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on Energy Economics |
| By: | Jaime, Mónica; Chávez, Carlos; Gómez, Walter |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes empirically the determinants of fuel choices and intensity of fuelwood use for residential heating and cooking in central-southern Chile. By using information from a sample of 2,761 households in nine urban areas, we first investigate households’ choices of the main fuel used for heating by means of multinomial models. Then we examine the intensity of fuelwood use through fractional probit models; these models allow analyzing interdependence of fuel use by households while taking account of households’ individual heterogeneity. Results indicate that households’ fuel choices are mainly driven by monetary incentives such as income and fuel prices. In contrast, while there is a component of fuelwood use that cannot be influenced by energy policies such as meteorological conditions across the country, there is a number of characteristics that influence the share households’ energy production that is generated by fuelwood. Factors range from socioeconomic characteristics to households’ perceptions regarding the link between air pollution and use of fuelwood in the county of residence. The knowledge of these factors brings an opportunity for the design of future policy interventions aimed at incentivizing the adoption of cleaner devices. |
| Keywords: | Ciudades, Energía, Investigación socioeconómica, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:1051&r=ene |
| By: | Annaluru, Rajeev; Garg, Amit |
| Abstract: | Power grids operators around the world have been experiencing challenges in operating the grid with increasing penetration of Variable Generation (VG) sources like Solar PV and Wind. Variability in one form of generation must always be compensated with other forms of generation at all times to ensure grid stability. This paper focuses on the diurnal variability introduced into the Indian power grid and the consequent increase in ramping requirements due to the 175GW by 2022 renewable energy target enunciated by the Government of India. Ramping requirements were quantified for 3 potential renewable energy penetration levels on the grid by the year 2027. Nine separate solution alternatives are created using Coal, Natural Gas and Renewable & Emerging technologies as solution options to meet the identified ramping needs. Energy-mix and carbon prices are calculated for each of the solution scenarios and compared with the baseline scenario computed from the Intended Nationally determined Contribution (INDC) adopted by India in COP22. The paper concludes that the most energy cost and carbon price efficient paths for India to integrate ambitious RE capacity into India’s power grid would be to convert and operate existing coal plants as peaker plants instead of as base load plants. |
| Date: | 2017–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14575&r=ene |
| By: | Hancevic, Pedro; Nuñez, Héctor; Rosellón, Juan |
| Abstract: | Mexico plans to implement a national program to support the adoption of distributed photovoltaic generation (DPVG) among qualified households. The main objectives of such a program would be to reduce the burden of the substantial federal energy subsidy and increase the share of renewable energy sources used to generate electricity. In this paper we assess the current conditions under which the Mexican residential electricity sector operates, and quantify the potential effects that the massive adoption of DPV systems would have on household expenditure and welfare, subsidy reduction, pollution and water resource usage. Based on the positive results in terms of both economic and environmental effects, our paper provides a significant support for further design and implementation of a DPVG program. |
| Keywords: | Energía, Investigación socioeconómica, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:1027&r=ene |
| By: | Jethro Browell |
| Abstract: | Due to the limited predictability of wind power and other stochastic generation, trading this energy in competitive electricity markets is challenging. This paper derives revenue-maximising and risk-constrained strategies for stochastic generators participating in electricity markets with a single-price balancing mechanism. Starting from the optimal---and impractical---strategy of offering zero or nominal power, which exposes the participant to potentially large imbalance costs, we develop a number of strategies that control risk by hedging against penalising balancing prices in favour of rewarding ones. Trading strategies are formulated in a probabilistic framework in order to address asymmetry in balancing prices. The large-scale communication of system information characteristic of modern power systems is utilised to inputs for electricity price forecasts and probabilistic system length forecasts. A case study using data from the GB market in the UK is presented and the ability of the proposed strategies to increase revenue and reduce risk is demonstrated and analysed. |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1708.02625&r=ene |
| By: | Andreas Bloess; Wolf-Peter Schill; Alexander Zerrahn |
| Abstract: | Flexibly coupling power and heat sectors may contribute to both renewable energy integration and decarbonization. We present a literature review of modelbased analyses in this field, focusing on residential heating. We compare geographical and temporal research scopes and identify state-of-the-art analytical model formulations, particularly concerning heat pumps and thermal storage. While numerical findings are idiosyncratic to specific assumptions, a synthesis of results generally indicates that power-to-heat technologies can cost-effectively contribute to fossil fuel substitution, renewable integration, and decarbonization. Heat pumps and passive thermal storage emerge as particularly favorable options. |
| Keywords: | Power-to-heat, renewable energy, decarbonization, heat pump, thermal energy storage |
| JEL: | C61 D62 Q42 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1677&r=ene |
| By: | Konstantin Löffler; Karlo Hainsch; Thorsten Burandt; Pao-Yu Oei; Claudia Kemfert; Christian von Hirschhausen |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a path for the global energy system up to 2050, presenting a new application of the open source energy systems model OSeMOSYS to the community. It allows quite disaggregate energy and emission analysis: GENeSYS-MOD (Global Energy System Model) uses a system of linear equations of the energy system to search for lowestcost solutions for a secure energy supply, given externally defined constraints, mainly in terms of CO2-emissions. The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) version of OSeMOSYS is updated to the newest version and, in addition, extended and enhanced to include e.g. a modal split for transport, an improved trading system, and changes to storages. The model can be scaled from small-scale applications, e.g. a company, to cover the global energy system. The paper also includes an application of GENeSYS-MOD to analyze decarbonization scenarios at the global level, broken down into 10 regions. Its main focus is on interdependencies between traditionally segregated sectors: electricity, transportation, and heating. Model calculations suggests that in order to achieve the 1.5°-2° C target, a combination of renewable energy sources provides the lowest-cost solution, solar photovoltaic being the dominant source. Average costs of electricity generation in 2050 are about 4 €cents/kWh (excluding infrastructure and transportation costs). |
| Keywords: | Energy System Modeling, Decarbonization, OSeMOSYS, GENeSYS-MOD, Renewables, Energy Policy, Energy Transformation |
| JEL: | C61 Q4 L9 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1678&r=ene |
| By: | Bao H. NGUYEN; OKIMOTO Tatsuyoshi |
| Abstract: | This paper provides new empirical evidence on the asymmetric reactions of the U.S. natural gas market and the U.S. economy to its market fundamental shocks in different phases of the business cycle. To this end, we employ a smooth-transition vector autoregression (STVAR) model to capture the asymmetric responses depending on economic conditions. Our results indicate that the STVAR model provides a plausible explanation to the behavior of the U.S. natural gas market, which reacts asymmetrically in both bad and good times. For example, a positive real oil price shock has a negative impact on natural gas production in recessions, while the responses of natural gas production to the same shock are significantly positive during expansions. In addition, the positive relationship between the oil and natural gas prices is more prominent in expansions in the long run. In addition, U.S. economic activity is found to be much more sensitive to oil and natural gas price shocks occurring in recessions than in expansions. |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:17102&r=ene |
| By: | Hagspiel, Simeon (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Knaut, Andreas (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Peter, Jakob (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | Based upon probabilistic reliability metrics, we develop an optimization model to determine the efficient amount and location of firm generation capacity to achieve reliability targets in multiregional electricity systems. A particular focus lies on the representation and contribution of transmission capacities as well as variable renewable resources. Calibrating our model with a comprehensive dataset for Europe, we find that there are substantial benefits from regional cooperation. The amount of firm generation capacity to meet a perfectly reliable system could be reduced by 32.4GW (i.e., 6.1 %) compared to an isolated regional approach, which translates to savings of 12.9 Bn Euro when being valued with typical investment costs of an open-cycle gas turbine. Interconnectors contribute in both directions, with capacity values up to their technical maximum of close to 200 %, while wind power contributions are in the range of 3.8 - 29.5 %. Furthermore, we find that specific reliability targets heavily impact the efficient amount and distribution of reliable capacity as well as the contribution of individual technologies, and should therefore be chosen with care. |
| Keywords: | Reliability of supply; Capacity Adequacy; Multi-Regional Power System; Interconnector; Variable Renewable Energy |
| JEL: | C61 C63 L50 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2017–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2017_007&r=ene |
| By: | Matthew A. COLE; Robert R.J. ELLIOTT; OKUBO Toshihiro; Liyun ZHANG |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether firms that engage in outsourcing improve their environmental performance using Japanese firm-level data for the period 2009-2013. To identify the causal effect of production outsourcing on firm carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission intensities, we employ a non-parametric approach combining propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DiD). Our results show that, relative to the control group, the growth in CO₂ emission intensities (relative to the year before treatment) of new production outsourcers is 5.1% lower in the year when they start outsourcing, and 6.6% and 9.5% lower one and two years after outsourcing, respectively. When we decompose firms' outsourcing activities into domestic and foreign according to the destination of the outsourced production, we find that the effects on emission intensity growth are driven by overseas outsourcing. Firms that outsource part(s) of their production overseas have a 7.3% lower emission intensity growth when they start outsourcing and a 7.7% reduction in the following year. We also investigate whether the decision to import or export has an impact on firm level environmental performance as predicted by the more traditional pollution halo hypothesis (PHH) literature. Firms are found to have a 3.3% lower growth rate of CO₂ emission intensity when they start to import, but no significant impact is found for exporting. |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:17096&r=ene |
| By: | Miller, Justin; Viscidi, Lisa |
| Abstract: | Clean energy research and commercialization have taken off over the last decade. The annual number of clean technology patent documents more than tripled between 2000 and 2014,while venture capital (VC) investment in the clean tech sector overall doubled in 2010-2014 compared to the previous five years, with most clean tech research and investment focused on energy. But more needs to be done. Governments must triple annual spending on energy research and development (R&D) to more than $50 million to meet climate change mitigation goals, according to the International Energy Agency. This report examines clean energy technology development in Brazil, Mexico and Chile, which are among the Latin American countries with the greatest potential to expand clean energy research and commercialization. All three countries are part of “Mission Innovation,” a global initiative to accelerate public and private clean energy innovation, which was launched during the 2015 United Nations climate talks in Paris. Member countries have committed to double clean energy research and development spending over the five years to 2020. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Cambio climático, Energía, Innovación, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:839&r=ene |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain; Mahalik, Mantu Kumar; Sadorsky, Perry |
| Abstract: | We examine the causal relationship between globalization, economic growth and energy consumption for 25 developed economies using both time series and panel data techniques for the period 1970-2014. Due to the presence of cross-sectional dependence in the panel (countries from Asia, North America, Western Europe and Oceania), we employ the Pesaran (2007) CIPS test to ascertain unit root properties. The Westerlund (2007) cointegration test indicates the presence of a long-run association between globalization, economic growth and energy consumption. Long-run heterogeneous panel elasticities are estimated through the Pesaran (2006) common correlated effects mean group (CMG) estimator and the Eberhardt and Teal (2010) augmented mean group (AMG) estimator. The causality between the variables is examined via Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) and, Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) Granger causality tests. The empirical results reveal that, for most countries, globalization increases energy consumption. In the USA and UK globalization is negatively correlated with energy consumption. The causality analysis indicates the presence of the globalization driven energy consumption hypothesis. This empirical analysis suggests insightful policy guidelines for policy makers using globalization as an economic tool to utilize energy efficiently for sustainable economic development in the long-run. |
| Keywords: | Globalization, Energy Consumption, Causality |
| JEL: | A1 |
| Date: | 2017–08–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80718&r=ene |
| By: | FAKHRI, ISSAOUI; HASSEN, TOUMI; WASSIM, TOUILI; BILEL, AMMOURI |
| Abstract: | In This paper we try to investigate the impact of CO2 emissions on a set of socioeconomic variables (GDP, health expectancy, life expectancy, urbanization, time, and a composite variable showing the effects post the earth summit of johansburg) in eight countries covering all world economic groups (Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, France, Norway, Bresil, USA, China and Australia). The empirical results have showed that the GDP continue to be the principal variable which is inciting to the CO2 emission. Also we have demonstrated that it exists actually a voluntary act at the world scale to substitute pollutant energy sources by other sources more clean and pure. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve, CO2, energy consumption, growth |
| JEL: | I1 I15 I3 I31 |
| Date: | 2016–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80702&r=ene |
| By: | Kose, Ayhan; Kurlat, Sergio; Ohnsorge, Franziska; Sugawara, Naotaka |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a comprehensive cross-country database of fiscal space, broadly defined as the availability of budgetary resources for a government to service its financial obligations. The database covers up to 200 countries over the period 1990-2016, and includes 28 indicators of fiscal space grouped into four categories: debt sustainability, balance sheet vulnerability, external and private sector debt related risks as potential causes of contingent liabilities, and market access. We illustrate potential applications of the database by analyzing developments in fiscal space across three time frames: over the past quarter century; during financial crises; and during oil price plunges. The main results are as follows. First, fiscal space had improved in many countries before the global financial crisis. In advanced economies, following severe deteriorations during the crisis, many indicators of fiscal space have virtually returned to levels in the mid-2000s. In contrast, fiscal space has shrunk in many emerging market and developing economies since the crisis. Second, financial crises tend to coincide with deterioration in multiple indicators of fiscal space, but they are often followed by reduced reliance on short-term borrowing. Finally, fiscal space narrows in energy-exporting emerging market and developing economies during oil price plunges but later expands, often because of procyclical fiscal tightening and, in some episodes, a recovery in oil prices. |
| Keywords: | financial crises; fiscal deficit; Fiscal policy; oil prices; private debt; Sovereign debt |
| JEL: | E62 H62 H63 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:12196&r=ene |
| By: | Neuhoff, Karsten; Richstein, Jörn |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:167313&r=ene |
| By: | Francesco Grigoli; Alexander Herman; Andrew J Swiston |
| Abstract: | The decline in oil prices in 2014-16 was one of the sharpest in history, and put to test the resilience of oil exporters. We examine the degree to which economic fundamentals entering the oil price decline explain the impact on economic growth across oil exporting economies, and derive policy implications as to what factors help to mitigate the negative effects. We fi nd that pre-existing fundamentals account for about half of the cross-country variation in the impact of the shock. Oil exporters that weathered the shock better tended to have a stronger fi scal position, higher foreign currency liquidity buffers, a more diversifi ed export base, a history of price stability, and a more flexible exchange rate regime. Within this group of countries, the impact of the shock is not found to be related to the size of oil exports, or the share of oil in fi scal revenue or economic activity. |
| Date: | 2017–07–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:17/160&r=ene |
| By: | Schulte, Simon (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Weiser, Florian (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | Turkey is a key country in order to realize the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) due to its geographical location. However, as the main transit country within the SGC, Turkey could potentially exert market power with gas transits. Whether Turkey exerts market power or not, is crucial for an economic assessment of the SGC. Hence, the article investigates this issue quantitatively using a global partial equilibrium gas market model. An oligopolistic and a competitive supply structure in Europe in 2030 are considered in the model. If the European gas market in 2030 is characterized by an oligopolistic supply, Turkey is able to exert market power resulting in higher prices compared to competitive transits, in particular in South Eastern Europe. In a competitive market structure, however, the importance of the SGC and thus the potential of Turkish transit market power is limited. |
| Keywords: | Natural Gas; Southern Gas Corridor; Transit Market Power; Mixed Complementarity Problem |
| JEL: | L13 L95 |
| Date: | 2017–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2017_006&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, José Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | En los últimos tiempos el uso eficiente y racional de la energía ha pasado a ser un elemento importante dentro de la planificación energética de los países, así como de los diversos sectores y tipos de usuarios que tienen la energía como insumo dentro de su proceso productivo y por ende en su producto final. La adopción de esquemas de uso eficiente y racional de la energía dentro de la composición de las matrices energéticas permite aumentar los niveles de competitividad, minimizar el consumo de energía, crear nuevas fuentes y nichos de actuación industrial y comercial y reducir la huella de carbono de los países. América Latina ha comenzado lentamente la integración de políticas asociadas con el uso eficiente de la energía y la integración de los programas de EE desde el lado de la demanda (residencial, comercial, industrial y oficial). Estas políticas no han producido resultados significativos y los costos y beneficios asociados con los sectores industrial y eléctrico no han sido internalizados. Esto principalmente porque los beneficios no son claros, especialmente en mercados donde la demanda mantiene esencialmente un rol pasivo y donde no existe un marco regulatorio adecuado. Actualmente, existen atractivos esquemas de incentivos, especialmente en industrias electro-intensivas, que pudiesen eliminar las barreras potenciales a los programas de EE aplicables. En ese sentido, se realizó un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la EE en América Latina y dar un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo se identificaron los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Panamá. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:969&r=ene |
| By: | Tamaki, Tetsuya; Nozawa, Wataru; Managi, Shunsuke |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the economic impacts of climate change, including those on ecosystems, and whether a new backstop technology should be used under conditions of strict temperature targets. Using the dynamic integrated climate-economy (DICE) model, we developed a new model to calculate the optimal path by considering new backstop technologies, such as CO2 capture and storage (CCS). We identify the effects of parameter changes based on the resulting differences in CO2 leakage and sites, and we analyse the feasibility of CCS. In addition, we focus on ocean acidification and consider the impact on economic activity. As a result, when CCS is assumed to carry a risk of CO2 leakage and acidification is considered to result in a decrease in utility, we find that CCS can only delay the effects of climate change, but its use is necessary to achieve strict targets, such as a 1.5C limit. This observation suggests that if the target temperature is too tight, we might end up employing a technology that sacrifices the ecosystem too greatly. |
| Keywords: | climate change; ocean acidification; economic impact; CCS; CEEM |
| JEL: | O33 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80549&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, José Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | América Latina ha comenzado lentamente la integración de políticas asociadas con el uso eficiente de la energía y la integración de los programas de eficiencia energética (EE) desde el lado de la demanda (residencial, comercial, industrial y oficial). Estas políticas no han producido resultados significativos y los costos y beneficios asociados con los sectores industrial y eléctrico no han sido internalizados. Esto principalmente porque los beneficios no son claros, especialmente en mercados donde la demanda mantiene esencialmente un rol pasivo y donde no existe un marco regulatorio adecuado. Actualmente, existen atractivos esquemas de incentivos, especialmente en industrias electro-intensivas, que pudiesen eliminar las barreras potenciales a los programas de EE aplicables. En ese sentido, se realizó un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la EE en América Latina y dar un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo se identificaron los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Chile. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:944&r=ene |
| By: | Kawamura, Enrique |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the main set-up and long-run results from a simple deterministic version of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy in Kawamura (2017). The model assumes two types of households, one poor and the other non-poor. There are two types of energy used as both GDP input and consumption goods, one using a fossil-based resource (with a given international price) and another that uses public capital and that represents a non-standard, "clean" (i.e., non-fossil based) energy source. The paper reports the results from two types of policy makers. The .rst type corresponds to a benevolent and perfectly-committed government that sets complete plans of taxes, subsidies and public investment policies, including public infrastructure. The second type of policy maker is a politician that wins elections occurring in every period. Such politician implements policies promised at the electoral stage. This second policy-making process assumes that the politician can commit to policies only for the period in which she wins elections. The paper shows that a necessary condition for obtaining long-run growth in public capital, private capital, GDP and clean energy is that the international price of the resource increases steadily through time. Thus, both types of policy makers react to such increase by also steadily increasing the public investment. |
| Keywords: | Economía, Energía, Infraestructura, Investigación socioeconómica, Pobreza, Políticas públicas, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:1050&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, Jose Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | En los últimos tiempos el uso eficiente y racional de la energía (EE) ha pasado a ser un elemento importante dentro de la planificación energética de los países, así como de los diversos sectores y tipos de usuarios que tienen la energía como insumo dentro de su proceso productivo y por ende en su producto final. La adopción de esquemas de uso eficiente y racional de la energía dentro de la composición de las matrices energéticas permite aumentar los niveles de competitividad, minimizar el consumo de energía, crear nuevas fuentes y nichos de actuación industrial y comercial y reducir la huella de carbono de los países. En ese sentido, se realizó un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la EE en América Latina y dar un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo se identificaron los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Uruguay. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:974&r=ene |
| By: | Miller, Justin; Visicdi, Lisa |
| Abstract: | La investigación y comercialización de energías limpias se ha incrementado rápidamente durante la última década. La cantidad anual de patentes en tecnología limpia se ha más que triplicado entre el 2000 y el 2014, mientras que la inversión de capital en dicho sector se duplicó durante el mismo período en comparación con los cinco años anteriores, con la mayoría de estas inversiones destinadas a la energía. Sin embargo, más inversiones son necesarias. Los gobiernos deben triplicar sus inversiones anuales en investigación y desarrollo de energía. Según la Agencia Internacional de Energía, estas inversiones deberían superar los $50 millones para poder alcanzar las metas de mitigación de cambio climático. Este informe demuestra que América Latina enfrenta numerosas barreras para el desarrollo de tecnologías de energía limpia. Entre las barreras principales se encuentran el acceso al capital, los incentivos gubernamentales inadecuados y la falta de vínculos entre la industria y la academia. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Cambio climático, Energía, Innovación, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:838&r=ene |
| By: | William D. Nordhaus (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); Andrew Moffat (U.S. Department of State) |
| Abstract: | The present study has two objectives. The first is a review of studies that estimate the global economic impacts of climate change using a systematic research synthesis (SRS). In this review, we attempt to replicate the impact estimates provided by Tol (2009, 2014) and find a large number of errors and estimates that could not be replicated. The study provides revised estimates for a total of 36 usable estimates from 27 studies. A second part of the study performs a statistical analysis. While the different specifications provide alternative estimates of the damage function, there were no large discrepancies among specifications. The preferred regression is the median, quadratic, weighted regression. The data here omit several important potential damages, which we estimate to add 25% to the quantified damages. With this addition, the estimated impact is -2.04 (+ 2.21) % of income at 3 °C warming and -8.06 (+ 2.43) % of income at 6 °C warming. We also considered the likelihood of thresholds or sharp convexities in the damage function and found no evidence from the damage estimates of a sharp discontinuity or high convexity. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Damages, Impacts, Survey of impacts |
| JEL: | Q5 Q54 C8 |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2096&r=ene |
| By: | Álvarez Espinosa, Andrés Camilo; Burgos Salcedo, Javier Darío; Sierra Cárdenas, Diana Carolina |
| Abstract: | El cambio climático es uno de los mayores retos de la actualidad, siendo un tema de primera línea para los países y gobiernos comprometidos con generar políticas, materializadas en estrategias de desarrollo compatible con el clima. En este contexto, se requieren el surgimiento de nuevas formas de conocimiento, que brinden una perspectiva amplia sobre las consecuencias de la toma de decisiones en los diferentes planos del desarrollo, tomando en cuenta la realidad macro y micro para cada país; para este segundo tipo de escala, y asociado al tema del cambio climático, el sector energético se encuentra en un punto neurálgico, en tanto este/éste es la base para el crecimiento de la economía, pero, a su vez se constituye en el origen de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). En pos de ofrecer un cuadro de la economía y la influencia del sector de generación eléctrica (así como su relación), en un escenario de incorporación de energías no convencionales dentro de la matriz energética nacional para Colombia, se crea y corre un modelo de equilibrio general de naturaleza híbrida, que permite evaluar el efecto de medidas de política enfocadas a la reducción de emisiones de GEI sobre la matriz energética y el impacto sobre variables macroeconómicas. Primordialmente, los resultados de la política de cuota de penetración de energéticos renovables, exponen que se puede incrementar la actividad económica al fomentar la inversión, hay una entrada de energéticos renovables en la matriz energética, no obstante, estos sustituyen la generación hídrica y se mantiene la participación térmica, y, en lo que atañe a la dimensión ambiental, la reducción de GEI no es destacada a menos que se incorpore un precio al carbono sobre los hidrocarburos. En este último caso, se cumple el objetivo ambiental y hay un efecto positivo sobre la economía dependiendo qué usos se les dará el valor recaudado. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Cambio climático, Economía, Energía, Investigación socioeconómica, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:1049&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, José Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya, Rocío |
| Abstract: | Este estudio describe el estado de desarrollo de la Eficiencia Energética (EE) en América Latina y ofrece un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo, identifica los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo que sirva de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Bolivia. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:954&r=ene |
| By: | Briano, José Ignacio; Báez, María Jesús; Moya Morales, Rocío |
| Abstract: | Este reporte contiene un estudio para describir el estado de desarrollo de la Eficiencia Energética (EE) en América Latina y ofrece un balance del diagnóstico actual. Asimismo, identifica los sectores objetivos desde el punto de vista de la EE con mayor potencial de desarrollo a modo de consulta para futuras evaluaciones técnicas y elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. A continuación se presentan los resultados para la República de Perú. |
| Keywords: | Energía, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:963&r=ene |