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on Energy Economics |
| By: | Paula Pereda; Maria Alice Christofoletti |
| Abstract: | The consolidation of the energy sector as one of the main emitters of greenhouse gases in Brazil is directly related to the expansion of fuel consumption in passenger and cargo transport and to the higher use of thermal power plants for electricity generation. This fact reflects a detachment from the historical renewable energy and biofuels production and goes against the global efforts to reduce GHG emissions. Our paper analyzes the short run emissions and distributional effects of energy price changes in a partial equilibrium framework. Our findings suggest that taxes and subsidies in fuel prices (oil and diesel, respectively) are progressive, but have positive impact on total household emissions due to substitution effects. Despite being regressive, changes in electricity price have large effects on household emissions due to the characteristics of electric energy supply in Brazil. More environment-friendly policies that subsidize ethanol have a small but positive effect on the economy and tend to reduce households emissions. However, large substitution effects - due to an increase in the demand for CO2eq intensive goods, such as commuting and transportation services - when also taxing oil do not offset the reduction in emissions caused by a lower ethanol price. Therefore, understanding who benefits from energy price taxes and subsidies and their welfare impacts policies are key to gaining public support for a greener energy matrix. |
| Keywords: | Energy policies; CO2eq emissions; households |
| JEL: | Q48 D12 D61 |
| Date: | 2019–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2019wpecon32&r=all |
| By: | Philipp Kluschke; Fabian Neumann |
| Abstract: | A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is to use alternatively fueled vehicles (AFV). Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) emit a large share of GHG emissions in the transport sector and are therefore the subject of growing attention from global regulators. Fuel cell and green hydrogen technologies are a promising option to decarbonize HDVs, as their fast refueling and long vehicle ranges are in line with current logistic operation concepts. Moreover, the application of green hydrogen in transport could enable more effective integration of renewable energies (RE) across different energy sectors. This paper explores the interplay between HDV Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) that produce hydrogen locally and the power system by combining an infrastructure location planning model and an energy system optimization model that takes grid expansion options into account. Two scenarios - one sizing refueling stations in symbiosis with the power system and one sizing them independently of it - are assessed regarding their impacts on the total annual energy system costs, regional RE integration and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The impacts are calculated based on locational marginal pricing for 2050. Depending on the integration scenario, we find average LCOH of between 5.66 euro/kg and 6.20 euro/kg, for which nodal electricity prices are the main determining factor as well as a strong difference in LCOH between north and south Germany. From a system perspective, investing in HDV-HRS in symbiosis with the power system rather than independently promises cost savings of around one billion-euros per annum. We therefore conclude that the co-optimization of multiple energy sectors is important for investment planning and has the potential to exploit synergies. |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1908.10119&r=all |
| By: | Geoffrey Heal |
| Abstract: | I calculate the cost of replacing all power stations in the U.S. using coal and gas by wind and solar power stations by 2050, leaving electric power generation in the U.S. carbon free. Allowing for the savings in the cost of fossil fuel arising from the replacement of fossil fuel plants this is roughly $150 billion annually. Allowing in addition for the fact that most fossil plants in the U.S. are already old and would have to be replaced before 2050 even if we were not to go fossil free, this annual cost is reduced to $23 billion. |
| JEL: | Q0 Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26084&r=all |
| By: | Simshauser, P. |
| Abstract: | Australia’s National Electricity Market (NEM) commenced in 1998 and after two decades it is timely to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of the reform experience. The centrepiece of NEM reforms was the energy-only wholesale market and accompanying forward markets, and for most of the past 20 years it has displayed consistent economic and technical performance. But missing policies relating to climate change, natural gas and plant exit has recently produced results that have tested political tolerances. The piecemeal and random interventions that are now following are likely to inflame rather than resolve matters, at least over the near term. Network policy failures in the mid-2000s led to sharp regulated tariff increases from 2007 onwards. These policy problems were largely cauterized by 2012 but regulatory timeframes and business inertia meant network tariffs didn’t stabilise until 2015. The retail market has been forced to deliver sharply rising prices, and in consequence the problem of rising prices has been conflated with price discrimination; a largely unhelpful development in an otherwise workably competitive market. |
| Keywords: | Microeconomic reform, energy-only markets, network regulation |
| JEL: | D52 D53 G12 L94 Q40 |
| Date: | 2019–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1972&r=all |
| By: | Baustert, Paul; Gutiérrez, Tomás Navarrete; Gibon, Thomas; Chion, Laurent; Ma, Tai Yu; Mariante, Gabriel Leite; Klein, Sylvain; Gerber, Philippe; Benetto, Enrico |
| Abstract: | According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in 2010 the transport sector was responsible for 23% of the total energy-related CO2 emissions (6.7 GtCO2) worldwide. Policy makers in Luxembourg are well-aware of the challenges and are setting ambitious objectives at country level for the mid and long term. However, a framework to assess environmental impacts from a life cycle perspective on the scale of transport policy scenarios, rather than individual vehicles, is lacking. We present a novel framework linking activity-based modeling with life cycle assessment (LCA) and a proof-of-concept case study for the French cross-border commuters working in Luxembourg. Our framework allows for the evaluation of specific policies formulated on the trip level as well as aggregated evaluation of environmental impacts from a life cycle perspective. The results of our proof-of-concept-based case study suggest that only a combination of: (1) policy measures improving the speed and coverage of the public transport system; (2) policy measures fostering electric mobility; and (3) external factors such as de-carbonizing the electricity mix will allow to counteract the expected increase in impacts due to the increase of mobility needs of the growing commuting population in the long term. |
| Keywords: | Activity-based modeling; Life cycle assessment; Policy analysis; Sustainable mobility |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2019–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:101425&r=all |
| By: | Alexander Krenek; Mark Sommer (WIFO); Margit Schratzenstaller |
| Abstract: | The need to reform EU funding and recent political developments such as Brexit and the withdrawal from the USA from the 2015 Paris climate agreement could revitalise the debate about the introduction of border carbon adjustments (BCA) for the European emission trading system (ETS). The introduction of a BCA would allow the EU to phase out current carbon leakage provisions of the ETS and to auction off all emission allowances, thus rendering the ETS a more effective unilateral tool to price and reduce carbon emissions. By using a dynamic new Keynesian (DYNK) model, we estimate that potential revenues of a BCA for the ETS would generate substantial and stable revenues. Given different assumptions about the development of the carbon intensity of non-EU production and different BCA designs we find that estimated revenues would suffice to finance between a third and all of current EU expenditures by the year 2027, thus allowing member countries to reduce their current contributions to the EU budget accordingly. Administered at the EU borders a BCA would represent a sustainability-oriented instrument to finance the EU allowing EU countries to cut more distortionary taxes such as those on labour, thereby increasing growth- and employment-friendliness of taxation. The proposed measure could thus contribute to tackle both environmental and fiscal challenges currently facing the EU. |
| Keywords: | EU budget, sustainability-oriented taxation, border carbon adjustment, EU revenue system, carbon pricing |
| Date: | 2019–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2019:i:587&r=all |
| By: | Ryan Kellogg |
| Abstract: | Output-based carbon regulations—such as fuel economy standards and the rate-based standards in the Clean Power Plan—create well-known incentives to inefficiently increase output. Similar distortions are created by attribute-based regulations. This paper demonstrates that, despite these distortions, output and attribute-based standards can always yield greater expected welfare than “flat” emission standards given uncertainty in demand for output (or attributes), assuming locally constant marginal damages. For fuel economy standards, the welfare-maximizing amount of attribute or mileage-basing is likely small relative to current policy. For the electricity sector, however, an intensity standard may yield greater expected welfare than a flat standard. |
| JEL: | D81 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26172&r=all |
| By: | Diego Aboa (Universidad ORT Uruguay. Universidad de la República de Uruguay.); Manuel Garcia Goñi (Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.); Martin Pereyra (Universidad ORT Uruguay.); Luis Rubalcaba (Universidad de Alcalá.); Gonzalo Zunino (Universidad de la República de Uruguay.) |
| Abstract: | El objetivo de este trabajo es entender los cambios de política y regulación en Uruguay y la Unión Europea que llevaron a la adopción de fuentes de energía renovable no convencionales en un corto período de tiempo. Uruguay es uno de los 3 países del mundo con más del 90% de la electricidad proveniente de fuentes renovables (98% en Uruguay) y donde las renovables no convencionales aportan una contribución significativa. Uruguay también ha lanzado recientemente la primera ruta eléctrica de América Latina, con 500 km y estaciones de carga a intervalos de 60 km. La Unión Europea es una referencia internacional en la promoción del crecimiento económico sostenible y del desarrollo sostenible. Por lo tanto, también examinaremos la experiencia de la Unión Europea en el desarrollo de una agenda verde en la que las fuentes de energía renovables son una parte fundamental. |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to understand the policy and regulation changes in Uruguay and the European Union that led to the adoption of non-conventional renewable sources of energy in a short time span. Uruguay is one of only 3 countries in the world with more tan 90% of the electricity coming from renewable sources (98% in Uruguay) and where nonconventional renewables provide a significant contribution to it. Uruguay has also recently launched the first electric route in Latin America, with 500 Km and charging stations at 60 Km intervals. The European Union is an international reference in the promotion of sustainable economic growth and sustainable development. Therefore, we will also look at the experience of the European Union in the development of a green agenda where renewable sources of energy are a fundamental part of it. |
| Keywords: | Electricidad; Fuentes de energía renovables no convencionales; Política energética; Regulación energética; Uruguay; Unión Europea.; Electricity; Non-conventional Renewable Sources of Energy; Energy Policy; Energy Regulation; Uruguay; European Union. |
| JEL: | I31 Q51 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:doctra:19-01&r=all |
| By: | Rösemann, Claus; Haenel, Hans-Dieter; Dämmgen, Ulrich; Döring, Ulrike; Wulf, Sebastian; Eurich-Menden, Brigitte; Freibauer, Annette; Döhler, Helmut; Schreiner, Carsten; Osterburg, Bernhard; Fuß, Roland |
| Abstract: | The report at hand (including a comprehensive annex of data) serves as additional document to the National Inventory Report (NIR) on the German green house gas emissions and the Informative Inventory Report (IIR) on the German emissions of air pollutants (especially ammonia). The report documents the calculation methods used in the German agricultural inventory model GAS-EM as well as input data, emission results and uncertainties of the emission reporting submission 2018 for the years 1990 - 2017. In this context the sector Agriculture comprises the emissions from animal husbandry, the use of agricultural soils and anaerobic digestion of energy crops. As required by the guidelines, emissions from activities preceding agriculture, from the use of energy and from land use change are reported elsewhere in the national inventories. The calculation methods are based in principle on the international guidelines for emission reporting and have been continuingly improved during the past years by the Thünen Institute working group on agricultural emission inventories, partly in cooperation with KTBL. In particular, these improvements concern the calculation of energy requirements, feeding and the N balance of the most important animal categories. In addition, technical measures such as air scrubbing (mitigation of ammonia emissions) and digestion of animal manures (mitigation of emissions of methane and laughing gas) have been taken into account. For the calculation of emissions from anaerobic digestion of animal manures and energy crops (including spreading of the digestate), the aforementioned working group developed, in cooperation with KTBL, a national methodology. [...] |
| Keywords: | emission inventory,agriculture,animal husbandry,agricultural soils,anaerobic digestion,energy crops,renewable primary products,greenhouse gases,air pollutants,methane,laughing gas,ammonia,particulate matter,Emissionsinventar,Landwirtschaft,Tierhaltung,landwirtschaftliche Böden,anaerobe Vergärung,Energiepflanzen,nachwachsende Rohstoffe,Treibhausgase,Luftschadstoffe,Methan,Lachgas,Ammoniak,luftgetragene Partikel,Staub |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:67&r=all |
| By: | Al Raee, Mueid (UNU-MERIT); De Crombrugghe, Denis (SBE, Maastricht University); Ritzen, Jo (UNU-MERIT, Maastricht University) |
| Abstract: | This chapter examines the relationship between labour productivity, capital formation, and natural resource extraction in countries with natural resource reserves. We develop a theoretical two-sector model for a closed economy that maximises consumption over time, and examine how the control variables - natural resource extraction and the savings rate - determine fixed capital investment. We find that in a closed economy, the overall labour productivity is a positive function of capital investment per labour. That is in turn related to the externally given natural resource price, natural resource reserves and the resource extraction ratio. High natural resource prices and extraction rates provide opportunities to increase the overall investment in fixed capital and thus boost the labour productivity. We empirically test this model for oil as a natural resource. The data covers 36 years from 1980 to 2015 and includes 149 countries. 85 of these countries possessed commercially recoverable oil reserves in at least a part of the time period covered. We are able to exploit the panel and carry out the estimation using two-way fixed effects. We observe that oil price has an overall positive impact on labour productivity growth in the modern sector. The savings rate and schooling are positively correlated to labour productivity growth as well as fixed capital formation per capita. We find that the oil sector variables - oil reserves and oil extraction ratio - do not contribute to labour productivity growth directly, rather through increased capital formation per capita. |
| Keywords: | structural change, natural resource curse, GCC, theoretical modelling, empirical application, capital formation |
| JEL: | E21 E24 O13 O47 Q32 |
| Date: | 2019–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2019023&r=all |
| By: | Runst, Petrik; Thonipara, Anita |
| Abstract: | Sweden has gradually increased its carbon tax within the past 25 years and imposes the world's highest tax on carbon dioxide emissions today. This paper examines the impact of the Swedish carbon tax on residential carbon emissions as well as on consumer behavior. We perform Difference-in-Differences (DiD) regressions and Synthetic Control Methods (SCM) in order to evaluate the causal impact of carbon taxation on carbon emissions in the residential sector. Both methods provide evidence for a causal effect of the carbon tax augmentation in the early 2000s on residential carbon emissions. We find that the scope of the reduction of residential carbon emissions due to the carbon tax augmentation range between 200kg (when compared to other countries with a carbon tax of more than 20 Euros implemented) and 800 kg of CO2 per capita per year (when compared to countries without a carbon tax). Hence, the evidence points towards the effectiveness of carbon taxation in reducing residential CO2 emissions and, thus, mitigating climate change. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax,Sweden,residential building,CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | Q54 P28 Q4 O38 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhwps:192019&r=all |
| By: | Yue Zhang (China University of Petroleum-Beijing); Arash Farnoosh (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles) |
| Abstract: | Though the electricity market in China has gone through several reforms in the last few decades, the market is still not completely liberalized. The wholesale prices are regulated and for renewable it is based on feed-in tariff; there is not yet a competitive spot or derivative market concerning the generation side. Furthermore, with great potential, renewable energy is being gradually promoted by the government to compete freely with conventional energies. However, it is hard for a renewable generator to survive without subsidy. So, in this paper we propose a new round of revolution in power sector to introduce electricity futures into China with the expectation of perfecting the market and providing a proper hedging tool for renewable plants. We make an estimation of the risk premium and then simulate the futures prices in China's market. To support the establishment of the futures contracts, we also propose two pricing mechanisms: Demand-side price & Opportunity cost price and study their effects on the futures. Finally, some suggestions with regard to the construction of futures market in China and the operational strategy for renewable plants are given. |
| Keywords: | Electricity Market,Spot Prices,Hedging Strategy,Futures Prices |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02264847&r=all |
| By: | Pollitt, M., Anaya, K.; Anaya, K. |
| Abstract: | Ancillary services are electricity products which include balancing energy, frequency regulation, voltage support, constraint management and reserves. Traditionally they have been procured by system operators from large conventional power plants, as by-products of the production of energy. This paper discusses the use of markets to procure ancillary services in the face of potentially higher demand for them, caused by rising amounts of intermittent renewable generation. We discuss: the nature of markets for ancillary services; what we really mean by ancillary services; how they are impacted by the rise of distributed generation; how they are currently procured; how they relate to the rest of the electricity system; the current state of evidence on ancillary services markets; whether these markets ever be as competitive as conventional wholesale energy markets, and offer some conclusions. |
| Keywords: | ancillary services, balancing energy, frequency regulation, reactive power, constraint management, reserves |
| JEL: | L94 |
| Date: | 2019–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1973&r=all |
| By: | Carolyn Chisadza (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Matthew Clance (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa); Mark E. Wohar (College of Business Administration, University of Nebraska; USA. School of Business and Economics, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of oil discoveries on conflict. We argue that rents from resources are only part of the resource curse story, with discoveries of natural resources being just as prominent. Using a new measure for oil discoveries for a global panel of countries between 1960 and 2012, we find a positive correlation between oil discoveries and conflict, controlling for regional effects and other conflict determinants. Further analysis by type of conflict reveals that the discovery of oil deposits increases intrastate conflict in relation to interstate conflict, more so ethnic violence within countries. These effects are evident within a year of discovering the oil, and are persistent for over ten years after the discovery. The results also indicate that North Africa and Middle East countries are the most affected by oil discoveries in relation to other global regions. We find similar positive effects on conflict with quantity of oil discovered, as well as the expectation of oil discoveries. Interestingly, while institutions have a significant non-linear effect on conflict, they appear to have no significant mitigating effect when interacted with oil discoveries. The implication of this result may allude to countries with natural resources needing more transparent institutions to alleviate the resource curse. Overall, we believe the results from this study will provide some further understanding to the complex nature involving natural resources and incidences of conflict. |
| Keywords: | panel data, conflict, natural resources |
| JEL: | C23 O13 O50 Q34 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:201964&r=all |
| By: | Rossetto, F.; Grossi, L.; Pollitt, M. |
| Abstract: | The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of the bidding strategies of leading firms on market equilibria. The analysis focuses on the Italian wholesale electricity market from 2015 to 2018. The purpose is to assess if the observed market equilibria are the results of a competitive setting or if more competitive equilibria could have occurred. We use the methodology of synthetic supply proposed by Ciarreta et al. (2010a). This way, a new set of synthetic prices and quantities is computed. The comparison between the actual and synthetic prices allows us to assess the effects of market power on the actual equilibria. Results suggest that whilst there is a significant impact on prices, quantities seem not to be affected, due to the inelastic demand. Moreover, our findings suggest that the main impacts occurred during 2017 especially during those months where above average heating and cooling were required. |
| Keywords: | Electricity Wholesale Market, Market Power, Bidding Strategy, Synthetic Supply |
| JEL: | L94 |
| Date: | 2019–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1975&r=all |
| By: | Haroon S. Awan (Planning Commission, Islamabad); Ghulam Samad (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad); Naseem Faraz (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad) |
| Abstract: | Pakistan is facing acute energy shortages over the past few years. One of the most important reasons for these extraordinary power outages is the competing use for resources. Moreover, energy mix for electricity generation and consequent circular debt issue are also aggravating the situation. Government of Pakistan has paid more than one trillion rupees as Tariff Differential Subsidy (TDS) to safeguard the masses against the increasing generation cost of electricity. However, TDS, being an untargeted subsidy, is not only piling financial burdens but also resulting in welfare loss. This study aims to develop different scenarios in order to assess the impact of direct transfer mechanism of TDS on social welfare. For example, it compares the welfare of the poor households, who are given TDS directly, with that of the base scenario. Similarly, it assesses the impact on circular debt and the overall fiscal deficit situation of the country after targeting of subsidies. To quantify these impacts we use the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2010-11 and IFPRI developed Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model. This analysis, being in-line with the recommendations of New Growth framework, will not only help policy makers to devise a long term and sustainable solution to the problem of power outages but will also help mitigate its negative social and economic implications. The study reveals that Tariff Differential Subsidy is an untargeted subsidy, which instead of providing relief to the poor, largely benefits the urban rich segment of the society. Moreover, the removal of TDS results in high electricity prices and adversely affects the welfare of poor households, especially in rural areas. Thus, our analysis suggests that in order to reap its benefits, TDS needs to be phased out or be made more targeted. Furthermore, our study suggests that reduction of TDS reduces fiscal deficit and, thus, eases out financial hardships of the government. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wpaper:2019:164&r=all |
| By: | Meub, Lukas; Runst, Petrik; von der Leyen, Kaja |
| Abstract: | We use a field experiment on energy billing in a German region to evaluate the effect of two behavioral nudges (consumption feedback and social comparison) on electricity consumption. Similar experiments have revealed significant treatment effects, yet theindividual variance has proven to be substantial. On grounds of these heterogeneous treatment effects and the possibility of cross-country behavioral differences, additional experiments are warranted. For our German participants with low pre-treatment consumption compared to many other countries, we find no treatment effects. From this, we deduce that the effect of consumption feedback and social comparison is highly context dependent. |
| Keywords: | Energy consumtion,Electricity,Consumtion feedback |
| JEL: | K32 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhwps:182019&r=all |
| By: | Stephan B. Bruns; Alessio Moneta; David I. Stern |
| Abstract: | The size of the economy-wide rebound effect is crucial for estimating the contribution that energy efficiency improvements can make to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for understanding the drivers of energy use. Existing estimates, which vary widely, are based on computable general equilibrium models or partial equilibrium econometric estimates. The former depend on many a priori assumptions and the parameter values adopted, and the latter do not include all mechanisms that might increase or reduce the rebound and mostly do not credibly identify the rebound effect. Using a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model, we identify the dynamic causal impact of structural shocks, including an energy efficiency shock, applying identification methods developed in machine learning. In this manner, we are able to estimate the rebound effect with a minimum of a priori assumptions. We apply the SVAR to U.S. monthly and quarterly data, finding that after four years rebound is around 100%. This implies that policies to encourage cost-reducing energy efficiency innovation are not likely to significantly reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Energy efficiency; Rebound effect; Structural VAR; Impulse response functions; Independent component analysis. |
| Date: | 2019–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2019/27&r=all |
| By: | Rohan Best (Department of Economics, Macquarie University); Paul J Burke (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University); Shuhei Nishitateno (School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University) |
| Abstract: | Australia has among the highest rates of small-scale solar photovoltaic adoption in the world, with substantial geographical variation in uptake. Using postcode-level data up to December 2018, we quantify the impact of Australia’s spatially-differentiated Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme on solar uptake. We use spatial autoregressive models and other approaches such as a regression discontinuity design. The results indicate that postcodes receiving a higher subsidy factor have significantly more small-scale solar installations, after controlling for solar exposure and spatial patterns in the data. The subsidy elasticity of small-scale solar capacity installations during 2018 was around 1.2. We use this estimate to calculate that an increase in the subsidy flowing to new installations would be able to reduce carbon dioxide emissions at a subsidy cost of around US$36 per tonne, depending on assumptions. |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:1903&r=all |
| By: | Heinisch, Katja; Holtemöller, Oliver; Schult, Christoph |
| Abstract: | In the fight against global warming, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a major objective. In particular, a decrease in electricity generation by coal could contribute to reducing CO2 emissions. Using a multi-region dynamic general equilibrium model, this paper studies potential economic consequences of a coal phase-out in Germany. Different regional phase-out scenarios are simulated with varying timing structures. We find that a politically induced coal phase-out would lead to an increase in the national unemployment rate by about 0.10 percentage points from 2020 to 2040, depending on the specific scenario. The effect on regional unemployment rates varies between 0.18 to 1.07 percentage points in the lignite regions. However, a faster coal phase-out can lead to a faster recovery. The coal phase-out leads to migration from German lignite regions to German non-lignite regions and reduces the labour force in the lignite regions by 10,000 people by 2040. |
| Keywords: | general equilibrium model,labour market friction,energy,structural change |
| JEL: | E17 O11 O21 O44 Q28 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:162019&r=all |
| By: | Anthony Strittmatter; Michael Lechner |
| Abstract: | The disclosure of the VW emission manipulation scandal caused a quasi-experimental market shock to the observable environmental quality of VW diesel vehicles. To investigate the market reaction to this shock, we collect data from a used-car online advertisement platform. We find that the supply of used VW diesel vehicles increases after the VW emission scandal. The positive supply side effects increase with the probability of manipulation. Furthermore, we find negative impacts on the asking prices of used cars subject to a high probability of manipulation. We rationalize these findings with a model for sorting by the environmental quality of used cars. |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1908.09609&r=all |
| By: | Ekaterina Dukhanina (CERNA i3 - Centre d'économie industrielle i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Olivier Massol (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School, Department of Economics, University College London - UCL - University College of London [London], City University of London); François Lévêque (CERNA i3 - Centre d'économie industrielle i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Under way to a European integrated energy market, policymakers need to find efficient measures aimed at increasing liquidity in local natural gas markets. The paper answers the question whether a merger of gas trading zones contributes to the development of liquid trading activities through a more efficient allocation and pricing of natural gas and an increased competition between market players. We analyse the effects of a policy decision to merge two gas trading zones in France on the observed degree of spatial market integration and the efficiency of the spatial arbitrage activity between the northern and southern French gas markets. An extended parity bounds model confirms a positive impact of the zone merger on the market's spatial equilibrium and indicates the causes of remaining market inefficiencies. The model offers a tool for the assessment of the efficiency of policy decisions in the context of policy initiatives to create an integrated and liquid natural gas market in Europe. |
| Keywords: | Market integration,Merger of market zones,Spatial equilibrium,Natural gas |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02264891&r=all |
| By: | Reed, Michael E.; Elbakidze, Levan |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291245&r=all |
| By: | Riepin, I.; Müsgens, F. |
| Abstract: | The paper focuses on a seasonal demand swing in the European gas market. We quantify and compare the role of different flexibility options (domestic production, pipeline and LNG imports, and gas storages) in covering European demand fluctuations in monthly resolution. We contribute to the existing literature focusing on seasonal flexibility by addressing the problem with a mathematical gas market optimisation model. Empirically, our paper provides valuable insights with regard to declining North Western European gas production. Furthermore, we focus our discussion on specific flexibility features of pipeline versus LNG supplies and gas imports versus storage dispatch. In terms of methodology, we develop a bottom-up market optimisation model and publish the complete source code (which is still uncommon for gas market models). Furthermore, we propose a new metric based on the coefficient of variation to quantify the importance of supply sources for seasonal flexibility provision. |
| Keywords: | European gas market, market modelling, seasonality |
| JEL: | C61 Q40 Q41 Q47 |
| Date: | 2019–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1976&r=all |
| By: | John W. Anderson; Gordon W. Leslie; Frank A. Wolak |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationship between accumulated experience completing wind power projects and the cost of installing wind projects in the U.S. from 2001-2015. Our modeling framework disentangles accumulated experience from input price changes, scale economies, and exogenous technical change; and accounts for both firm-specific and industry-wide accumulated experience. We find evidence consistent with cost-reducing benefits from firm-specific experience for that firm’s cost of future wind power projects, but no evidence of industry-wide learning from the experience of other participants in the industry. Further, our experience measure rapidly depreciates across time and distance, suggesting a stable industry trajectory would lower project costs. |
| JEL: | L94 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26114&r=all |
| By: | Fateh Belaid (Lille Catholic University, Faculty of Management, Economics & Sciences); Ahmed H. Elsayed (2 Department of Economics & Finance, Durham University, UK, Department of Economics, Faculty of Commerce, Zagazig University, Egypt) |
| Abstract: | Policymakers in MENA Region face several choices to increase levels of renewable energy production under various risks and obstacles, including technological and financial severe constraints. This article investigates a crucial question, which has risen in the last few years both in policy and economic literature; that is, the role of various factors in shaping renewable energy production. The core message of this article is that political stability, governance quality and financial development may play an important role to spur renewable energy development in MENA countries. Accordingly, an innovative panel quantile regression model with non-additive fixed effect has been developed to analyse the main drivers of renewable energy production in selected MENA countries over the period 1984-2014. Our findings confirm that the effect of the political stability index on renewable energy production is clearly heterogeneous and supports earlier claims about the importance of political stability to foster the investments in renewable energy sector. Furthermore, we highlighted that governance effectiveness is a significant determinant of the renewable energy production in MENA countries. We notice that the effect is more pronounced at the lower quantile, indicating that impact of governance effectiveness has higher impact in low renewable energy production countries. Our results also argue that the development of financial sector has a positive and statistically significant impact on renewable energy production, across the renewable energy production distribution. It also argues that there is a complementarity relationship between government effectiveness and financial development in promoting the production of renewable energy production. From policy perspectives, our research allows the identification of possible ways of fostering the rate of renewable energy production in MENA Region. |
| Date: | 2019–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1322&r=all |
| By: | Konstantinos Gkillas (Department of Business Administration, University of Patras, Patras, Greece); Elie Bouri (USEK Business School, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa); David Roubaud (Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we extend existing studies by considering the relationships across crude oil, gold, and Bitcoin markets. Using high-frequency data from December 2, 2014 to June 10, 2018, we analyze spillovers in volatility jumps and realized second, third, and fourth moments across crude oil, gold, and Bitcoin markets via Granger causality and generalized impulse response analyses in daily frequency. Results suggest evidence of predictability and emphasize, among others, the need of jointly modeling linkages across those three markets with higher-order moments; otherwise, inaccurate risk assessment and investment inferences may arise. The responses of realized volatility shocks and volatility jump are generally positive. Furthermore, results indicate evidence of a weaker relationship between gold – crude oil, and Bitcoin – crude oil compared to the case of Bitcoin - gold. Practical implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | crude oil, gold, Bitcoin, realized moments, spillover effect |
| JEL: | C46 G10 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:201965&r=all |
| By: | Alexander, Diane; Schwandt, Hannes |
| Abstract: | Car exhaust is a major source of air pollution, but little is known about its impacts on population health. We exploit the dispersion of emissions-cheating diesel cars-which secretly polluted up to 150 times as much as gasoline cars-across the United States from 2008-2015 as a natural experiment to measure the health impact of car pollution. Using the universe of vehicle registrations, we demonstrate that a 10 percent cheating-induced increase in car exhaust increases rates of low birth weight and acute asthma attacks among children by 1.9 and 8.0 percent, respectively. These health impacts occur at all pollution levels and across the entire socioeconomic spectrum. |
| Keywords: | Car pollution; emissions cheating; health |
| JEL: | I10 I14 J13 K32 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13805&r=all |
| By: | Lana Krehic (Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Several cities around the world try to internalise congestion costs from road traffic by instituting charges for entering their city centres. The revenues collected from these charges are often redistributed to improve conditions for motorists, cy- clists, pedestrians and public transport. At the same time, many schemes allow for exemption of cleaner vehicles, which might offset the reduction in congestion and reduce revenue. In this paper, I assess the effects of exempting electric vehicles from charge on the charge level. Using panel data of Norwegian cities with urban toll rings, I exploit regional variation, and and that a higher share of electric vehicles increase toll charges. The results imply that owners of conventional cars pay 2.5 NOK (0.3 USD) more per passing because of the exemption. The estimates are robust to variations in estimation method and sample. As the majority of electric vehicle owners have above-average income, exempting electric cars from toll charges suggests a distribution effect that have implications for social welfare. |
| Keywords: | Electric vehicles, Toll road, Distributional effects |
| JEL: | H23 R40 R42 |
| Date: | 2019–07–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nst:samfok:17819&r=all |
| By: | Alberto Chong (Department of Economics, Georgia State University, USA); Carla Srebot (Universidad del Pacifico, Peru) |
| Abstract: | Using a difference-in-difference approach, we test the causal link between environmental disasters and mental health indicators in rural areas of Peru by exploiting the spatial variation of exogeneous oil spills as well as the differences in their timing for the period 2014–16. We find that, after controlling for time-varying controls and for year fixed effects, oil spills lead to significantly higher probability of suffering psychological distress, such as lack of motivation, fatigue or feeling of failure. In particular, we find that an individual is 25.2 percentage points more likely to suffer from depression after an oil spill occurrence. Falsification tests provide further support that the main results are not simply the result of spurious correlations. |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper1908&r=all |
| By: | Carattini, Stefano; Sen, Suphi |
| Abstract: | The climate challenge requires ambitious climate policy. A sudden increase in carbon prices can lead to major shocks to the stock market. Some assets will lose part of their value, others all of it, and hence become “stranded”. If the markets are not ready to absorb the shock, a financial crisis could follow. How well investors anticipate, and thus how large these shocks may be, is an empirical question. We analyze stock market reactions to the rejection of two carbon tax initiatives by voters in Washington state. We build proper counterfactuals for Washington state firms and find that these modest policy proposals with limited jurisdiction caused substantial readjustments on the stock market, especially for carbon-intensive stocks. Our results reinforce concerns about “stranded assets” and the risk of financial contagion. Our policy implications support the inclusion of transition risks in macroprudential policymaking and carbon disclosure and climate stress tests as the main policy responses. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, financial returns, systemic risk, macroprudential policies, voting |
| JEL: | G12 H23 H71 L50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usg:econwp:2019:09&r=all |
| By: | Barbour, Elisa; Chatman, Daniel G.; Doggett, Sarah; Yip, Stella; Santana, Manuel |
| Abstract: | California’s Senate Bill (SB) 743, enacted in 2013, marks a historic shift in how the traffic impacts of development projects are to be evaluated and mitigated statewide. To help achieve state climate policy and sustainability goals, SB 743 eliminates traffic delay as an environmental impact under the California Environmental Quality Act. State implementing guidelines for SB 743 instead require an assessment of vehicle miles traveled (VMT). The adoption of the guidelines sparked debate and raised far-reaching questions about development planning. Our research consisted of four parts. First, we considered how the state guidelines might be applied by analyzing travel patterns across and within California cities in relation to the guidelines. We also interviewed fortythree professional transportation consultants and regional and local planners to provide insights on SB 743 implementation. In addition, we carried out extensive case studies of San Francisco and Pasadena, where policies had already been adopted to align with SB 743. Finally, to help assess the technical challenges involved in SB 743 implementation, we tested two VMT estimation tools in common use and considered the practical challenges facing tool users. We find that SB 743 implementation is likely to present some transitional challenges for city planners, but the long-term prospects for improving transportation planning as a result of the law are promising. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, California, Senate Bill 743, CEQA, vehicle miles of travel, traffic estimation, travel patterns, land use planning, policy analysis, climate change, sustainable transportation |
| Date: | 2019–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt4gj3n2n3&r=all |
| By: | Zhong, Jia; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291254&r=all |
| By: | Qirjo, Dhimitri; Pascalau, Razvan; Krichevskiy, Dmitriy |
| Abstract: | The study empirically investigates and shows that on average, the implementation of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) may contribute to the fight against global warming. This study finds that on average, a one percent increase of a percentage point in the bilateral volume of trade as a portion of GDP between Canada and a typical EU member could help reduce annual per capita emissions of GHGs in an average CETA member by about .57 percent. The results also show that the presence of CETA may decrease annual per capita emissions of GHGs in almost all CETA members. There is no statistically significant evidence suggesting an increase of GHGs per capita emissions in any CETA member, regardless of the model or statistical method employed in the paper. These results stand because of the combinations of the factor endowment hypothesis (FEH), the pollution haven hypothesis based on population density variations (PHH2), and the pollution haven hypothesis based on national income differences (PHH1) between each EU member and Canada. |
| Keywords: | Free Trade, Environmental Economics, CETA. |
| JEL: | F18 F53 |
| Date: | 2019–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95608&r=all |
| By: | Abdisa, Lamessa T. |
| Abstract: | The poor business environment mainly poor infrastructure is found to has paramount importance in explaining Africa's disadvantage relative to other similar countries. To cope with this poor supply of electricity, firms adopt different mechanisms to reduce the resulting effects. The commonly adopted coping strategy is an investment in self-generation of electricity. This study examined the role of investing in self-generation in mitigating the outage loss and evaluated the outage loss differential between �firms that invested in self-generation and those that did not, using World Bank Enterprise Survey data collected from �firms operating in 13 Sub-Saharan African countries. The result obtained shows that, though self-generation has reduced the amount of outage loss for fi�rms that invested in self-generation, these firms continue to face higher unmitigated outage loss compared to firms without such investment. In spite of this, �firms that invested in self-generation would have incurred 36%-99% more than the current amount of outage loss if they do not engaged in self-generation. Similarly, �firms that did not invest in self-generation would have reduced their outage loss by 2% - 24% if they had engaged in self-generation. The study thus, recommended a di�fferential supply interruption to be followed by public authorities based on �firms' degree of vulnerability to power interruptions. |
| Keywords: | Self-generation, Outages, Sub-Sahara Africa, Firm |
| JEL: | L60 L81 N77 Q41 |
| Date: | 2019–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95758&r=all |
| By: | Khalid M. Kisswani (Department of Economics and Finance, Gulf University); Amjad M. Kisswani (Department of Workforce Development and Organizational Leadership, University of Nevada-Las Vegas); Arezou Harraf (Department of Business administration, Box Hill College) |
| Abstract: | One of the short comings in the tourism literature is that research on the oil price-tourism receipts nexus is limited. However, the available studies, to the best of our knowledge, provide limited evidence on the negative effect of oil prices on tourism receipts. Nevertheless, the related literature did not consider the structural breaks in the analysis, which proven to be important in the empirical work. As such, in this paper, we study the oil price-tourism receipts nexus for selected MENA countries in the presence of structural breaks. This is done by adopting the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) bounds test and incorporating the structural breaks. The findings show that the bounds test provide evidence of a long-run relationship between tourism receipts and oil prices after integrating structural breaks into the ARDL model for most countries. |
| Date: | 2019–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1305&r=all |
| By: | Brucal, Arlan; Javorcik, Beata; Love, Inessa |
| Abstract: | The link between foreign ownership and environmental performance remains a controversial issue. This paper contributes to our understanding of this subject by analyzing the impact of foreign acquisitions on plant-level energy intensity. The analysis applies a difference-in-differences approach combined with propensity score matching to the data from the Indonesian Manufacturing Census for the period 1983-2001 (or 1983-2008 in robustness checks). It covers 210 acquisition cases where an acquired plant is observed two years before and at least three years after an ownership change and for which a carefully selected control plant exists. The results suggest that while foreign ownership increases the overall energy usage due to expansion of output, it decreases the plant's energy intensity. Specifically, acquired plants reduce energy intensity by about 30% two years after acquisition, relative to the control plants. In contrast, foreign divestments tend to increase energy intensity. At the aggregate level, entry of foreign-owned plants is associated with industry-wide reduction in energy intensity. |
| Keywords: | energy intensity; FDI; Foreign acquisition; foreign divestment; Indonesia |
| JEL: | F21 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13810&r=all |
| By: | Xi Kleisinger-Yu; Vlatka Komaric; Martin Larsson; Markus Regez |
| Abstract: | We propose a multi-factor polynomial framework to model and hedge long-term electricity contracts with delivery period. This framework has various advantages: the computation of forwards and correlation between different forwards are fully explicit, and the model can be calibrated to observed electricity forward curves easily and well. Electricity markets suffer from non-storability and poor medium- to long-term liquidity. Therefore, we suggest a rolling hedge which only uses liquid forward contracts and is risk-minimizing in the sense of F\"ollmer and Schweizer. We calibrate the model to over eight years of German power calendar year forward curves and investigate the quality of the risk-minimizing hedge over various time horizons. |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1908.08954&r=all |
| By: | Dertinger, Andrea; Hirth, Lion |
| Abstract: | Since the 1990s, many developing countries have restructured their electric power industry. Policies such as break-ing up, commercializing and privatizing utilities, allowing for independent power producers, installing independent regulators, and introducing competitive wholesale markets were meant to improve the industry’s efficiency and service quality. We exploit more than 30 years of data from over 100 countries to investigate the impact of power sector reforms on efficiency (represented by network losses) and access to electricity (represented by connection rates and residential power consumption). Crucially, reforms are likely to be endogenous with respect to sector performance: a crisis in electricity supply might well trigger reform efforts. We deal with endogeneity using reform activity in neighboring countries as an instrument. Our results suggest that reforms strongly and positively impact electricity access. According to our preferred specification, a full reform program would increase connection rates by 20 percentage points and per capita consumption by 62 percent: these are large effects that are stable across a range of robustness checks. Moreover, the effect of improving access is largest in South Asian countries. In con-trast to previous studies, we do not find robust evidence to support the theory that reforms reduce network losses. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:201842&r=all |
| By: | Martimort, David; Pouyet, Jérôme; Staropoli, Carine |
| Abstract: | We consider the regulation of the tariffs charged by a public utility in the electricity sector. Consumers differ in terms of their demands which are private information. When regulating the firm's tariffs, the government is concerned by redistribution across consumers classes. A conflict between redistribution and screening induces production distortions even when the firm is a monopoly. Introducing competition with an unregulated fringe may improve efficiency but jeopardizes redistribution. In response, the government may now want to manipulate information about the incumbent's cost so as to restrict entry and better promote its own redistributive objective. To prevent such obstacle to entry, the government's discretion in fixing regulated tariffs of the incumbent should be restricted. This can be done by imposing floors or caps on those tariffs and/or by controlling the market share left to the competitive fringe. We highlight the determinants of such limits on discretion and unveil to what extent they depend on the government's redistributive concerns. |
| Keywords: | Electricity markets; government's redistributive concerns; optimal discretion; regulated tariffs |
| JEL: | L51 L94 L98 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13801&r=all |
| By: | Mesagan, Ekundayo Peter; Eregha, Perekunah Bright |
| Abstract: | The study focuses on the political economy of oil resources management in Nigeria with the sole purpose of showcasing how far the country has gone in effectively managing its crude oil proceeds. It presents a brief history of the excess crude account as well as the sovereign wealth fund in Nigeria and then presents the models of excess oil resource management of some other countries. This is to enable Nigeria to draw some lessons and then take steps that guarantee the sustenance of growth and development. |
| Keywords: | Crude Oil; Political Economy; Sovereign Wealth Fund; Excess Crude Account; Growth; Nigeria. |
| JEL: | D72 D73 D78 Q34 Q43 |
| Date: | 2018–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95667&r=all |
| By: | Runst, Petrik; Thonipara, Anita; Röben, Felix |
| Abstract: | Die Mehrkostenbelastung durch eine CO2-Bepreisung von 40, 60 bzw. 120 Euro pro Tonne verursacht - ungeachtet des konkreten Bepreisungsinstruments (Mengensteuerung mit Zertifikatehandel, Abgaben-oder Steuerlösung) aufgrund der heterogenen Betriebsstrukturen und Arbeitsweisen in den sieben ausgewählten Handwerkszweigen sehr unterschiedliche Mehrkosten. Dabei belaufen sich die Mehrkosten durchschnittlich (über alle Unternehmen und Handwerkszweige hinweg) auf ca. 150 Euro pro Mitarbeiter und Jahr (bei 60 €/t) bzw. 300 Euro pro Mitarbeiter und Jahr (bei 120 €/t). Größere Unternehmen werden prinzipiell weniger stark getroffen als kleinere Unternehmen, da sie tendenziell energieeffizienter arbeiten. Eine Abschaffung der EEG-Umlage würde die Einführung einer CO2-Bepreisung von 60/120 Euro pro Tonne nahezu bis vollständig kompensieren, d.h. es ergäben sich in der kurzen Frist kaum Mehrkosten für die Handwerksunternehmen im Falle einer CO2-Bepreisung bei gleichzeitiger Streichung der EEG-Umlage. Ohne entsprechende Kompensation der CO2-Mehrkosten durch die Streichung der EEG-Umlage oder andere Instrumente, wie z.B. eine Pauschalzahlung nach Schweizer Vorbild, ist davon auszugehen, dass Handwerksunternehmen Anpassungsmaßnahmen durchführen, um die Mehrkosten zu reduzieren. Zwei wesentliche Anpassungskanäle wurden untersucht - Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen und die Ersetzung CO2-intensiver Energieträger. Kurzfristig, d.h.innerhalb von ca. 4 Jahren, können die untersuchten Maßnahmen die CO2-Emissionen - und damit die Mehrkosten - zwar teilweise senken, aber die Investitionskosten fallen recht hoch aus, sodass davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass nur wenige Anpassungsmaßnahmen vollzogen werden. |
| Keywords: | CO2-Bepreisung,Kostenschätzung,Handwerksunternehmen,Handwerk,carbon-pricing,cost estimation,crafts companies,impact evaluation |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhgbh:28&r=all |
| By: | Scarcioffolo, Alexandre; Etienne, Xiaoli L. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290797&r=all |
| By: | Schmidt, Christoph M. |
| Abstract: | Ein in allen Wirtschaftsbereichen gültiger CO2-Preis wäre die effizienteste Maßnahme für einen besseren und sozial ausgewogenen Klimaschutz. Die Politik muss mehr für den Klimaschutz tun - diese Erkenntnis hat sich inzwischen auf breiter Ebene durchgesetzt. Über die verschiedenen Instrumente herrscht aber Uneinigkeit. Die beste Lösung wäre es, neben den bereits im EU-Emissionshandel erfassten Industrie- und Energieunternehmen auch in den anderen Sektoren einen einheitlichen CO2-Preis zu etablieren. Dabei eröffnen Emissionshandelssysteme und CO2-Steuern die gleichen Spielräume für eine sozial ausgewogene Klimapolitik. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwiimp:202045&r=all |
| By: | Muhammad Zeshan (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad); Muhammad Nasir (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops Pakistan’s first Input-Output table (IOT) that follows the 2008 System of National Accounts. An IOT examines the structural changes in an economy. The present paper provides Pakistan’s IOT 2010-11 in an industry-by-industry format (42*42). The analysis of backward and forward linkages reveals that manufacturing of food products, beverages, textiles, electricity, gas, steam, air-conditioning and accommodation sectors have strong backward linkages while mining and quarrying, wood products, chemicals and chemical products, electricity, gas, steam, air-conditioning, warehousing and support activities for transportation sectors have strong forward linkages. For national economic growth to be sustainable, the government should facilitate economic activities in these sectors. |
| Keywords: | System of National Accounts, Supply and Use Tables, Input-Output Table, Backward and Forward Linkages, Pakistan |
| JEL: | C67 D57 E01 L16 R15 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wpaper:2019:162&r=all |
| By: | Xu, Yilan; Hu, Wuyang |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290816&r=all |
| By: | Qirjo, Dhimitri; Pascalau, Razvan |
| Abstract: | We empirically investigate the impacts of the implementation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) on per capita emissions of eight air pollutants and municipal waste. We employ the same explanatory variables and apply the same empirical strategy and methodologies as in (Qirjo and Pascalau, 2019). We provide robust evidence suggesting that the implementation of TTIP could be beneficial to the environment because it may help reduce per capita emissions of NO2 and HFCs/PFCs/SF6 in a typical TTIP member. This result is based on the statistically significant evidence showing that, on average, the pollution haven motive based on national per capita income variations is dominated by the Factor Endowment Argument based on the classical Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory and the pollution haven motive originating from an inverse measurement of national population density differences. However, we also report generally statistically significant evidence implying that the implementation of TTIP could denigrate the environment because it may help increase per capita emissions of SO2, SOx, NOx, SF6, and NH3. |
| Keywords: | Free Trade, Environmental Economics, TTIP. |
| JEL: | F18 F53 |
| Date: | 2019–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95633&r=all |
| By: | Claudia Kemfert; Sophie Schmalz; Nicole Wägner |
| Abstract: | Die Klimaschutzdebatte konzentriert sich derzeit darauf, wie der Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen politisch und ökonomisch am effektivsten gesenkt werden kann. Immer mehr in den Fokus rückt dabei eine verstärkte Bepreisung von Kohlendioxid (CO2) für die Sektoren Wärme und Verkehr, die inzwischen von vielen Seiten unterstützt wird, deren Ausgestaltung aber noch unklar ist. Eine Möglichkeit besteht darin, den EU-Emissionshandel (EU-ETS) auf Verkehr und Gebäude auszuweiten. Dies würde politisch und juristisch aber nur schwer durchsetzbar sein und das Erreichen der Klimaziele deutlich verzögern. Eine weitere Option ist, die Besteuerung zu reformieren, indem eine CO2-basierte Komponente in der Energiesteuer eingeführt wird. Sie wäre schneller umsetzbar, ist auch ökologisch und ökonomisch effizient und daher aus heutiger Sicht eindeutig die überlegene Option. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwakt:20de&r=all |
| By: | Leong, Wei Dong; Teng, Sin Yong; How, Bing Shen; Ngan, Sue Lin; Lam, Hon Loong; Tan, Chee Pin; Ponnambalam, S. G. |
| Abstract: | Recent problems faced by industrial players commonly relates to global warming and depletion of resources. This situation highlights the importance of improvement solutions for industrial operations and environmental performances. Based on interviews and literature studies, manpower, machine, material, money and environment are known as the foundation resources to fulfil the facility's operation. The most critical and common challenge that is being faced by the industrialists is to perform continuous improvement effectively. The needs to develop a systematic framework to assist and guide the industrialist to achieve lean and green is growing rapidly. In this paper, a novel development of an adaptive analytic model for lean and green operation and processing is presented. The development of lean and green index will act as a benchmarking tool for the industrialist. This work uses the analytic hierarchy process to obtain experts opinion in determining the priority of the lean and green components and indicators. The application of backpropagation optimisation method will further enhance the lean and green model in guiding the industrialist for continuous improvement. An actual industry case study (combine heat and power plant) will be presented with the proposed lean and green model. The model is expected to enhance processing plant performance in a systematic lean and green manner. |
| Keywords: | Lean & green manufacturing; Lean and green index; Back-propagation; Machine learning; Process optimisation |
| JEL: | C1 C10 C8 C80 C83 L6 L7 L8 L9 M0 O3 |
| Date: | 2019–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95449&r=all |
| By: | Soliman, Heba Y. M. |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a model of an energy independent smart pole operating under the 5G technological umbrella. Types of sensors necessary for the smart cities operation are described. Suitable Sustainable energy sources for the pole operation are presented. |
| Keywords: | sustainable smart city,independent smart pole |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsm19:201746&r=all |
| By: | Roland Ismer; Manuel Haußner; Klaus Meßerschmidt; Karsten Neuhoff |
| Abstract: | CO2-Abgaben bergen die Gefahr, einkommensschwächere Haushalte überdurchschnittlich zu belasten. Zur Abwehr solcher regressiven Verteilungswirkungen wird erwogen, einen Teil der Einnahmen durch einen Pro-Kopf-Bonus an die Bürger*innen zurückzugeben. Der vorliegende Beitrag entwickelt einen Vorschlag für einen in das deutsche Krankenversicherungssystem integrierten Bonus. Dazu werden zunächst die Ziele definiert, die ein solcher Bonus verfolgen soll: Er soll die regressive Wirkung der CO2-Abgabe beseitigen, ohne die beabsichtige Lenkungswirkung der CO2-Abgabe zu beeinträchtigen. Zugleich sollen die Verwaltungskosten und die Befolgungskosten der Steuer und des Kompensationsmechanismus möglichst gering sein. Schließlich soll der Mechanismus von möglichst vielen Berechtigten auch tatsächlich in Anspruch genommen werden. Danach werden die institutionellen Details vorgestellt: Der Pro-Kopf-Bonus sollte so weit wie möglich durch Leistung von Zuschüssen über die Krankenversicherungen abgewickelt werden; gesonderte Mechanismen müssten für Empfänger von Transferzahlungen und für Empfänger von Heilfürsorge vorgesehen werden. Abschließend werden die Voraussetzungen dafür aufgezeigt, dass ein solcher Vorschlag mit den verfassungsrechtlichen Vorgaben im Einklang steht. |
| Keywords: | CO2-Steuer, Verteilungswirkung, Rückerstattung, Krankenkasse |
| JEL: | H23 H50 K34 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1819&r=all |
| By: | Luo, Jinjing; Moschini, GianCarlo |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290997&r=all |
| By: | Abdelhakam, Mostafa M.; Elmesalawy, Mahmoud M. |
| Abstract: | Heterogeneous cloud radio access network (C-RAN) that combines the benefits of C-RAN and multi-tier heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is emerged as a novel network solution for improving both spectrum and energy efficiencies. In this work, we propose an energy-efficient approach that considers both RRHs beamforming design and BBUs aggregation in heterogeneous C-RAN. First, the problem is formulated as an optimization problem to maximize the weighted energy efficiency utility function subject to BBU processing capability, per-user quality-ofservice (QoS) requirement and per-RRH total transmit power constraints. Then, the optimization problem is decomposed into two sub problems. The first sub problem is a transmit beamforming vectors optimization problem. This problem is transformed to a weighted sum mean square error (MSE) minimization problem and solved using a weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) algorithm. The second sub problem is the BBUs aggregation problem. This problem is converted to a bin packing problem and we propose an algorithm based on the Best-Fit-Decreasing method to solve it. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed energy-efficient approach, we compare it with different algorithms that are presented in the literature. |
| Keywords: | Heterogeneous cloud radio access network,beamforming,weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE),BestFit-Decreasing |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsm19:201740&r=all |
| By: | Nicola Cufaro Petroni; Piergiacomo Sabino |
| Abstract: | The law of a mean-reverting (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck) process driven by a compound Poisson with exponential jumps is investigated in the context of the energy derivatives pricing. The said distribution turns out to be related to the self-decomposable gamma laws, and its density and characteristic function are here given in closed-form. Algorithms for the exact simulation of such a process are accordingly derived with the advantage of being significantly faster (at least 30 times) than those available in the literature. They are also extended to more general cases (bilateral exponential jumps, and time-dependent intensity of the Poisson process). These results are finally applied to the pricing of gas storages and swings under jump-diffusion market models, and the apparent computational advantages of the proposed procedures are emphasized |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1908.03137&r=all |
| By: | Ferreira, Susana; Newbury, Jackson |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291223&r=all |
| By: | Khurana, Ritika; Elbakidze, Levan |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291244&r=all |
| By: | Gotsch, Matthias; Kelnhofer, Anton; Jäger, Angela |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s072019&r=all |
| By: | Zakerinia, Saleh; Lin Lawell, C.-Y. Cynthia |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291241&r=all |
| By: | Houngbonon, Georges V.; Le Quentrec, Erwan |
| Abstract: | While several determinants of ICT usage has been investigated in the literature, the impact of access to electricity has been so far overlooked. In this paper, we rely on countrylevel data on the penetration rates of mobile telephony, Internet and smartphones, as well as average revenue per user (ARPU) to evaluate the impact of access to electricity on ICT usage in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using a panel of 40 countries from 2000 to 2016 and a logistic diffusion model, we find a positive and statistically significant impact of access to electricity on the penetration rate of the Internet and smartphones, but no significant effect on the diffusion of basic mobile telephony. Accounting for both the extensive and intensive margins, we find that ICT usage increases by 0.43 US dollar per connected user, meaning that mobile ARPU would have declined by 0.1 percentage point more per year without the expansion of access to electricity. These findings are robust to the measurement of access to electricity, and to the inclusion of controls for income, education, urbanization, price, competition and network investment. |
| Keywords: | Electricity,ICT,Africa |
| JEL: | L94 L96 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsm19:201728&r=all |