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on Development |
| By: | Gaaitzen de Vries; Hagen Kruse; Emmanuel Mensah; Yabo Vidogbena; Kei-Mu Yi |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of manufacturing value added shares in 11 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries through the lens of an open economy model of structural change. Our analysis leverages recent developments in input-output tables in SSA countries. Our model allows for income effects via non-homothetic preferences, substitution and relative price effects, as well as comparative advantage and specialization effects. We calibrate our model to include each SSA country with nine other major economies for each year between 2000 and 2018. We also do a similar set of calibrations for 11 developing Asian (DA) countries. Our main results are that domestic and foreign sectoral TFP are important drivers of structural change. Trade integration over time plays only a small role. However, trade is important as a transmission mechanism of foreign productivity trends. Finally, the drivers and mechanisms of industrialization are broadly similar in low-income SSA and DA countries. |
| Keywords: | international trade; structural change; input-output; low-income countries |
| JEL: | F11 F43 O11 O41 |
| Date: | 2024–12–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddwp:99314 |
| By: | Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Villanueva, Alyssa; Agcaoili, Rosela |
| Abstract: | Over the years, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) has been at the forefront of the government’s efforts to alleviate poverty and improve health and nutrition outcomes among the most vulnerable Filipino families. This program, which offers financial assistance in return for complying with health, education, and nutrition-related requirements, has shown positive effects on children's nutritional outcomes. This study investigates how children's nutritional outcomes are affected by conditional cash transfers (i.e., 4Ps) in the Philippines. It aims to explore the role that the 4Ps play in the prevalence of stunting and wasting in children. By using the 2018–2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey from the Food and Nutrition Research Institute and through propensity score matching, the research assesses the probability that poor and the poorest households will participate in the 4Ps program. The study estimates the causal effect of 4Ps participation on a range of nutritional indicators, including weight-for-height, height-for-age, body mass index Z-scores, stunting, underweight, wasting, and severe stunting, by comparing matched groups and considering various covariates. The results highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of the program's effects, as they show no significant improvement in children's nutritional status based on the program’s impacts. Comments on this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program;4Ps;conditional cash transfers;nutrition;Philippines |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2024-20 |
| By: | Ezebuihe, Jessy Amarachi; Parlasca, Martin; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | We analyze the relationship between household electricity access and off-farm employment of women and men in rural Africa, using primary survey data from Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia. Estimating regression models, we find that access to electricity is positively associated with women's off-farm employment status, labor hours, and earnings. For men, access to electricity is significantly associated only with off-farm earnings. Further, we differentiate between the sources of electricity accessible to households and find gendered differences between grid electricity and off-grid solar home systems. While solar home systems are not significantly associated with any of the employment outcomes for men, they are positively and significantly associated with women's off-farm employment status and earnings. We explore differences in gendered time use between electrified and non-electrified households, and also analyze the main purposes of electricity use and perceived impacts on people’s lives to help explain the regression estimates. Our results suggest that electricity access and its sources have different implications for women’s and men’s daily routines and off-farm employment. The findings have relevance for policy, given that access to off-farm income is important not only for the wellbeing and resilience of rural households, but also for gender equity and female financial autonomy. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2024–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:348434 |
| By: | Mulubrhan Amare; Lucia Carrillo; Katrina Kosec; Jordan Kyle; |
| Abstract: | Using original survey data from three states in rural, southwestern Nigeria, this study examines the relationship between conflict intensity at various distances and the empowerment and aspiration levels of women whose households are primarily engaged in farming. We analyze geo-coded data on violent clashes between ethnic groups that primarily herd livestock for their livelihood and those that primarily farm crops; these clashes are growing more frequent across West Africa with climate-induced land degradation, as herding populations are moving further south in search of grazing land. Our outcomes of interest include women’s economic and social aspirations, and women’s economic, social, and political behaviors that could impact their long-run empowerment. We find that exposure to higher conflict intensity is closely linked to adverse outcomes, including income loss, assault, and forced migration. Higher conflict intensity is also associated with lower women’s economic and social aspirations, though social aspirations are more affected by proximate conflicts, while economic aspirations are more affected by more distant conflicts. Women’s economic, social, and political activities also vary with conflict-affectedness. With more conflict nearby, women are more likely to own their own off-farm businesses and less likely to own an off-farm business in which they share ownership with their husband. With more exposure to distant conflicts, women devote less time to off-farm labor and more time to agricultural labor. Near conflict, women are less likely to be members of mutual aid groups and to contact government officials and more likely to engage local security groups for protection and to be members of political parties. These differences could have long-run implications for women’s empowerment. |
| Keywords: | aspirations, farmer-herder conflict, gender, nigeria, women’s empowerment |
| JEL: | D13 D71 D74 J16 Q12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:421 |
| By: | Farjana, Fariha; Nguyen, Thanh Tung; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | Rice-aquaculture is promoted in many countries as a system that could simultaneously improve land and water productivity and household diets and nutrition. However, studies evaluating the effects of rice-aquaculture adoption on household diets do not yet exist. Here, we address this research gap, using data from a survey of 720 households in rural Bangladesh and different statistical techniques to control for possible selection bias. Contrary to expectations, our data suggest that adopting rice-aquaculture is associated with a decrease in household dietary quality, especially during the agricultural lean season. Households with young household heads, low education levels, and small landholdings are over-proportionally affected. We also analyze possible mechanisms of these unexpected negative diet effects. Households adopting rice-aquaculture spend much more time on farming, leaving less time for cooking, other domestic tasks, and certain off-farm activities. Adopters have lower crop and livestock production diversity, lower income from forest extraction activities, and higher debts than non-adopters. Our findings suggest that policies to promote the adoption of riceaquaculture should consider the broader effects on household livelihoods and provide sufficient support in order to avoid undesirable social outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:348394 |
| By: | Wolfgang Stojetz; Piero Ronzani; Tilman Brück; Jeanne Pinay; Marco d'Errico |
| Abstract: | This paper provides novel evidence on the impacts of agricultural support programs in acute emergency settings, by studying resilience in mostly rural areas in the context of a multi-package intervention in conflict-affected Borno State, North-east Nigeria. We account for the challenging research environment in this insecure setting by carefully adapting our research design, thus generating empirical evidence on what works in areas previously considered off-limits to rigorous research designs. Combining a quasi-experimental design with unique panel survey data and fine-grained conflict event data, we find that resilience impacts are highly heterogeneous based on local conflict intensity during and after the implementation of the intervention. Our results suggest that even when local violence is high, programs can provide strong and much needed support for resilience, primarily by strengthening social safety nets and food security. |
| Keywords: | armed conflict, emergency, food security, resilience, social protection |
| JEL: | D74 I32 I38 O12 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:419 |
| By: | Chrispin Kamuikeni; Hisahiro Naito |
| Abstract: | Applying a Panel Fixed Effect model to a large dataset of migration and local weather conditions in 16 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, this study estimates the impacts of long-term weather aberrations on within-country migration. To address potential omitted variable bias, this study accounts for weather conditions in alternative places of residence–an aspect which has been overlooked by previous studies. Results establish a causal link between climate change and migration, but this effect is observed primarily in a block of West SSA countries. In this region, climate-related relocation is driven by both long-term changes in weather (specifically rainfall and temperature) and temperature volatility. In this region, climate-related relocation is driven by both long term changes in weather (rainfall and temperature) and temperature volatility. Quantitatively, this study finds that over the last 30 years, an average annual rainfall decline of 120mm increased internal migration by 14 percentage points while a sustained average temperature increase of 0.5°C resulted in an 8 percentage point rise in internal relocation. However, temperature fluctuations are found to lowered the odds of out-migration by 22 percentage points. Additional findings reveal that increasing temperatures force climate migrants to travel to much farther destination areas. However, we do not find evidence that adverse rainfall outcomes increase relocation distance. Additionally, We establish that climate migrants tend to relocate from rural districts to urban centers. Finally, We obtain evidence that climate-related mobility involves relocation of a family units, as suggested by the significance of climate mobility of young children (less than 12 years old). Meanwhile, when the same specifications are applied on East SSA, we find weak evidence of climate-related mobility in this region. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tsu:tewpjp:2024-003 |
| By: | Michell Yoonjei Dong (Green Climate Fund); Hee-Seung Yang (Yonsei University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of an earthquake in Indonesia on children’s school and work activities and how that relationship differs by access to credit. We find that the earthquake decreases educational attainment while increasing child labor and the effect is stronger for households with access to credit. Following the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake, years of schooling for earthquake-affected children aged 7-14 decreased by 0.5 years, but the effect was stronger for those living close to a microfinance institution. Heterogeneity in treatment effects suggests that the opportunity cost of schooling increases as households with micro-loans open up businesses. Our finding indicates the complementary effect between credit and child labor and suggests the need for policies to increase educational investment when providing micro-loans to help households affected by shocks. |
| Keywords: | natural disaster, earthquake, education, child labor, microfinance, Indonesia |
| JEL: | I20 O12 J13 H81 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yon:wpaper:2024rwp-235 |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda; Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie; Vargas, Anna Rita P.; Punongbayan, Jan Carlo B.; Duante, Charmaine A.; Cabalfin, Deanne Lorraine D.; Ferrer, Eldridge B.; Fernandez-Patalen, Chona M. |
| Abstract: | The Philippine government's long-term vision, AmBisyon Natin 2040, aims for a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no one is poor. The Philippine Development Plan 2023-2028 emphasizes strategies to develop and protect individual and family capabilities by reducing vulnerabilities and strengthening social protection. While official poverty statistics indicate progress in poverty reduction at the aggregate level, with poverty incidence declining to 16.4 percent in the first semester of 2023, standard measurement approaches may mask significant inequalities in resource allocation within households. This study examines household resource sharing in the Philippines using a collective household model to construct poverty indices that complement official poverty statistics. Using data from the Family Income and Expenditures Survey, we estimate Engel curves for different demographic groups based on assignable good expenditures, including clothing, cereals, and protein-rich foods. We also analyze individual-level food consumption data from the National Nutrition Survey to estimate food poverty using caloric intake. Our findings reveal substantial gender and age-based disparities in resource allocation, with particularly concerning implications for women and children in vulnerable household types. Child poverty rates under our methodology are up to twice as high as suggested by standard measures, while women consistently show higher poverty rates than men, especially in rural areas. Analysis across basic sectors reveals varying patterns of intra-household inequality, with farmers and fisherfolk showing particularly complex disparities between clothing-based and food-based poverty measures. While official statistics show poverty rates of 30.0% for farmers and 30.6% for fisherfolk, our adjusted estimates suggest significant variations in poverty rates depending on the choice of assignable good, indicating that standard approaches may misunderstand both the extent and nature of poverty among vulnerable groups. These results suggest the need for more nuanced, sector-sensitive approaches to both poverty measurement and social protection policies that explicitly consider intra-household inequality patterns across different basic sectors. Comments on this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | poverty;household economics;household inequality;social protection;basic sectors |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2024-37 |
| By: | Wolfgang Stojetz; Piero Ronzani; Tilman Brück; Jeanne Pinay; Marco d'Errico |
| Abstract: | Polycrises created by violent conflict and climate change are ubiquitous. Yet, the impacts of conflict and climatic shocks on human behavior and welfare have largely been studied in isolation. This paper studies the joint impact of conflict and climatic shocks on households’ social safety nets in fragile settings. Drawing on unique panel survey data from 1, 293 households in North-east Nigeria, we document that experiencing a violence shock increases the strength of households’ social safety nets (SSN) when they do not experience a simultaneous drought shock. Yet, experiencing a violence shock decreases SSN strength when they experience a drought shock in addition. This perilous interaction between violence and drought shocks is concentrated in poorer local environments. When the local level of economic resources is high, in relative terms, the positive impact of a violence shock on SSN is dominant. However, when the level of economic resources is low, the influence of droughts shocks rises substantially and experiencing both a drought and a violence shock diminishes social safety drastically. Our findings emphasize the need for and potential of concerted social protection programs that account for the compounding vulnerability from poverty, conflict and climatic change in fragile settings. |
| Keywords: | armed conflict, climate change, drought, polycrisis, social safety nets |
| JEL: | D71 D74 I32 O12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:420 |
| By: | Hanif Ammazia; Yuko Nakano; Midori Matsushima |
| Abstract: | Microorganism-mediated degradation of water quality is a major public health concern in developing countries. Previous literature has shown an association between household water pollution and childhood diarrhoea; however, its effects on child growth and respiratory health have not been widely investigated. This study assessed the effects of household drinking water contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) on child’s weight-for-height and weight-for-age-z-scores, acute respiratory infections (ARI), and diarrhoea incidence among five years children in Pakistan. We used district-level spatial information and the latest waves of unique Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data containing information on ‘point-of-service delivery’(POS) and ‘point-of-consumption’ (POC) water quality, collected for the first time on a large scale in five regions of Pakistan. We employed an instrumental variable approach to address potential endogeneity issues in household drinking water quality, finding that POC drinking water contamination significantly affected children’s weight-for-height and weight-for-age z-scores and ARI, in addition to its effects on diarrhoea. The sub-sample analyses indicated that the effects of contaminated water were particularly significant in children aged 6 months and older and in children who did not receive vitamin A supplements. To protect the children from growth failure and contracting ARI and diarrhoea, household water quality should be improved. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tsu:tewpjp:2023-002 |
| By: | Oscar Claveria (AQR-IREA, University of Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between redistributive efforts and human development in 12 Latin American countries over the period 2000–2021. With the aim of evaluating the link between both variables throughout the distribution the analysis is based on quantile regression. Overall, the results suggest that greater redistribution is associated with higher development. This result holds for all ranges of the distribution and is robust to different specifications. The analysis of the redistributive effect of taxes and government transfers is extended to the different dimensions of development—health, education and economy—, finding that education is the component that is most significantly affected by increases in redistribution. Positive coefficients are also obtained for the other two components, although they are only significant at the centre of the distribution in the case of life expectancy, and at high levels of per capita income. |
| Keywords: | income inequality; redistributive policy; taxes; government transfers; human development JEL classification: C50; D30; E62; H50 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aqr:wpaper:202406 |
| By: | Ambar Lineth Chavez Espinosa; Akira Hibiki |
| Abstract: | Inadequate access to clean tap water restrains individuals' ability to engage in productive activities and generate income. When tap water provision is interrupted, people must dedicate considerable time to fetching water and managing its use for household chores, while facing significant health risks due to reduced hands and food washing. Using repeated cross-sectional data from 32, 652 households and 44, 178 individuals aged 18 to 56 from the Multipurpose Surveys of Panama for the years 2017, 2018, and 2019, we find compelling evidence that increasing hours of tap water outage (due to infrastructure inefficiencies) reduce household income, increase the likelihood of unemployment, and decrease the hours female workers can dedicate to productive activities. Previous studies highlight that transitioning from not having tap water to having it positively affects socio-economic development, especially in middle- and low-income countries. However, beyond the initial provision of tap water, we provide evidence of the importance of continuous maintenance and investment in water infrastructure, as old pipelines, inadequate water treatment facilities, and insufficient distribution networks are the main causes of jeopardized water quality and supply reliability in many developing countries. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:60 |
| By: | Enrico Fornasiero (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice) |
| Abstract: | This research studies the role of the Non-Governmental Sector on household economic outcomes by analysing the impact of receiving support from Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) on children's food security and time-use in Ethiopia. I exploit the implementation timing of a restrictive NGO law to solve the potential endogeneity concerns by defining a two-stage model. I find evidence that receiving NGO support increases children's time spent on income-generating activities, reducing the number of hours dedicated to household chores. These effects are mainly due to children who either live in the poorest households, in rural communities, or in a family in which the primary occupation of the household head is agriculture. Notably, receiving support from an NGO increases the time children spend in education only for female-headed households. |
| Keywords: | Non-Governmental Organisation, Children, Food Security, Time Use, Ethiopia |
| JEL: | I25 I31 J13 J24 L31 O12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2024:18 |
| By: | Hai-Anh Dang; Ibrahima Sarr; Carlos Santiago Guzman Gutierrez; Theresa Beltramo; Paolo Verme |
| Abstract: | Household consumption or income surveys do not typically cover refugee populations. In the rare cases where refugees are included, inconsistencies between different data sources could interfere with comparable poverty estimates. We test the performance of a recently developed cross-survey imputation method to estimate poverty for a sample of refugees in Colombia, combining household income surveys collected by the Government of Colombia and administrative (ProGres) data collected by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2019 and 2022. We find that certain variable transformation methods can help resolve these inconsistencies. Estimation results with our preferred variable standardization method are robust to different imputation methods, including the normal linear regression method, the empirical distribution of the errors method, and the probit and logit methods. Several common machine learning techniques generally perform worse than our proposed imputation methods. We also find that we can reasonably impute poverty rates using an older household income survey and a more recent ProGres dataset for most of the poverty lines. These results provide relevant inputs into designing better surveys and administrative datasets on refugees in various country settings. |
| Keywords: | colombia, imputation, poverty, refugees |
| JEL: | C15 F22 I32 O15 O20 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:422 |
| By: | Hassen, Sied (Environment and Climate Research Center); Damte, Abebe (Environment and Climate Research Center, Policy Studies Institute) |
| Abstract: | Studies document that micro and small enterprises are growing rapidly in Ethiopia. The industrial sector consumes a large proportion of electricity in the country. The growing number of micro and small enterprises is also creating pressure on electricity consumption. This may lead to power outages caused by overburdened generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure. Routine outages also lead to increased costs associated with outage adaptations. Improved energy efficiency has spillover benefits by reducing power outages and this in turn allows more customers to access power and may also improve customer satisfaction and payment rates. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate firms’ use of energy efficiency and conservation measures and analyse the impact of these measures on their electricity consumption. We use data from a survey of 1000 micro and small enterprises in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Using a translog cost function model and a system of regression equations, we find that electricity and other factors of production such as labor found to be substitutes instead of being complementary. Where wages are low, firms may substitute manual labor for some of electricity-based operations. Further, the econometric results show that firms that use energy efficient method consume less electricity than those use conservation methods. The results have policy implication in terms of promoting energy efficiency and conservation methods. |
| Keywords: | Energy efficient technologies; energy conservation practices; enterprises; Ethiopia |
| JEL: | D22 Q40 Q41 |
| Date: | 2024–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2024_012 |
| By: | Rozi Kumari (Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University); A. Ganesh Kumar (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research); Rajendra Vaidya (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | Despite impressive growth performance, empowering women and bridging gender gaps in entrepreneurship remains a key challenge for India. Given the crucial role of finance functioning of businesses, we investigate whether females face disproportionate barriers in seeking and receiving loans. Using nationally representative datasets from the World Banks's World Enterprise survey (WBES) data for 2014 and 2022, we analyse the role of manager's and owner's gender in the loan seeking behaviour and loan approval rate. On the demand side, we find that female managers are less likely to seek loans while female owners are more likely to seek loans. Particularly, female managed firms even with male owners are less likely to seek loans while male managed firms with female owners are more likely to apply for loan. On the supply side, we find that loans of female managed firms are less likely to be approved whereas female owned firms do not have significantly less chances of loan approval. Interestingly, the female owned firms with male managers do not face any significant chance of loan denial but male owned firms with female managers have higher and significant chances of loan denial. Female owned and female managed firms also have lower chances of loan approval. |
| Keywords: | Female, Entrepreneurship, Loans, Heckprobit, India, Discrimination |
| JEL: | J16 L26 G2 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2024-025 |
| By: | Faye, Amy; von Braun, Joachim |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the current uptake of small-scale irrigation (SSI1), its profitability, and the constraints to its broader adoption in the Sahel using literature and survey data from Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal. Unlike most of the literature on irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this analysis distinguishes unambiguously between farmer-led SSI (FSSI) and nonfarmer- led SSI (NFSSI) and analyzes labour profitability of SSI. Inverse probability weighing techniques are used to balance covariates between SSIs and non-SSIs and between FSSIs and non-FSSIs. The results show very low SSI adoption rates in the Sahel region. With the highest rates, Mali outperforms its neighbours, despite its political instability. However, FSSI is more common than NFSSI in Niger and Burkina Faso and less common in Mali and Senegal. Profitability analysis at the plot level shows that SSI is a more profitable land use activity compared to rainfed cropping. However, the two approaches complement each other as SSI mainly occurs during the dry season in the Sahel. On the other hand, FSSI is more profitable than NFSSI except in Mali where NFSSI has historically been a pathway to irrigation development through public irrigation schemes aiming for rice cultivation. Yet, FSSI generally has higher variable costs which could be reduced by promoting solar-powered technologies that could lead to irrigation expansion, especially for individual FSSI, provided that financial mechanisms are developed to enable the required initial investments. Results further show that for SSIs, irrigated high value crops such as vegetables are more profitable and require less land than the traditionally promoted rice in these Sahelian countries. Finally, the comparison of SSIs and non-SSIs and of FSSIs and NFSSIs shows that investments in irrigation development and adoption should account for the specificities of SSIs compared to non-irrigators and larger scale irrigators as well as the heterogeneity of SSIs that can be farmer-led or not. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:348393 |
| By: | Rana, Sohel; Faye, Amy |
| Abstract: | Whilst migration to urban areas is often understood through higher wage opportunities, it is not well understood why many rural poor often prefer rural destinations, particularly during temporary migration. This preference also calls for an investigation of the household-level income effects of different destination choices. Our study focuses on northern rural Bangladesh, where rural-bound temporary migration is common. We employ a multi-step conditional probit model with subsamples to analyze temporary migrant’s destination choices, accounting for their self-selection into migration. Similarly, we apply a multi-step control function approach to address endogeneity in examining the income effects of different destination choices. Our results show that destination choices rely on migrants’ individual characteristics, prior perceptions and subsequent experiences of the destination, and the influence of migrant networks. Although rural destinations often offer a better income-to-cost ratio, they are not necessarily better than urban destinations in increasing total household income. In fact, remittances from rural-bound temporary migration are lower than those from urban-bound migration. Yet, rural destinations offer greater utility maximization in the face of migrants’ constraints, leading to a preference for this destination type among such migrants. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2024–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:348395 |
| By: | Müting, Luisa; Mkandawire, Petros Suzgo Kayovo; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | In the Sahel region, agroforestry potentially increases crop yields, alongside restoring and retaining soils. Nonetheless, little is known about how diverse agroforestry systems perform across actual agricultural systems of smallholders in the region. We therefore investigate how smallholders’ different agroforestry systems in the Senegalese Groundnut Basin relate to groundnut yields. We distinguish agroforestry systems by (a) tree quantity per hectare, (b) tree species diversity and (c) quantities per hectare of the most prevalent tree species in our data. Using data of 492 groundnut farmers, collected in the Groundnut Basin from December 2022 to January 2023, we estimate log-linearized Cobb-Douglas-production functions through ordinary least squares regression. 53 tree species were reported by 93.8% of smallholders. We identify Faidherbia albida, Cordyla pinnata, Adansonia digitata, Anogeissus leiocarpa, and Ziziphus mauritiana as most prevalent species. Our results indicate that groundnut yields initially increase with tree quantity and species diversity. However, at too many trees per hectare the competition between trees and crops for space and nutrients seems to outweigh the benefits. Faidherbia albida trees are beneficial for groundnut yield outcomes only at a higher number of these trees. For the species Cordyla pinnata and Anogeissus leiocarpa, additional trees initially lead to increases in groundnut yields. The tree species Ziziphus mauritiana and Adansonia digitata appear to have no association with groundnut yields. We find a remaining potential of increasing tree cover or tree species diversity and introducing or expanding certain tree species in established agroforestry systems to enhance synergies between land restoration and groundnut productivity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gausfs:348252 |