
| JEL: | Q01 Q32 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp2312&r=ene |
| By: | Emmerling, Johannes; Tavoni, Massimo; Pezzoli, Perguiseppe |
| Abstract: | Geoengineering, including solar radiation management (SRM) has received increasing scrutiny due to the rise of climate extremes and slow progress in mitigating global carbon emissions. This climate policy option, even as a possibility, can have consequential implications for international climate governance. Here we study how solar engineering affects the effectiveness and stability of a large set of regional coalitions through numerical simulations. We posit a requirement in terms of global political or economic power and analyze the exclusive membership coalition formation process when coalitions jointly decide on geoengineering and mitigation. We show that geoengineering can provide incentives for cooperation and partially solve the typical trade-off between stability and effectiveness of climate coalitions. However, temperature reduction mostly comes from deploying SRM within the coalition rather than from further emission reductions, thus exposing the world to relatively large-scale deployment of SRM with as of today uncertain potential side effects and risks. |
| Date: | 2023–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-32&r=ene |
| By: | Nuno Cassola (CEMAPRE, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Center for European Studies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy); Claudio Morana (Center for European Studies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis; CeRP, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Italy); Elisa Ossola (Center for European Studies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis) |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses serious economic, financial, and social challenges to humanity, and green transition policies are now actively implemented in many industrialized countries. Whether financial markets price climate risks is critical to ensuring that the necessary funding flows into environmentally sound projects and that stranded assets risk is adequately managed. In this paper, we assess climate risks for the European stock market within the context of Alessi et al. (2023) greenness and transparency factor. We show that measures of returns spreads of green vs. brown investment might reflect climate risks and assets' exposition to systematic macro-financial risk factors. These latter factors should be filtered out to measure climate risks accurately. We show that climate risks are priced in the European stock market by focusing on aggregate, industry, and company-level data. We propose a market-based green rating procedure, which might be of particular interest to evaluate non-transparent and non-disclosing companies for which ESG information is unavailable. We illustrate its implementation using a sample of over 800 non-transparent firms. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk, environmental disclosure, macro-finance interface, unconditional factor models, asset pricing, European Union |
| JEL: | G01 G11 G12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:23-14&r=ene |
| By: | Adrien Fabre (CNRS, CIRED); Thomas Douenne (University of Amsterdam); Linus Mattauch (TU Berlin) |
| Abstract: | We document majority support for policies entailing global redistribution and climate mitigation. Recent surveys on 40, 680 respondents in 20 countries covering 72% of global carbon emissions show strong support for an effective way to jointly combat climate change and poverty: a global carbon price funding a global basic income, called the “Global Climate Scheme†(GCS). Using complementary surveys on 8, 000 respondents in the U.S., France, Germany, Spain, and the UK, we test several hypotheses that could reconcile strong stated support with a lack of salience in policy circles. A list experiment shows no evidence of social desirability bias, majorities are willing to sign a real-stake petition, and global redistribution ranks high in the prioritization of policies. Conjoint analyses reveal that a platform is more likely to be preferred if it contains the GCS or a global tax on millionaires. Universalistic attitudes are confirmed by an incentivized donation. In sum, our findings indicate that global policies are genuinely supported by a majority of the population. Public opinion is therefore not the reason that they do not prominently enter political debates. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, global policies, cap-and-trade, attitudes, survey |
| JEL: | P48 Q58 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2023.08&r=ene |
| By: | SujayKumar Reddy M; Gopakumar G |
| Abstract: | PM-Gati-Shakti Initiative, integration of ministries, including railways, ports, waterways, logistic infrastructure, mass transport, airports, and roads. Aimed at enhancing connectivity and bolstering the competitiveness of Indian businesses, the initiative focuses on six pivotal pillars known as "Connectivity for Productivity": comprehensiveness, prioritization, optimization, synchronization, analytical, and dynamic. In this study, we explore the application of these pillars to address the problem of "Maximum Demand Forecasting in Delhi." Electricity forecasting plays a very significant role in the power grid as it is required to maintain a balance between supply and load demand at all times, to provide a quality electricity supply, for Financial planning, generation reserve, and many more. Forecasting helps not only in Production Planning but also in Scheduling like Import / Export which is very often in India and mostly required by the rural areas and North Eastern Regions of India. As Electrical Forecasting includes many factors which cannot be detected by the models out there, We use Classical Forecasting Techniques to extract the seasonal patterns from the daily data of Maximum Demand for the Union Territory Delhi. This research contributes to the power supply industry by helping to reduce the occurrence of disasters such as blackouts, power cuts, and increased tariffs imposed by regulatory commissions. The forecasting techniques can also help in reducing OD and UD of Power for different regions. We use the Data provided by a department from the Ministry of Power and use different forecast models including Seasonal forecasts for daily data. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.07320&r=ene |
| By: | Jubril Animashaun (Department of Economics, The University of Manchester, UK); Ada Wossink (Department of Economics, The University of Manchester, UK); Katsushi S. Imai (Department of Economics, The University of Manchester, UK and Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN) |
| Abstract: | This paper tests the hypotheses that (1) European colonization indirectly hinders the development outcomes, namely GDP per capita growth, by lowering institutional quality and encouraging corruption in colonized oil-rich countries, and (2) better macro institutional quality mitigates the historically-rooted resource curse. We constructed the instrumental variable by categorizing countries based on the evidence of settlers' mortality and the persistence of European colonial languages as official post-independence languages in oil-rich non-western countries. Also, we isolate the effect of giant oil discoveries with the depth of oil fields because of the plausible relationship with the geological characteristics of oil formation. We estimate a 2-Step GMM model that controls the lagged moments of GDP per capita using the data for 69 countries with at least a discovery of giant oil fields from 1960 to 2015. We show that oil-rich countries without colonial experience have better institutions, which translates to improving GDP per capita and reducing the corruption index. Our findings highlight the importance of historical factors associated with state origin when formulating policies to address the resource curse. |
| Keywords: | Resource Curse; Colonialism; Institutions; Petroleum-resources |
| JEL: | F54 E02 O43 Q35 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2023-19&r=ene |
| By: | Fatemeh Nazari; Abolfazl Mohammadian; Thomas Stephens |
| Abstract: | A sustainable solution to negative externalities imposed by road transportation is replacing internal combustion vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs), especially plug-in EV (PEV) encompassing plug-in hybrid EV (PHEV) and battery EV (BEV). However, EV market share is still low and is forecast to remain low and uncertain. This shows a research need for an in-depth understanding of EV adoption behavior with a focus on one of the main barriers to the mass EV adoption, which is the limited electric driving range. The present study extends the existing literature in two directions; First, the influence of the psychological aspect of driving range, which is referred to as range anxiety, is explored on EV adoption behavior by presenting a nested logit (NL) model with a latent construct. Second, the two-level NL model captures individuals' decision on EV adoption behavior distinguished by vehicle transaction type and EV type, where the upper level yields the vehicle transaction type selected from the set of alternatives including no-transaction, sell, trade, and add. The fuel type of the vehicles decided to be acquired, either as traded-for or added vehicles, is simultaneously determined at the lower level from a set including conventional vehicle, hybrid EV, PHEV, and BEV. The model is empirically estimated using a stated preferences dataset collected in the State of California. A notable finding is that anxiety about driving range influences the preference for BEV, especially as an added than traded-for vehicle, but not the decision on PHEV adoption. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.10313&r=ene |
| By: | Andrea Cipollini; Fabio Parla |
| Abstract: | In this study, we use data on European stocks to construct a green-minus-brown portfolio hedging climate risk and to evaluate its performance in terms of cumulative expected and unexpected returns. More specifically, we estimate a Structural Panel VAR fitted to one month return and realized volatility computed for 40 constituents of a green portfolio (i.e., the low carbon emission portfolio monitored by Refinitiv) and for 41 constituents of a brown portfolio (underlying the Oil&Gas and Utilities industry sectors of the STOXX Europe 600). The common shocks underlying the cross-sectional averages, interpreted as portfolio shocks, are retrieved in a first stage of the analysis and they are used to control for cross-sectional dependence. We compute the historical decomposition (for cumulative returns) in a second stage of the analysis and we find, in line with P´astor, L., Stambaugh, R. F., & Taylor, L. A. (2022). Dissecting green returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 146 (2), 403–424, an out-performance of the expected component of the brown portfolio relative to the one for the green portfolio, and an out-performance of the green portfolio when we turn our focus on the unexpected component. We also extend the analysis of P´astor et al. (2022), assessing, for the top 5 constituents of the green portfolio (e.g., those which are found to have the worst performance in terms of expected return), the role played by idiosyncratic shocks in shaping their out-performance in terms of unexpected component. Finally, after exploiting the non-gaussian time series properties of the financial time series considered for the purpose of statistical identification, we are able to interpret ex post the idiosyncratic shocks in terms of financial leverage and risk aversion. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk, green and brown portfolios, portfolio shocks, Panel VAR |
| JEL: | C33 C58 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mod:wcefin:0093&r=ene |
| By: | Wähling, Lara-Sophie; Fridahl, Mathias; Heimann, Tobias; Merk, Christine |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the results of a globally distributed survey on policies for incentivizing bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). The current lack of policy incentives to support the implementation of BECCS constitutes a major deployment barrier. Therefore, scientists and policymakers are now debating the optimal BECCS policy framework. Previous studies have presented theoretical analyses of policy options to spur deployment, yet despite the considerable influence of experts on policy processes, very few studies have explored expert opinions. Drawing on an online survey of experts (N = 46), we explore their policy preferences and whether those preferences differ or converge between experts from different working sectors. The results show that a tax and refund scheme, a flat-rate subsidy, and reverse auctioning are considered more suitable than other measures. Furthermore, most experts agree that rather than a stand-alone policy, a policy mix would be needed in order to support BECCS deployment. Several experts propose a sequence of policies, moving from publicly funded supply-push policies in the short term to budget-neutral demand-pull policies in the longer term. Regarding various subsidy schemes, respondents favor investment subsidies or results-based subsidies based on stored biogenic carbon dioxide. The relatively minor differences in the response patterns between groups of experts suggest that a consensus on a preferred BECCS policy pathway might be forming across different sectors and interest groups. Therefore, our results could inform policymakers on policy instruments for BECCS that are considered most suitable by experts and thus help to shape the policy pathway for BECCS. |
| Keywords: | Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), Negative emissions, Net-zero, Policy instruments, Policy sequencing, Expert survey |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:275739&r=ene |
| By: | Willems, Bert; Yueting, Yu |
| Abstract: | We compare uniform and discriminatory-price auctions in wholesale electricity markets, studying both long-run investment incentives and short-run bidding behaviors. We develop a monopolistic competition model with a continuum of generation technologies ranging from base load to peak load, free entry and uncertain elastic demand. Our findings reveal that discriminatory-price auctions are inefficient because consumers’ willingness to pay exceeds the marginal costs and investment incentives are distorted. Despite having an equal total installed capacity, the generation mix under discriminatory-price auctions skews towards a shortage of base-load technologies. Consequently, this results in a lower long-run consumer surplus. |
| JEL: | D44 D47 L94 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:128423&r=ene |
| By: | Brilé Anderson; Rafael Prieto Curiel; Jorge Eduardo Patiño Quinchía |
| Abstract: | Africa is undergoing an unprecedented urban and climate transition; yet, given the right conditions, compact urban forms can encourage greater sustainability, resilience and liveability in the coming decades. Using novel techniques and newly available data, this report fills in existing data gaps by producing measures of compactness for 5 625 urban agglomerations, along with other urban form attributes. Even though urbanisation is often unplanned and uncoordinated, a promising trend has emerged: very large cities (of over 4 million inhabitants) are more compact, discounting the population effect, on average, than larger (1 million to 4 million inhabitants) and intermediate cities (50 000 to 1 million inhabitants). Moreover, less compact agglomerations tend to have smaller buildings, flat, low skylines, less complete centres (reflecting a less optimal use of space) and polycentric patterns (i.e. multiple centres, rather than a single, monocentric city). This report analyses the consequences of less compact agglomerations for sustainability and liveability. The disadvantages include higher energy demand, less accessibility to services and opportunities, less walkable urban landscapes and greater car dependency, in addition to higher outdoor air pollution. It also considers the potential trade-offs with resilience; for example, compactness can lead to a loss of green space and an increase of urban heat island effects. The report offers opportunities in the coming years to single out potential areas of action for resilience, as well as for monitoring and evaluating progress. |
| Keywords: | Africa, cities, compactness, spatial data, sustainability |
| JEL: | Q24 Q47 Q56 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:swacaa:40-en&r=ene |
| By: | Evans, Olaniyi; Nwaogwugwu, Isaac; Vincent, Olusegun; Wale-Awe, Olawale; Mesagan, Ekundayo; Ojapinwa, Taiwo |
| Abstract: | The removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria in 2023 has triggered a profound shift with far-reaching implications across economic, social, and environmental spheres. This study probes into the complex web of consequences arising from this drastic policy transformation, examining both the direct and indirect effects on the Nigerian society and economy. While the reallocation of resources from subsidies to vital sectors like healthcare, transport and education holds positive transformative potentials, ensuring effective utilization and equitable distribution of these funds warrants meticulous consideration. Achieving tangible improvements in essential services without unintentional negative consequences emerges as a central challenge. Drawing from historical precedents of subsidy removal attempts in Nigeria, the study underscores the importance of managing public sentiment and stakeholder reactions. The complexity arising from the interplay of economic, political, environmental, and societal factors necessitates a holistic approach. The study highlights the significance of informed decision-making to mitigate negative short-term impacts, harness long-term gains, and safeguard the vulnerable segments of the population. Policymakers must adopt a holistic approach that balances economic efficiency, social welfare, environmental sustainability, and inclusive growth. By addressing these multidimensional implications and drawing insights from both domestic and international experiences, Nigeria can navigate the complexities of subsidy removal effectively and work towards a prosperous and egalitarian society. |
| Keywords: | Fuel subsidy removal; socio-economic implications |
| JEL: | Q4 Q41 Q42 Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118360&r=ene |
| By: | Rosa van den Ende (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University); Antoine Mandel (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Agnieszka Rusinowska (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We provide an axiomatic approach to the allocation of responsibility for GHG emissions in supply chains. Considering a set of axioms standardly used in networks and decision theory, and consistent with legal principles underlying responsibility, we show that responsibility measures shall be based on exponential discounting of upstream and downstream emissions. From a network theory perspective, the proposed responsibility measure corresponds to a convex combination of the Bonacich centralities for the upstream and downstream weighted adjacency matrices. Scope 1 emissions, consumption-based accounting and income-based accounting are obtained as particular cases of our approach, which also gives a precise meaning to scope 3 emissions while avoiding double-counting. We apply our approach to the assessment of country-level responsibility for global GHG emissions and to sector-level responsibility in the USA. We examine how the responsibility of sectors/countries varies with the discounting of indirect emissions. We identify three groups of countries/sectors: producers of emissions whose responsibility decreases with the discounting factor, consumers of emissions whose responsibility increases with the discounting factor, and an intermediary group whose responsibility mostly depends on the network position and varies non-monotonically with the discounting factor. Overall, our axiomatic approach provides strong normative foundations for the definition of reporting requirements for indirect emissions and for the allocation of responsibility in claims for climate-related loss and damage. |
| Keywords: | upstream and downstream emission responsibilities, supply chains and networks, responsibility measure, axiomatization, Bonacich centrality |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-04188365&r=ene |
| By: | Nidhaleddine Ben Cheikh; Sami Ben Naceur; Oussama Kanaan; Christophe Rault (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours) |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03529868&r=ene |
| By: | Lorenzo Mercuri; Andrea Perchiazzo; Edit Rroji |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the effect of the label green in bond markets from the lens of the trading activity. The idea is that jumps in the dynamics of returns have a specific memory nature that can be well represented through a self-exciting process. Specifically, using Hawkes processes where the intensity is described through a continuous time moving average model, we study the high-frequency dynamics of bond prices. We also introduce a bivariate extension of the model that deals with the cross-effect of upward and downward price movements. Empirical results suggest that differences emerge if we consider periods with relevant interest rate announcements, especially in the case of an issuer operating in the energy market. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.12179&r=ene |
| By: | Ruben Bibas (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); C. Cassen (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Renaud Crassous; Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Meriem Hamdi-Cherif (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean Charles Hourcade (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Florian Leblanc (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eoin Ó Broin (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Julie Rozenberg; Olivier Sassi; Adrien Vogt-Schilb; Henri-David Waisman |
| Date: | 2022–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03702627&r=ene |
| By: | Moradi, Mahsa; Behnoush, Amir Hossein; Abbasi‐Kangevari, Mohsen; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Soleimani, Zahra; Esfahani, Zahra; Naderian, Mohammadreza; Malekpour, Mohammad‐Reza; Rezaei, Nazila; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh; Tavolinejad, Hamed; Rezaei, Negar; Larijani, Bagher; Farzadfar, Farshad |
| Abstract: | Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, causing substantial disease burden and deaths worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the global burden of cardiovascular diseases attributed to PM from 1990 to 2019. We used the GBD (Global Burden of Disease) study 2019 to investigate disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and deaths attributed to PM as well as its subgroups. It was shown that all burden measures' age‐standardized rates for PM were in the same decreasing trend, with the highest decline recorded for deaths (−36.7%). However, the all‐age DALYs increased by 31%, reaching 8.9 million in 2019, to which YLLs contributed the most (8.2 million [95% uncertainty interval, 7.3 million–9.2 million]). Men had higher deaths, DALYs, and YLLs despite lower years lived with disability in 2019 compared with women. There was an 8.1% increase in the age‐standardized rate of DALYs for ambient PM; however, household air pollution from solid fuels decreased by 65.4% in the assessed period. Although higher in men, the low and high sociodemographic index regions had the highest and lowest attributed YLLs/YLDs ratio for PM pollution in 2019, respectively. Although the total age‐standardized rate of DALYs for PM‐attributed cardiovascular diseases diminished from 1990 to 2019, the global burden of PM on cardiovascular diseases has increased. The differences between men and women and between regions have clinical and policy implications in global health planning toward more exact funding and resource allocation, in addition to addressing inequity in health care access. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, cardiovascular diseases, global burden of disease, particulate matter, sociodemographic index |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:274668&r=ene |
| By: | Wimmer, Lorenz; Maus, Victor; Luckeneder, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Urban green space (UGS) is known to provide several benefits for the local population, including regulating local climate and improving human health. The inequality hypothesis claims that these environmental amenities are unequally distributed across space and among different social groups. We propose using a continuous vegetation index derived from satellite imagery to investigate environmental inequality (EI) in UGS distribution. We used spatial autoregressive models to describe the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and socioeconomic variables in a case study on the city of Vienna at an unprecedented level of detail (250 m resolution). We show statistically significant evidence for the existence of EI in Vienna. Neighborhoods with a higher share of foreigners have significantly less UGS. Results are robust across spatial aggregation levels and alternative spatial and non-spatial model specifications. We find that our model outperforms alternative ground measure for UGS, as NDVI does not cluster around extreme values. We demonstrate the potential of satellite imagery to investigate complex social problems related to EI in urban areas. |
| Keywords: | Remote Sensing; Foreigners; NDVI; Environmental Inequality; Spatial Regression; Socioeconomics |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:45680654&r=ene |
| By: | Gøril L. Andreassen; Steffen Kallbekken; Knut Einar Rosendahl |
| Abstract: | Tax aversion makes it politically challenging to introduce Pigouvian taxes. One proposed solution to overcome this resistance is to package policies. Using an online lab experiment, we investigate whether combining a tax and a subsidy is perceived as more acceptable than the tax or the subsidy alone. The purpose of the policies is to reduce demand for a good with a negative externality to the socially optimal level. We find that support for a combination of a tax and a subsidy equals the simple average of support for the two instruments alone. Combining a tax and a subsidy therefore does not reduce tax aversion, other than through lower tax rates in the combinations. We also examine potential mechanisms behind the tax aversion. Participants hold more pessimistic beliefs about what share of the tax revenue they will receive when the tax is implemented alone than when it is combined with a subsidy. Furthermore, we find that the participants expect the tax to be more effective in reducing demand for the good with a negative externality than both the subsidy alone and the combinations of tax and subsidy. This belief does not, however, translate into support for the tax. |
| Keywords: | Pigouvian taxes, policy packaging, public support, lab experiment, tax aversion |
| JEL: | D72 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10610&r=ene |
| By: | Sallee, James PhD; Tarduno, Matthew PhD |
| Abstract: | Economists have long argued in favor of congestion pricing, under which drivers pay a fee or toll to enter roadways during peak times. An increasing number of global cities have adopted or are considering pricing programs. Even so, these regimes remain relatively rare and controversial. One key concern with congestion pricing is fairness. Road pricing can pose a substantial burden for low-income drivers, many of whom have little option to avoid travel during peak times and limited opportunity to choose other modes of travel. Prior research has shown that congestion pricing regimes tend to be regressive in terms of their initial burden, that is, in terms of who ends up paying more to use the roads.1 But, the ultimate effect of a road pricing program depends also on how its revenue is used. Some or all of the revenue from a congestion pricing program can be returned to households, and this can fundamentally change the program’s fairness. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt6618731x&r=ene |
| By: | Dondero, Agustín |
| Abstract: | Se analiza la efectividad de los incentivos desplegados por el régimen de premios y sanciones para la empresa de transporte de energía eléctrica por distribución troncal Distrocuyo S.A. según revisión tarifaria del año 2017. El régimen representa para la empresa una restricción que de ser vinculante encausa la inversión en calidad de servicio con los objetivos del regulador. A su vez, el regulador enfrenta propias restricciones para parametrizar las sanciones. Se evalúa este régimen en un contexto simulado de inflación alta y volátil. Se concluye que la efectividad del régimen depende de la capacidad que tenga la empresa de diferir inversión manteniendo calidad de servicio constante. |
| Keywords: | Energía Eléctrica; Marco Regulatorio; Inversión; Argentina; |
| Date: | 2023–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3923&r=ene |