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on Energy Economics |
| By: | Newbery, D.; Pollitt, M.; Ritz, R.; Strielkowski, W. |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a set of policy recommendations for the market design of a future European electricity system characterized by a dominant share of intermittent renewable energy supply (RES), in line with the stated targets of European governments. We discuss the market failures that need to be addressed to accommodate RES in liberalized electricity markets, review the evolution of the EU's RES policy mechanisms, and summarize the key market impacts of RES to date. We then set out economic principles for market design and use these to develop our policy recommendations. Our analysis covers the value of interconnection and market integration, electricity storage, the design of RES support mechanisms, distributed generation and network tariffs, the pricing of electricity and flexibility as well as long-term contracting and risk management. |
| Keywords: | Electricity markets, wholesale market design, renewable energy, interconnection, electricity storage, long-term contracts, capacity markets |
| JEL: | H23 L94 Q28 Q48 |
| Date: | 2017–07–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1726&r=ene |
| By: | Hancevic, Pedro; Nuñez, Héctor; Rosellón, Juan |
| Abstract: | Mexico plans to implement a national program to support the adoption of distributed photovoltaic generation (DPVG) among qualified households. The main objectives of such a program would be to reduce the burden of the substantial federal energy subsidy and increase the share of renewable energy sources used to generate electricity. In this paper we assess the current conditions under which the Mexican residential electricity sector operates, and quantify the potential effects that the massive adoption of DPV systems would have on household expenditure and welfare, subsidy reduction, pollution and water resource usage. Based on the positive results in terms of both economic and environmental effects, our paper provides a significant support for further design and implementation of a DPVG program. |
| Keywords: | Energía, Investigación socioeconómica, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1027&r=ene |
| By: | Nepal, R.; Jamasb, T.; Sen, A.; Cram, L. |
| Abstract: | The dominant focus of much policy attention of late has been on the suitability of electricity market reform carried out under the 'standard' or prescriptive approach - the end point of which is market liberalization - for the integration of intermittent renewables. There is now a growing consensus around the argument that traditional energy-only electricity markets where prices are based on system marginal cost cannot function efficiently with both fossil fuels and renewables, potentially resulting in market disruptions and price volatility. Consequently, most policy discussion has focused on finding ways to successfully integrate the two through adopting advanced competitive solutions (such as the use of capacity markets in addition to energy-only markets) in larger electricity systems. This paper however argues that the effectiveness of competition is limited by the size of an electricity system - in other words, there is a minimum threshold size (and other associated characteristics such as tropical locations, lack of access, and the prevalence of remote communities of consumers) under which competition will not produce expected outcomes, and for which distinctive policy solutions are required. This paper contributes to the policy discourse by discussing the reform of small electricity systems to integrate renewable energy via the means of three case studies: Nicaragua, El Salvador, and their application to Australia's Northern Territory. The paper draws some policy lessons that can be considered for other small electricity systems in island economies and territories across Africa, the Caribbean, and the Asia-Pacific, that are pursuing a triad of objectives including electricity sector reform, large-scale renewables development and improving energy access. |
| Keywords: | electricity, reforms, renewables, island economies, territories |
| JEL: | D04 L94 Q48 L51 |
| Date: | 2017–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1720&r=ene |
| By: | Milad Ghaisi (Electrical and Computer Engineering Department - University of Nebraska-Lincoln); Milad Rahmani (Department of Electrical Engineering - AUT - Amirkabir University of Technology); Pedram Gharghabi (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Mississipi State, USA) - Mississipi State University (USA)); Ali Zoghi (Department of Electrical Engineering - AUT - Amirkabir University of Technology); Seyed Hossein Hosseinian (Department of Electrical Engineering - AUT - Amirkabir University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | In this paper a new approach has been introduced to find the optimum capacity of a wind farm to cooperate with a hydro-pumped-storage in order to maximize the income and optimize the payback period of their combination. First, Monte Carlo method has been used to generate the annual price and wind speed values. Then, an operating policy has been considered to schedule each unit generating and saving the produced energy by the wind farm. Subsequently, simulations have been carried out in MATLAB M-File environment to show the effectiveness of the presented method. Finally, results are presented in various circumstances to help the owner to select the optimum condition for constructing a wind hydro-pumped-storage system. |
| Keywords: | wind hydro-pumped-storage,optimize the payback period,wind farm,pumped-storage,Monte Carlo |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01478231&r=ene |
| By: | Tangeras, T.; ; ; |
| Abstract: | An increasing reliance on solar and wind power has raised concern about system ability to consistently satisfy electricity demand. This paper examines countries' unilateral incentives to achieve supply security through capacity reserves and market integration in a multinational electricity market. Capacity reserves protect consumers against blackouts and extreme prices, but distort consumption and investment. Market integration alleviates supply constraints, but requires costly network reinforcement. Capacity reserves can be up- or downward distorted, but network investment is always insufficient in equilibrium. Capacity reserves are smaller when there are financial markets or when dispatched solely to resolve domestic supply constraints. |
| Keywords: | Capacity mechanism, decentralized policy making, multinational |
| JEL: | D24 H23 L94 Q48 |
| Date: | 2017–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1716&r=ene |
| By: | Newbery, D. |
| Abstract: | Well-designed electricity liberalization has delivered efficiency gains, but political risks of decarbonizing the sector have undermined investment incentives in energy-only markets, while poorly designed regulated tariffs have increased the cost of accommodating renewables. The paper sets out principles from theory and public economics to guide market design, capacity remuneration, renewables support and regulatory tariff setting, illustrating their application in a hypothetical high capital cost low variable cost electricity system in "Andia" that resembles Peru. Such characteristics are likely to become more prevalent with increasing renewables penetration, where poor regulation is already threatening current utility business models. The appendix develops and applies a method for determining the subsidy justified by learning spillovers from solar PV. |
| Keywords: | Electricity market design, tariffs, renewables support, utilities |
| JEL: | D44 L51 L94 Q40 Q48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2017–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1714&r=ene |
| By: | Sidhu, A.; Pollitt, M.; Anaya, K. |
| Abstract: | This study explores and quantifies the social costs and benefits of grid-scale electrical energy storage (EES) projects in Great Britain. The case study for this report is the Smarter Network Storage project, a 6 MW/10MWh lithium battery placed at the Leighton Buzzard Primary substation to meet growing local peak demand requirements. This study analyses both the locational and system-wide benefits to grid-scale EES, determines the realistic combination of those social benefits, and juxtaposes them against the social costs across the lifecycle of the battery to determine the techno-economic performance. Risk and uncertainty from the benefit streams, cost elements, battery lifespan, and discount rate are incorporated into a Monte Carlo simulation. Using this framework, society can be guided to cost-effectively invest in EES as a grid modernization asset to facilitate the transition to a reliable, affordable, and clean power system. |
| Keywords: | electrical energy storage, battery, social cost benefit analysis |
| JEL: | L94 L98 Q48 D61 |
| Date: | 2017–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1722&r=ene |
| By: | Greve, T.; Teng, F.; Pollitt, M.; Strbac, G. |
| Abstract: | How can the electricity system operator determine the optimal quantity and quality of electricity ancillary services (such as frequency response) to procure in a market increasingly characterized by intermittent renewable electricity generation? The paper presents a system operator's utility function to calculate the exchange rates in monetary values between different frequency response products in the electricity system. We then use the utility function in a two-sided Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism combined of two frequency response products 'enhanced and primary' in the context of the system in Great Britain. This mechanism would allow the market to reveal to the system operator the welfare optimal mix of speed of frequency response and quantity to procure. We show that this mechanism is the efficient way to support new faster sources of frequency response, such as could be provided by grid scale batteries. |
| Keywords: | Utility function, ancillary services, system operator, energy storage, VCG mechanism |
| JEL: | D44 L94 |
| Date: | 2017–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1728&r=ene |
| By: | Teirila, J. |
| Abstract: | An electricity market coupled with a capacity market is modelled as a two-stage game that allows for strategic behaviour both in the electricity market and in the capacity market. The model is applied to the Irish electricity market, where a capacity market based on reliability options is established by the end of 2017. As Ireland has one dominant firm in the electricity market, there have been concerns that the new market design provides it an opportunity to abuse market power in these two markets. Using Ireland as an example this article examines the kinds of strategic behaviours that can be expected if a capacity market is implemented in an imperfectly competitive market. It is found that the potential for the abuse of market power in the capacity market is significant for the dominant firm in Ireland and that there is no simple way to mitigate it. The relative amount of procured capacity, the amount and characteristics of potential entrants, and the competitiveness of the electricity market are the main determinants of the possibilities and incentives for abusing market power in the capacity market. |
| Keywords: | capacity market, strategic behaviour, competitive benchmark analysis, procurement auction |
| JEL: | D43 D44 H57 L13 L94 |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1727&r=ene |
| By: | Petrilean, Dan Codrut; Sabin Ioan, Irimie |
| Abstract: | The main objective of the paper is to highlight the evolution of the energetic and environmental performances of a condensing and cogeneration 150 MW power plant which for different loading levels. The values obtained from the creation of the real hourly thermalenergetic balance were graphically processed highlighting therefore the comparative evolution of the energetic and environmental parameters obtained during the condensing and cogeneration operation. The usefulness of the study is materialised through the expression of the quantitative differences between the values obtained during the cogeneration operation and those obtained during the condensing operation, situation which legally allows for a competitive price for electric energy to be obtained, energy which may be capitalized on the energy market. |
| Keywords: | cogeneration, environmental impact, sustainability indicators, footprint |
| JEL: | Q40 |
| Date: | 2017–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:81174&r=ene |
| By: | Florin-Constantin Mihai ("Alexandru Ioan Cuza " University) |
| Abstract: | The paper aims to reveal one integrated global map which points out the major geographical inequalities in providing basic utilities across the countries using multivariate analysis and thematic cartography. Sixteen indicators with global coverage were selected taking into account the waste collection services, sanitation facilities, drinking water sources, energy, electricity, habitat and demographic conditions. Several data are broken down for the total, urban and rural population in order to outline the rural-urban disparities between and within countries. A special focus is given to waste collection coverage, in order to compute a comprehensive global assessment of this key indicator of public health, which is one of the poorest monitored basic utility. The world countries were divided into 10 classes according to the hierarchical cluster analysis. Each class has particular features outlining the gaps between high, middle and low-income countries with direct impact on quality of life, public health, and environment. |
| Keywords: | drinking water, sanitation, waste wanagement , energy, utilities, public policy,pollution,environment,SDGs,human ecology,global inequalities |
| Date: | 2017–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01551407&r=ene |
| By: | Luca Barbaglia; Christophe Croux; Ines Wilms |
| Abstract: | Volatility is a key measure of risk in financial analysis. The high volatility of one financial asset today could affect the volatility of another asset tomorrow. These lagged effects among volatilities - which we call volatility spillovers - are studied using the Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) model. We account for the possible fat-tailed distribution of the VAR model errors using a VAR model with errors following a multivariate Student t-distribution with unknown degrees of freedom. Moreover, we study volatility spillovers among a large number of assets. To this end, we use penalized estimation of the VAR model with t-distributed errors. We study volatility spillovers among energy, biofuel and agricultural commodities and reveal bidirectional volatility spillovers between energy and biofuel, and between energy and agricultural commodities. |
| Keywords: | Commodities, Forecasting, Multivariate t-distribution, Vector AutoRegressive model, Volatility spillover |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ete:kbiper:590528&r=ene |
| By: | Kawamura, Enrique |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the main set-up and long-run results from a simple deterministic version of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy in Kawamura (2017). The model assumes two types of households, one poor and the other non-poor. There are two types of energy used as both GDP input and consumption goods, one using a fossil-based resource (with a given international price) and another that uses public capital and that represents a non-standard, "clean" (i.e., non-fossil based) energy source. The paper reports the results from two types of policy makers. The .rst type corresponds to a benevolent and perfectly-committed government that sets complete plans of taxes, subsidies and public investment policies, including public infrastructure. The second type of policy maker is a politician that wins elections occurring in every period. Such politician implements policies promised at the electoral stage. This second policy-making process assumes that the politician can commit to policies only for the period in which she wins elections. The paper shows that a necessary condition for obtaining long-run growth in public capital, private capital, GDP and clean energy is that the international price of the resource increases steadily through time. Thus, both types of policy makers react to such increase by also steadily increasing the public investment. |
| Keywords: | Economía, Energía, Infraestructura, Investigación socioeconómica, Pobreza, Políticas públicas, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1050&r=ene |
| By: | Jean-Sébastien Broc (B R & C - Broc Research & Consulting - IEECP - Institute for European Energy and Climate Policy); Catherine Guermont (Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie - ADEME); Christian Deconninck (ATEE - Association Technique Energie Environnement); Marie-Laure Nauleau (Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie - ADEME) |
| Abstract: | There have been many reviews about how energy efficiency policies for existing buildings work, but more rarely about the details of their effective impacts and costs, mainly due to difficulties in accessing data. The National Energy Efficiency Action Plans enable to know what policies are implemented and how. But details about their impacts and costs can often be found in national language only, and rarely in a single report (if available at all). This paper presents an analysis of ex-post evaluations and monitoring reports available for 13 major energy efficiency schemes for retrofitting buildings. The first part reviews the data about evaluation methods, energy savings, and costs. It describes the main data found and discusses to what extent these data can be compared. This stresses the need for in-depth study to correctly analyse the data. The second part proposes a methodology to compare results and costs of different policies, illustrated by one pilot comparison between the Italian and the French tax credit schemes. This example shows the importance to take into account the differences in the scope and methods used to estimate the impacts and costs when comparing indicators such as cost-effectiveness ratios. The paper concludes with a discussion about the need to promote information sharing between the Member States and evidence-based approaches for the design and management of energy efficiency policies. |
| Keywords: | Energy efficiency policies,Evaluation,Cost-effectiveness,Buildings |
| Date: | 2017–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01577516&r=ene |
| By: | Jean-Sébastien Broc (B R & C - Broc Research & Consulting - IEECP - Institute for European Energy and Climate Policy); Catherine Cooremans (UNIGE - Université de Genève) |
| Abstract: | This short communication introduces the special issue based on a selection of papers first presented at the International Energy Policy and Programme Evaluation Conference in Berlin on 9 to 11 September 2014. |
| Keywords: | Energy efficiency policies,Evaluation |
| Date: | 2016–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01577517&r=ene |
| By: | Collins, Matthew; Curtis, John |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the diffusion of energy efficiency retrofits across the national housing stock and specifically examines whether the level of applications for subsidy support is impacted by advertising, either online or through print and radio media, and whether there are spillover effects from prior investments in retrofits on new retrofit subsidy applications. While there are numerous drivers of household retrofitting activities, the focus here is specifically on advertising and spillover effects. The analysis employs a Bass growth model using a subsidy scheme administrative dataset from Ireland. The research finds that some but not all advertising related to a retrofit subsidy scheme increases the level of scheme applications and also that there are spillover effects from a niche retrofit scheme targeting communities (covering both private and community buildings) on private applications for energy efficiency subsidy support. |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp569&r=ene |
| By: | Florian Fizaine (Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Laboratoire d'Économie de Dijon); Pierre Voyé (Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Laboratoire d'Économie de Dijon); Catherine Baumont (Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Laboratoire d'Économie de Dijon) |
| Abstract: | Increasing attention is being paid to the building sector due to its importance in the climate change debate. In recent years, a growing literature on the price premium paid by consumers to access more efficient and sustainable buildings has emerged as a common topic in hedonic model estimations. In this paper, we aim to provide a summary of this literature by conducting a meta-analysis of more than 50 studies from around the world. In this way, based on a random effects models and weighted OLS robust clustering estimations, we offer an average estimation of the price premium accepted by economic agents (in terms of sale prices) in order to enjoy energy efficient and sustainable buildings. This supports the argument that investing in building refurbishment is worthwhile and economically relevant. However, our data seem to show a major publication bias. Correcting for this bias leads us to halve the original estimation (from 8% to 4%). In addition, we analyze the sources of result dispersion by performing a meta-regression using different moderators (type of publication, sample analysis period, econometric method, etc.). We also carry out different statistical tests and use alternative selection criteria in order to check whether our estimations are robust. Finally, we make recommendations for future hedonic studies as well as for upcoming meta-analyses of the green building premium.. |
| Keywords: | labels, certification, energy efficiency, hedonic model, meta-analysis |
| JEL: | R5 Q48 Q5 H54 C19 |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2017.13&r=ene |
| By: | Miller, Justin; Viscidi, Lisa |
| Abstract: | Clean energy research and commercialization have taken off over the last decade. The annual number of clean technology patent documents more than tripled between 2000 and 2014,while venture capital (VC) investment in the clean tech sector overall doubled in 2010-2014 compared to the previous five years, with most clean tech research and investment focused on energy. But more needs to be done. Governments must triple annual spending on energy research and development (R&D) to more than $50 million to meet climate change mitigation goals, according to the International Energy Agency. This report examines clean energy technology development in Brazil, Mexico and Chile, which are among the Latin American countries with the greatest potential to expand clean energy research and commercialization. All three countries are part of “Mission Innovation,” a global initiative to accelerate public and private clean energy innovation, which was launched during the 2015 United Nations climate talks in Paris. Member countries have committed to double clean energy research and development spending over the five years to 2020. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Cambio climático, Energía, Innovación, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:839&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, José Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya, Rocío |
| Abstract: | Este estudio describe el estado de desarrollo de la Eficiencia Energética (EE) en América Latina y ofrece un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo, identifica los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Bolivia. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:954&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, Jose Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | En los últimos tiempos el uso eficiente y racional de la energía (EE) ha pasado a ser un elemento importante dentro de la planificación energética de los países, así como de los diversos sectores y tipos de usuarios que tienen la energía como insumo dentro de su proceso productivo y por ende en su producto final. La adopción de esquemas de uso eficiente y racional de la energía dentro de la composición de las matrices energéticas permite aumentar los niveles de competitividad, minimizar el consumo de energía, crear nuevas fuentes y nichos de actuación industrial y comercial y reducir la huella de carbono de los países. En ese sentido, se realizó un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la EE en América Latina y dar un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo se identificaron los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Uruguay. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:974&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, José Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | Este reporte contiene un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la Eficiencia Energética (EE) en América Latina y ofrece un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo, identifica los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo a modo de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Perú. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:963&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, José Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | En los últimos tiempos el uso eficiente y racional de la energía ha pasado a ser un elemento importante dentro de la planificación energética de los países, así como de los diversos sectores y tipos de usuarios que tienen la energía como insumo dentro de su proceso productivo y por ende en su producto final. La adopción de esquemas de uso eficiente y racional de la energía dentro de la composición de las matrices energéticas permite aumentar los niveles de competitividad, minimizar el consumo de energía, crear nuevas fuentes y nichos de actuación industrial y comercial y reducir la huella de carbono de los países. América Latina ha comenzado lentamente la integración de políticas asociadas con el uso eficiente de la energía y la integración de los programas de EE desde el lado de la demanda (residencial, comercial, industrial y oficial). Estas políticas no han producido resultados significativos y los costos y beneficios asociados con los sectores industrial y eléctrico no han sido internalizados. Esto principalmente porque los beneficios no son claros, especialmente en mercados donde la demanda mantiene esencialmente un rol pasivo y donde no existe un marco regulatorio adecuado. Actualmente, existen atractivos esquemas de incentivos, especialmente en industrias electro-intensivas, que pudiesen eliminar las barreras potenciales a los programas de EE aplicables. En ese sentido, se realizó un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la EE en América Latina y dar un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo se identificaron los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Panamá. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:969&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, Jose Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | En los últimos tiempos el uso eficiente y racional de la energía ha pasado a ser un elemento importante dentro de la planificación energética de los países, así como de los diversos sectores y tipos de usuarios que tienen la energía como insumo dentro de su proceso productivo y por ende en su producto final. La adopción de esquemas de uso eficiente y racional de la energía dentro de la composición de las matrices energéticas permite aumentar los niveles de competitividad, minimizar el consumo de energía, crear nuevas fuentes y nichos de actuación industrial y comercial y reducir la huella de carbono de los países. América Latina ha comenzado lentamente la integración de políticas asociadas con el uso eficiente de la energía y la integración de los programas de EE desde el lado de la demanda (residencial, comercial, industrial y oficial). Estas políticas no han producido resultados significativos y los costos y beneficios asociados con los sectores industrial y eléctrico no han sido internalizados. Este estudio describe el estado de desarrollo de la EE en Paraguay y da un balance del diagnóstico actual. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:995&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, Jose Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | América Latina ha comenzado lentamente la integración de políticas asociadas con el uso eficiente de la energía y la integración de los programas de efeciencia energética (EE) desde el lado de la demanda (residencial, comercial, industrial y oficial). Estas políticas no han producido resultados significativos y los costos y beneficios asociados con los sectores industrial y eléctrico no han sido internalizados. Esto principalmente porque los beneficios no son claros, especialmente en mercados donde la demanda mantiene esencialmente un rol pasivo y donde no existe un marco regulatorio adecuado. Actualmente, existen atractivos esquemas de incentivos, especialmente en industrias electro-intensivas, que pudiesen eliminar las barreras potenciales a los programas de EE aplicables. En ese sentido, se realizó un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la EE en América Latina y dar un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo se identificaron los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Ecuador. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:977&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, José Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | América Latina ha comenzado lentamente la integración de políticas asociadas con el uso eficiente de la energía y la integración de los programas de eficiencia energética (EE) desde el lado de la demanda (residencial, comercial, industrial y oficial). Estas políticas no han producido resultados significativos y los costos y beneficios asociados con los sectores industrial y eléctrico no han sido internalizados. Esto principalmente porque los beneficios no son claros, especialmente en mercados donde la demanda mantiene esencialmente un rol pasivo y donde no existe un marco regulatorio adecuado. Actualmente, existen atractivos esquemas de incentivos, especialmente en industrias electro-intensivas, que pudiesen eliminar las barreras potenciales a los programas de EE aplicables. En ese sentido, se realizó un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la EE en América Latina y dar un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo se identificaron los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Chile. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:944&r=ene |
| By: | Miller, Justin; Visicdi, Lisa |
| Abstract: | La investigación y comercialización de energías limpias se ha incrementado rápidamente durante la última década. La cantidad anual de patentes en tecnología limpia se ha más que triplicado entre el 2000 y el 2014, mientras que la inversión de capital en dicho sector se duplicó durante el mismo período en comparación con los cinco años anteriores, con la mayoría de estas inversiones destinadas a la energía. Sin embargo, más inversiones son necesarias. Los gobiernos deben triplicar sus inversiones anuales en investigación y desarrollo de energía. Según la Agencia Internacional de Energía, estas inversiones deberían superar los $50 millones para poder alcanzar las metas de mitigación de cambio climático. Este informe demuestra que América Latina enfrenta numerosas barreras para el desarrollo de tecnologías de energía limpia. Entre las barreras principales se encuentran el acceso al capital, los incentivos gubernamentales inadecuados y la falta de vínculos entre la industria y la academia. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Cambio climático, Energía, Innovación, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblstp:838&r=ene |
| By: | Pierre Camilleri (IFSTTAR/AME/SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - Communauté Université Paris-Est); Laetitia Dablanc (IFSTTAR/AME/SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - Communauté Université Paris-Est) |
| Abstract: | As electric vehicles appear as a potential solution for cleaner deliveries, several constraints affect the attractiveness of electric light commercial vehicles (eLCVs). Our research aims at identifying these constraints as well as quantifying their respective weight. We investigate two types of constraints: operational and economic. Operational constraints determine if an electric vehicle is suitable for a given use; for example, the limited range of operation due to the necessity to recharge the battery. Economic performance, which we examine through Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) computations for electric and conventional vehicles, sheds light upon the trade-offs faced by business users when they have to choose between several technologies. We then present the results of a disaggregated constraints analysis made on a French database about light commercial vehicles, which assesses the proportion of vehicles that could be replaced by electric ones, and at what costs. This study shows that, today, eLCVs are competitive for some specific uses, but do not cover the needs of every freight transport operator. Our analysis also shows that even if fuel prices remain low and financial incentives decline, the competitiveness of electric vehicles could grow in the future. |
| Keywords: | TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP - TCO,CALCUL ECONOMIQUE,VEHICULE ELECTRIQUE,VEHICULE UTILITAIRE LEGER - VUL,ANALYSE DES CONTRAINTES,COUT |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01539105&r=ene |
| By: | Folgerø, Ingrid Kristine (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Harding, Torfinn (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Westby, Benjamin (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of speed limits on local air pollution, using a series of datespecific speed limit reductions in Oslo over the 2004-2015 period. We find that lowering the speed limit from 80 to 60 km/h reduces travel speed by 5.8 km/h, but we find no effect on local air pollution. A conservative cost–benefit calculation suggests a net social loss from the speed limit reductions of 0.52 billion USD each year. Our findings imply that policy makers need to consider other actions than speed limit reductions to improve local air quality. |
| Keywords: | Temporary speed limit; air pollution; travel time; cost-benefit; regression discontinuity design |
| JEL: | H23 Q53 Q58 R41 |
| Date: | 2017–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2017_012&r=ene |
| By: | Bardt, Hubertus; Schaefer, Thilo |
| Abstract: | Energieintensive und umsatzstarke Unternehmen stellen aufgrund der energiepolitischen Rahmenbedingungen Investitionen in Deutschland zurück. Dies betrifft zwar nur einen Teil der Unternehmen, zeigt jedoch, dass steigende Kosten und Unsicherheit über zukünftige energiepolitische Weichenstellungen Unternehmen in ihren Investitionsentscheidungen beeinflussen. Nur wenige Unternehmen planen darüber hinaus, aus Gründen der Energiepolitik verstärkt im Ausland zu investieren. Doch die aktuellen Regeln, die dieses sogenannte 'carbon leakage' verhindern sollen, sind befristet und drohen zuungunsten gerade energieintensiver Unternehmen verändert zu werden. Diese Unsicherheit und einseitige Belastungen, die nur national oder in Europa anfallen, bedrohen Innovationen und die notwendigen Investitionen, die deutsche und europäische Unternehmen für eine treibhausgasärmere und effizientere Produktion vornehmen müssen. Deshalb ist es für einen Erfolg der Energiewende unerlässlich, die Gesamtkosten durch effiziente Instrumente soweit wie möglich zu begrenzen und einseitige Belastungen zu vermeiden. |
| JEL: | Q52 Q58 F21 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkpps:132017&r=ene |
| By: | Boysen, Nils; Briskorn, Dirk; Emde, Simon |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:88891&r=ene |
| By: | Nathalie Fabbe-Costes (CRET-LOG - Centre de Recherche sur le Transport et la Logistique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | Lors du Grenelle de l’environnement, le Transport Routier de Marchandises (TRM) a été stigmatisé comme une activité logistique responsable d’importantes émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), notamment de CO2. Après avoir invité les transporteurs à s’engager dans des programmes de réduction d’émission de CO2, l’État leur a imposé, en 2011, l’affichage des émissions de CO2. Ce dispositif, entré en application en 2013, doit inciter à changer les pratiques, non seulement au niveau du TRM, mais plus largement au niveau des chaînes logistiques. Ce billet présente les résultats du programme de recherche Adesict qui participe de la démarche d’évaluation de ce dispositif. |
| Keywords: | prestations logistiques,Décret 2011-1336 , obligation d’affichage information CO2 , transport routier de marchandises |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01562370&r=ene |
| By: | Kamiar Mohaddes (University of Cambridge); Mehdi Raissi |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the global macroeconomic consequences of falling oil prices due to the oil revolution in the United States, using a Global VAR model estimated for 38 countries/regions over the period 1979Q2 to 2011Q2. Set-identification of the U.S. oil supply shock is achieved through imposing dynamic sign restrictions on the impulse responses of the model. The results show that there are considerable heterogeneities in the responses of different countries to a U.S. supply-driven oil price shock, with real GDP increasing in both advanced and emerging market oil-importing economies, output declining in commodity exporters, inflation falling in most countries, and equity prices rising worldwide. Overall, our results suggest that a U.S. supply-driven oil-price shock (equivalent to a 10–12% fall per quarter in the price of oil) results in an increase in global growth by 0.16 to 0.37 percentage points in the medium term. This is mainly due to an increase in spending by oil importing countries, which exceeds the decline in expenditure by oil exporters. |
| Date: | 2017–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1124&r=ene |
| By: | Sonia Benghida (Woosong University) |
| Abstract: | After the discovery of oil in the Norwegian coast, many uncertainties were raised in the public administration and environmentalists but Farouk Al-Kasim came up with innovative ideas on how to handle the present and future of the oil industry. Farouk Al-Kasim is considered as one of the fathers of the Norwegian oil model; a rare example of good governance among the major oil-producing countries. The Norwegian model has to take accountability on first, the expertise of Farouk Al-Kasim, second, the state's institutional capacity and third, the political stability and government transparency. This article focuses on how Norway managerial structure could affect the state's economy, and refers to the oil market of Norway. It also shows how Norway success depends on its initial institutions and a package of innovative and sustainable strategies. The paper concludes that good governance has been affecting the economic and political equilibrium of Norway economy. This article describes how the policy and management decisions taken in the past have a great impact on the present and are expected to positively affect the future equilibrium of Norway. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable solutions, Technological innovation,Norwegian oil model, Farouk Al-Kasim, Oil management, Statoil, Oil exploration |
| Date: | 2017–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01516617&r=ene |
| By: | Nader Naifar (Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia); Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad; Shawkat Hammoudeh |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of oil price volatility and major financial and uncertainty factors on sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads in the case of the oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, other oil-exporting countries and regional markets namely the G7, BRICS, Council of Europe (CE), Asia, North America (NA) and the N11 nations. We first employ the standard quantile regression analysis that allows one to investigate the dependence dynamics of the sovereign CDS spreads under different market circumstances. Consequently, we use the causality-in-quantiles, which allows for identifying the quantile range for which causality is relevant. Empirical results show that the sovereign CDSs of the non GCC oil-exporting countries (i.e., Venezuela, Mexico and Russia) are the most affected by oil prices, which is more than those of major global regions/blocs. However, the results show no or little dependence for Saudi Arabia, UAE and Norway which have the largest sovereign wealth funds. The results also show that the sovereign CDS spreads are more sensitive to global bond market uncertainty factors than to global equity market uncertainty factors. Finally, we find causality-in-quantiles between sovereign CDS and global financial risk and uncertainty factors and this causality relationship is different across countries and regions/blocs, particularly in the lower quantiles (i.e., bearish markets). |
| Date: | 2017–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1129&r=ene |
| By: | Afees A. Salisu (Centre for Econometric and Allied Research, University of Ibadan); Raymond Swaray (Economics Subject Group, University of Hull Business, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, UK) |
| Abstract: | This paper offers an extension to the literature on energy prices by forecasting the return volatility of these prices using the GARCH-MIDAS approach. In addition to the realized volatility, it also evaluates the predictability of relevant macroeconomic information such as industrial growth and consumer prices (with and without energy components) in the predictive model for the return volatility of energy prices. The analyses are distinctly conducted for full-sample, pre-GFC and post-GFC periods. On average, the findings support the inclusion of these macroeconomic information particularly output growth and realized volatility as they yield good in-sample and outof- sample predictability results for the return volatility. However, the paper finds contrasting evidence between the pre-GFC and post-GFC periods. |
| Keywords: | GARCH-MIDAS; energy prices; return volatility; realized volatility, industrial production, inflation |
| JEL: | C53 Q47 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cui:wpaper:0029&r=ene |
| By: | Christiane J.S. Baumeister; Reinhard Ellwanger; Lutz Kilian |
| Abstract: | It is commonly believed that the response of the price of corn ethanol (and hence of the price of corn) to shifts in biofuel policies operates in part through market expectations and shifts in storage demand, yet to date it has proved difficult to measure these expectations and to empirically evaluate this view. We quantify the extent to which price changes were anticipated by the market, the extent to which they were unanticipated, and how the risk premium in these markets has evolved. We show that the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) increased ethanol price expectations by as much $1.50 initially, raising ethanol storage demand starting and causing an increase in the price of ethanol. There is no conclusive evidence that the tightening of the RFS in 2008 shifted market expectations, but our analysis suggests that policy uncertainty about how to deal with the blend wall raised the risk premium in the ethanol futures market in mid-2013 by as much as 50 cents at longer horizons. Finally, we present evidence against a tight link from ethanol price expectations to corn price expectations and hence to the storage demand for corn in 2005-06. |
| JEL: | Q18 Q28 Q42 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23752&r=ene |
| By: | Vincent Bertrand (Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CRESE); Sylvain Caurla (LEF, AgroParisTech, INRA, 54000, Nancy, France); Elodie Le Cadre (Climate Economics Chair, Univ. Paris Dauphine, Paris, France); Philippe Delacote (LEF, AgroParisTech, INRA, 54000, Nancy, France) |
| Abstract: | We compute the optimal subsidy level to fuelwood consumption that makes it possible to achieve the French biomass energy consumption target. In this view, we model the competitions and trade-offs between the consumption of fuelwood for heat (FW-H) and the consumption of fuelwood for power generation (FW-E). To do so, we couple a forest sector model with an electricity simulation model and we test different scenarios combining FW-H and FW-E that account for contrasted potential rise in carbon price and potential reduction in the number of nuclear plants. We assess the implications of these scenarios on (1) the budgetary costs for the Government, (2) the industrial wood producers’ profits, (3) the costs savings in power sector for the different scenarios tested and (4) the carbon balance. We show that the scenario with the highest carbon price and the lowest number of nuclear plants is the less expensive from a budgetary perspective. Indeed, when associated with a high carbon price, co-firing may increase FW-E demand with lower subsidy level, which enables reducing the cost of reaching the target. However, in this case, FW-E crowds-out part of FW-H which may cause political economy issues. From a carbon balance perspective, a FW-H only scenario better performs than any other scenario that combines FW-H and FW-E due to the relatively low emissions factors of alternative technologies for electricity generation, in particular nuclear energy. |
| Keywords: | Forestry sector, Bioenergy, Biomass-based electricity, Carbon pricing, Nuclear power |
| JEL: | Q41 Q48 Q23 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crb:wpaper:2017-12&r=ene |
| By: | Jaime, Mónica; Chávez, Carlos; Gómez, Walter |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes empirically the determinants of fuel choices and intensity of fuelwood use for residential heating and cooking in central-southern Chile. By using information from a sample of 2,761 households in nine urban areas, we first investigate households’ choices of the main fuel used for heating by means of multinomial models. Then we examine the intensity of fuelwood use through fractional probit models; these models allow analyzing interdependence of fuel use by households while taking account of households’ individual heterogeneity. Results indicate that households’ fuel choices are mainly driven by monetary incentives such as income and fuel prices. In contrast, while there is a component of fuelwood use that cannot be influenced by energy policies such as meteorological conditions across the country, there is a number of characteristics that influence the share households’ energy production that is generated by fuelwood. Factors range from socioeconomic characteristics to households’ perceptions regarding the link between air pollution and use of fuelwood in the county of residence. The knowledge of these factors brings an opportunity for the design of future policy interventions aimed at incentivizing the adoption of cleaner devices. |
| Keywords: | Ciudades, Energía, Investigación socioeconómica, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1051&r=ene |
| By: | Samira Alaani (Fallujah General Hospital); Florent Pirot (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Etienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | It is possible to observe a very clear correlation between the presence of uranium near the surface of the ground and several illnesses for which the link with radioactivity had not been established before (autism, schizophrenia). It is also possible to confirm the link between radioactivity and Down Syndrome that had been already established by Kochupillai et al. 1976, Bound, Francis et Harvey 1995, Schmitz-Feuerhake et al. 2009, and Robert-Gnansia et al. 2007. |
| Abstract: | On observe une corrélation très intéressante entre la présence d’uranium dans la couche superficielle du sol et diverses maladies pour lesquelles le lien avec la radioactivité n’avait pas encore été établi (autisme, schizophrénie). Il est également possible de confirmer le lien radioactivité – trisomie 21 qui avait déjà été établi par Kochupillai et al 1976, Bound, Francis et Harvey 1995, Schmitz-Feuerhake et al. 2009, et Robert-Gnansia et al. 2007. |
| Keywords: | autisme, schizophrénie, trisomie 21, uranium, radioactivité, cancer |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01528351&r=ene |
| By: | Hille, Erik (HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management) |
| Abstract: | Can FDI help to reduce regional air pollution emissions in Korea? Given the proclamation of a far-reaching national green growth strategy that requires a shift in both public and private investments, this paper addresses the need for empirical estimates on the environmental consequences of FDI inflows into Korea. Using a simultaneous equations model the impacts of FDI inflows are decomposed into direct as well as indirect scale, composition, and technique effects. Thereby, the analysis utilizes panel data on six air pollutants in 16 Korean provinces and self-governing cities for the time period 2000 to 2011. The estimation results show that FDI inflows concurrently stimulate regional economic growth and reduce air pollution intensities. However, the total level of air pollution emissions mostly remains unchanged. While confirming the findings of the existing national level research on the FDI growth relationship in Korea, the results are partly contrary to the respective earlier findings on the FDI environment nexus. Given Korea’s high level of development paired with the aforementioned impact on economic growth and air pollution intensities, foreign investments are, therefore, regarded as one potential pillar to achieve the goals of the green growth strategy. |
| Keywords: | Foreign direct investments; green growth; air pollution; decomposition analysis; Republic of Korea; province level |
| JEL: | F21 O44 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0460&r=ene |
| By: | Newbery, D. |
| Abstract: | The paper sets out the economic theory for addressing externalities such as air pollution from burning fossil fuels and from road transport, and for public bads such as greenhouse gases, taking as examples the Clean Air Act, 1956, progress in reducing emissions from power stations, and recent concerns over the number of premature deaths from the rapid growth in diesel cars. That damage can be costed at 15p/litre of diesel on average. The last part discusses the efficacy of taxes, quotas or standards and the EU ETS for mitigating climate damage. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, particulates, fossil generation, transport, emissions trading |
| JEL: | H2 H23 H41 I18 Q51 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1719&r=ene |
| By: | Christian Murray (University of Houston); Frederick Lipfert |
| Abstract: | Perhaps the clearest indications of adverse environmental health effects have been responses to short-term excursions in ambient air quality or temperature as deduced from time-series analyses of exposed populations. However, current analyses cannot characterize the prior health status of affected individuals. We used data on daily elderly death counts, ambient air quality indicators, and temperature in Philadelphia, Chicago, and Atlanta to estimate the daily numbers of frail elderly at-risk of premature mortality, their remaining life expectancies, and environmental effects on life expectancy. These unobserved frail populations at-risk were estimated using the Kalman filter. Frail life expectancies range from 13-16 days. Despite substantial differences in demography and environmental conditions in the three cities, frail life expectancies and contributions of ambient conditions are remarkably similar. The loss in frail life expectancy is approximately 12 hours. Conventional time-series analyses of air pollution effects report similar increases in daily mortality associated with air pollution, but our new model shows that such acute environmental risks are limited to a small fraction of the elderly population whose deaths were imminent in any event. This paradigm shift offered by the Kalman filter provides context to previous estimates of acute associations of air pollution with mortality . |
| Keywords: | life expectancy, daily mortality, frailty, temperature, particulate matter, ozone, time series |
| JEL: | C18 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2017–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hou:wpaper:2017-247-29&r=ene |
| By: | O'Nwachukwu, Chinedu Increase; Anani, Makafui |
| Abstract: | Given the adverse effects of air pollution on human health, a lot of studies have empirically investigated the causal effect of air pollution on health. However, no study has considered how fine particulate matter interacts with GDP per capita to affect cancer mortality. This study therefore uses data for 20 OECD countries to estimate the conditional effect of air pollution on cancer mortality. To this end, a fixed effect panel regression model which takes both country and time fixed effects into consideration is estimated. The conditional causal effect of fine particulate matter was found to be negative 0.22 and significant at 1% level. |
| Keywords: | Fine Particulate Matter; Conditional Effect; Pollution; Cancer Mortality |
| JEL: | Q5 Q51 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2017–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:81123&r=ene |
| By: | Esther Duflo; Michael Greenstone; Rema Hanna (Center for International Development at Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | It is conventional wisdom that it is possible to reduce exposure to indoor air pollution, improve health outcomes, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions in rural areas of developing countries through the adoption of improved cooking stoves. This is largely supported by observational field studies and engineering or laboratory experiments. However, we provide new evidence, from a randomized control trial conducted in rural Orissa, India (one of the poorest places in India) on the benefits of a commonly used improved stove that laboratory tests showed to reduce indoor air pollution and require less fuel. We track households for up to four years after they received the stove. While we find a meaningful reduction in smoke inhalation in the first year, there is no effect over longer time horizons. We find no evidence of improvements in lung functioning or health and there is no change in fuel consumption (and presumably greenhouse gas emissions). The difference between the laboratory and field findings appears to result from households’ revealed low valuation of the stoves. Households failed to use the stoves regularly or appropriately, did not make the necessary investments to maintain them properly, and usage rates ultimately declined further over time. More broadly, this study underscores the need to test environmental and health technologies in real-world settings where behavior may temper impacts, and to test them over a long enough horizon to understand how this behavioral effect evolves over time. |
| Keywords: | indoor air pollution, human health, climate change, technology adoption |
| JEL: | O10 O13 O12 Q0 Q23 Q3 Q51 Q53 Q56 I15 I18 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cid:wpfacu:241&r=ene |
| By: | Philippe Aghion (CDF - Collège de France - CdF - Collège de France, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics, CIAR - Canadian Institute for Advanced Research - Université de Montréal, Department of Economics, Harvard University); Antoine Dechezleprêtre (Centre for Economic Performance - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science); David Hémous (Insead - INSEAD - INSEAD); Ralf Martin (Imperial College London, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science, Centre for Economic Performance - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science); John Van Reenen (National Bureau of Economic Research - National Bureau of Economic Research, Centre for Economic Performance - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science) |
| Abstract: | Can directed technical change be used to combat climate change? We construct new firm-level panel data on auto industry innovation distinguishing between “dirty” (internal combustion engine) and “clean” (e.g., electric, hybrid, and hydrogen) patents across 80 countries over several decades. We show that firms tend to innovate more in clean (and less in dirty) technologies when they face higher tax-inclusive fuel prices. Furthermore, there is path dependence in the type of innovation (clean/dirty) both from aggregate spillovers and from the firm’s own innovation history. We simulate the increases in carbon taxes needed to allow clean technologies to overtake dirty technologies. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Taxes |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01496920&r=ene |
| By: | Jean Pierre Huiban (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Camille Mastromarco (Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Economia - Università del Salento); Antonio Musolesi (Department of Economics and Management - University of Ferrara); Michel Simioni (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM - Centre International des Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to estimate the impact of pollution abatement investments on the production technology of firms by pursuing two new directions. First, we take advantage of recent econometric developments in productivity and efficiency analysis and compare the results obtained with two complementary approaches: parametric stochastic frontier analysis and conditional nonparametric frontier analysis. Second, we focus not only on the average effect but also on its heterogeneity across ?rms and over time and search for potential nonlinearities. We provide new results suggesting that such an effect is heterogeneous both within ?rms and over time and indicating that the effect of pollution abatement investments on the production process is not monotonic. These results have relevant implications both for modeling and for the purposes of advice on environmentally friendly policy. |
| Abstract: | Cet article estime l’impact des investissements anti-pollution sur la technologie en suivant deux nouvelles directions. Premièrement, il s’inspire de travaux économétriques récents en analyse de la productivité et de l’efficacité et compare les résultats obtenus en utilisant deux approches complémentaires : l’approche paramétrique des frontières stochastiques de production et celle non paramétrique de frontières de production. Deuxièmement, l’analyse ne se concentre plus sur le seul comportement moyen mais s’intéresse à l’hétérogénéité des effets des investissements anti-pollution entre les firmes dans le temps. Une attention particulière est ainsi donnée à la détection de non linéarités. Les résultats empiriques apportent un éclairage nouveau sur ces effets en montrant qu’ils sont hétérogènes à la fois entre les firmes et dans le temps et qu’ils ne sont pas monotones. De tels résultats ont une implication en termes non seulement de modélisation des effets des investissements anti-pollution sur la technologie mais aussi de recommandations pour la politique environnementale de réduction des émissions polluantes des firmes. |
| Keywords: | pollution abatement investments,technology,stochastic frontier analysis,conditional nonparametric frontier analysis,generalized product kernels,generalized local polynomial kernel regression,investissements antipollution,technologie,frontières stockastique de production,estimation non paramétrique des frontières de production,estimateurs de noyaux,industrie agroalimentaire,france |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01512154&r=ene |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Hoang Anh Nguyen Trinh (CleanED - Clean Energy and Sustainable Development Lab - USTH - University of sciences and technologies of hanoi) |
| Abstract: | Vietnam plans to develop dozens of new coal-fired power generation units over the next 20 years. If they are indeed build, in order to avoid a dangerous level of global warming, it may appear necessary to dispose of these plants' CO2 by burying it in deep underground geological formations instead of releasing it into the atmosphere, using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. We show that CCS has a technical potential in Vietnam, according to the geology and the industrial geography. To discuss under which economics conditions this potential could actualize, we examine two scenarios for 2050. In the first scenario, CO2 is used in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) only. EOR technology makes CCS cheaper by injecting CO2 in partially depleted oil field, aiming to recover more oil. The second scenario considers CCS deployment in coal-based power plants, on top of using it for EOR. This happens after 2035, since according to a survey of 15 national experts, CCS would not be a priority for the next 20 years in Vietnam. That scenario assumes international financial supports to initiate demonstration projects after 2025, that Vietnam develops an affluent economy, that China paves the technology way, and that capture-ready is given some attention in the near term. |
| Keywords: | power generation,Vietnam,capture ready,Carbon capture and storage,scenario 1 |
| Date: | 2017–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01547646&r=ene |
| By: | Lionel Fontagné (PSE - Paris School of Economics); Jean Fouré (CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique) |
| Abstract: | S’il constitue une avancée, l’Accord de Paris, entré en vigueur en novembre 2016, pose un certain nombre de questions, notamment quant à la responsabilité « commune mais différenciée » – qui se traduit par des engagements très variables d’un pays signataire à l’autre –, mais aussi concernant l’articulation entre politique climatique et politique commerciale. Pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), une politique commerciale ferait-elle mieux qu’une politique climatique ? À défaut, pourrait-elle inciter à des engagements plus ambitieux de réduction des émissions ? Cette Lettre montre, à partir de simulations d’un modèle dynamique de l’économie mondiale développé au CEPII, que la politique commerciale seule n’est pas un bon outil pour limiter les émissions de CO2, mais qu’elle peut venir compléter une politique plus ambitieuse. |
| Keywords: | protectionnisme, gaz à effet de serre, commerce international,climat |
| Date: | 2017–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01459839&r=ene |
| By: | Olav Øye (Triarii BV); Laura Aelenei (LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia); Line Barkved (NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research - Norwegian Institute for Water Research); Stan Beaubien (Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" [Rome]); Teresa Bertrand (EnergyIn); Miriame Cherbib (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emily Creamer (School of Geosciences [Edinburgh] - University of Edinburgh); Sirin Engen (Bellona); Anna Ernst (Bellona); Vasiliki Gemeni (CERTH - Centre for Research & Technology Hellas); Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lucia Hrivnakova (Czech Geological Survey - Czech Geological Survey); Vit Hladik (Czech Geological Survey - Czech Geological Survey); Nikolaos Koukouzas (CERTH - Centre for Research & Technology Hellas); Carly Maynard (School of Geosciences [Edinburgh] - University of Edinburgh); Ron Overgoor (Triarii BV); Ana Picado (LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia); Stefano Pirrotta (ASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana); Melanie Provoost (Triarii BV); Sandra Ramos (CIUDEN - Fundación Ciudad de la Energía); Stijn Santen (Triarii BV); Konstantinos Sfetsioris (CERTH - Centre for Research & Technology Hellas); Simon Shackley (School of Geosciences [Edinburgh] - University of Edinburgh); Camilla Svendsen Skriung (ZERO - Zero Emission Resource Organisation); Robert van Der Lande (Triarii BV); Gert-Jan van Der Panne (Triarii BV); Samuela Vercelli (DICEA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" [Rome]) |
| Abstract: | The R&Dialogue project has facilitated ten low-carbon dialogues with representatives from energy, the low-carbon R&D community, social actors and others. In each of the ten countries involved, a ‘coalition of the willing’ explored the challenges and articulated their view on improving the dialogue. This European Dialogue Report is a collection of these experiences, and it reflects upon the themes emerging from those dialogues. |
| Keywords: | energy transition, Europe, Dialogue |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01564600&r=ene |
| By: | Olav Øye (Triarii BV); Laura Aelenei (LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia); Line Barkved (NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research - Norwegian Institute for Water Research); Stan Beaubien (Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" [Rome]); Teresa Bertrand (EnergyIn); Miriame Cherbib (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sirin Engen (Bellona); Emily Creamer (School of Geosciences [Edinburgh] - University of Edinburgh); Anna Ernst (Bellona); Marie Gastine (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières); Vasiliki Gemeni (CERTH - Centre for Research & Technology Hellas); Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ales Havlin (Czech Geological Survey - Czech Geological Survey); Vit Hladik (Czech Geological Survey - Czech Geological Survey); Lucia Hrivnakova (Czech Geological Survey - Czech Geological Survey); Nikolaos Koukouzas (CERTH - Centre for Research & Technology Hellas); Carly Maynard (School of Geosciences [Edinburgh] - University of Edinburgh); Ron Overgoor (Triarii BV); Ana Picado (LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia); Stefano Pirrotta (ASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana); Melanie Provoost (Triarii BV); Sandra Ramos (CIUDEN - Fundación Ciudad de la Energía); Stijn Santen (Triarii BV); Konstantinos Sfetsioris (CERTH - Centre for Research & Technology Hellas); Simon Shackley (School of Geosciences [Edinburgh] - University of Edinburgh); Camilla Svendsen Skriung (ZERO - Zero Emission Resource Organisation); Robert van Der Lande (Triarii BV); Gert-Jan van Der Panne (Triarii BV); Vong Chan Quang (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières); Samuela Vercelli (DICEA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" [Rome]) |
| Abstract: | The European vision outlined, which is only one of many visions possible, is a result of a three year learning process. The R&Dialogue consortium discussed the experiences made and lessons learned during the ten country dialogues. Based on these findings an overall vision for Europe has been constructed. The vision tries to highlight the insights of this mutual learning process, but clearly it does not necessarily reflect the opinions and interests of all the external stakeholders involved. The chapter ‘Vision for Europe in 2050’ lays out the characteristics of a possible low- carbon Europe in the future. The chapter ‘Ways of getting to the low-carbon society’ gives recommendations for how to achieve this transition. |
| Keywords: | Europe, scenario, energy transition |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01564602&r=ene |
| By: | Jean-François Huchet (Inalco - Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales) |
| Abstract: | La Chine traverse une crise environnementale sans précédent dans l’histoire du développement économique. Après une prise de conscience tardive des problèmes de pollution de la part du gouvernement, un dispositif juridique et administratif de lutte contre les dégradations de l’environnement a été progressivement mis en place depuis le début des années 2000. Ce dispositif a été encore renforcé à partir de 2013 avec un gouvernement central affichant une volonté politique beaucoup plus ferme. Ces politiques se combinent également avec un ambitieux programme d’investissements dans les énergies renouvelables. Il est encore trop tôt pour juger de l’efficacité de cette nouvelle combinaison. Parmi tous les facteurs pouvant influencer l’efficacité de ces mesures, la réaction des gouvernements locaux constitue certainement une des clefs de la réussite de ces politiques. On oublie trop souvent dans les analyses concernant l'environnement en Chine, que parallèlement aux facteurs tels que le poids démographique, le poids de l'industrie lourde, et les choix énergétiques, le rôle des gouvernements locaux en Chine a contribué à aggraver les problèmes de pollution. Comme nous le verrons dans une première partie, le mode de fonctionnement économique au niveau local, notamment depuis le lancement des réformes en 1978, a engendré des surcapacités de production dans l'industrie couplées à une faible concentration de la production par rapport à ce que l'on peut observer dans d'autres pays en développement. Dans une deuxième partie, nous recenserons les politiques ambitieuses décidées en 2013 en matière de réduction des capacités de production, de fermetures des petites usines ou d'entreprises polluantes, de contrôles plus sévères sur le respect des normes de pollution. Nous verrons enfin, dans une troisième partie, que rien n'indique pour l'instant que les gouvernements locaux sont prêts à appliquer strictement toutes ces mesures décidées par le gouvernement central. Plusieurs facteurs structurels qui conditionnent l'action des gouvernements locaux aussi bien sur le plan politique qu'économique n'ont pas encore été modifiés pour accompagner ces politiques. Leur efficacité pourrait donc, comme par le passé, être limitée au contact de la réalité du fonctionnement local de l'économie chinoise. |
| Keywords: | Chine 21ème s,Environnement y compris commerce equitable climat,économie politique |
| Date: | 2017–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01516261&r=ene |
| By: | Strulik, Holger |
| Abstract: | In this paper I propose a time-consistent method of discounting hyperbolically that contains the discount rate implied by Gamma discounting as a special case. I apply the discounting method to three canonical environmental problems: (i) optimal renewable resource use, (ii) the tragedy of the commons, (iii) economic growth and pollution. I then compare results with those for conventional exponential discounting using the normalization that both methods provide the same present value of an infinite constant flow. I show that, irrespective of potentially high initial discount rates, time-consistent hyperbolic discounting leads always to a steady state of maximum yield, or, if the environment enters the utility function, a steady state where the Green Golden Rule applies. While (asymptotic) extinction is a real threat under exponential discounting it is impossible under time-consistent hyperbolic discounting. This result is also confirmed for open access resources. In a model of economic growth and pollution, hyperbolic discounting establishes the Golden Rule of capital accumulation and the Modified Green Golden Rule. |
| Keywords: | discounting,time-consistency,renewable resource use,property rights,growth,pollution |
| JEL: | D60 D90 Q20 Q50 Q58 O40 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:319&r=ene |
| By: | Grey, F. |
| Abstract: | Much of the time, firms lobby against environmental protection, but there are major exceptions to this rule. DuPont, the leading ozone polluter in the 1980s, lobbied for a complete ban of its product. In 2015, in the run up to the Paris Agreement, Europe's six largest oil and gas companies lobbied for a global carbon price. This kind of political support is often pivotal for governments trying to protect the environment. I offer an explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting firms behave as they do in order to steal market share from their rivals. I develop a simple model in which a polluting firm makes a clean technology investment and then lobbies successfully for strong environmental protection, since this will shift market share away from its rival who has not made the clean investment. The key result is that there are situations where it is only because of firms' lobbying that environmental protection is achieved, and this raises welfare. |
| Keywords: | lobbying, environmental policy, political economics |
| JEL: | D72 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1732&r=ene |