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on Development |
| By: | Jing Jin (Central University of Finance and Economics); Chunli Shen (University of Maryland); Heng-fu Zou (Development Research Group, the World Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper sheds light on the heavy financial burden on peasants in China's fiscal decentralization system. Using a political economy framework, this paper explores the tax-farming nature of China's fiscally decentralized system and examines why the system incurs a particularly heavy financial burden on peasants. Specifically, it points out that a political hierarchy financed by a tax-farming system in China, fails to contain the exploitative behavior of local officials, which results in the expenditure devolution and revenue centralization within the hierarchy. Ultimately, peasants bear the brunt of the tax burden. As the financial pressure of excessive levies and fees reaches a perilous point, peasants are resorting to violent protests. Unless a fiscally decentralized system with horizontal accountability mechanisms evolves, the country¡¯s ability to sustain a centralized polity may become increasingly undermined. A case study of township finance is used to exemplify the exploitative nature of China¡¯s fiscal decentralization system. |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cuf:wpaper:490&r=dev |
| By: | Christian Dreger; Dierk Herzer |
| Abstract: | This paper challenges the common view that exports generally contribute more to GDP growth than a pure change in export volume, as the export-led growth hypothesis predicts. Applying panel cointegration techniques to a production function with non-export GDP as the dependent variable, we find for a sample of 45 developing countries that: (i) exports have a positive short-run effect on non-export GDP and vice versa (short-run bidirectional causality), (ii) the long-run effect of exports on nonexport output, however, is negative on average, but (iii) there are large differences in the long-run effect of exports on non-export GDP across countries. Cross-sectional regressions indicate that these cross-country differences in the long-run effect of exports on non-export GDP are significantly negatively related to cross-country differences in primary export dependence and business and labor market regulation. In contrast, there is no significant association between the growth effect of exports and the capacity of a country to absorb new knowledge. |
| Keywords: | Export-led growth, Developing countries, Panel cointegration |
| JEL: | F43 O11 C23 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1149&r=dev |
| By: | Imed Drine |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyse the effects of institution quality on technology catch-up in five North African countries (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia) compared to 3 groups of developing and emerging countries (Sub Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America) over the period 1970-2005. The study adopts a two-stage methodology. In the first step we estimate the technology gap using the matafrontier approach. In second step we test the relationship between the technology gap and the quality of governance. The empirical results show that institutions (corruption, law and rules and investment climate) are very important in closing the technology gap and speeding up the technology catch-up. Other determinants of the technology gap are also identified: foreign direct investment, human capital and trade. |
| Keywords: | metafrontier, technology gap, catching-up, efficiency, stochastic frontier, governance, North Africa |
| JEL: | C33 O47 O57 K49 O1 |
| Date: | 2011–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wdi:papers:2010-1017&r=dev |
| By: | Sumon Bhaumik; Manisha Chakrabarty |
| Abstract: | In this paper we examine the issue of high dropout rates in India which has adverse implications for human capital formation, and hence for the country’s long term growth potential. Using the 2004-05 National Sample Survey employment-unemployment survey data, we estimate transition probabilities of moving from a number of different educational levels to higher educational levels using a sequential logit model. Our results suggest that the overall probability of reaching tertiary education is very low. Further, even by the woeful overall standards, women are significantly worse-off, particularly in rural areas. |
| Keywords: | Education; Transitional probability; India |
| JEL: | I21 |
| Date: | 2011–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wdi:papers:2010-1019&r=dev |
| By: | Elena Del Rey (University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain); Fernanda Estevan (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relative merits of unconditional cash transfers (UCT), conditional cash transfers (CCT), and improvements in education quality on efficiency and welfare. In our setting some parents under-invest in their children's education because capital market imperfections prevent them from borrowing. When credit constrained households can be perfectly targeted by the government, we show that CCT are more effective than UCT in enhancing efficiency and equivalent in terms of welfare. When public education quality is very low, raising quality is welfare improving, but is never efficiency enhancing. If the government cannot target constrained households, UCT may be the best policy both in terms of efficiency and welfare. |
| Keywords: | conditional cash transfers, public education, education quality, unconditional cash transfers, credit constraint, efficiency, welfare |
| JEL: | H31 H42 H52 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ott:wpaper:1108e&r=dev |
| By: | Ari Aisen; Roberto Álvarez; Andrés Sagner; Javier Turén |
| Abstract: | An important consequence of the recent financial crisis was the collapse of global trade. Using data of Chilean exporting firms, this paper studies the effect of financial constraints on export growth in the aftermath of the crisis. Our results show that both overall financing and export credit were significant determinants of export contraction in the Chilean case. However, the effect is highly heterogeneous. The evidence shows that larger exporters, belonging to industries more dependent on overall credit, have suffered disproportionately more. This has important policy implications, as public policy aiming at stimulating trade credit may not be as effective if overarching credit conditions remain subdued. |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:639&r=dev |
| By: | Friebel, Guido (Goethe University Frankfurt); Gallego, Juan Miguel (University of Toulouse I); Mendola, Mariapia (University of Milan Bicocca) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how emigration flows from a developing region are affected by xenophobic violence at destination. Our empirical analysis is based on a unique survey among more than 1000 households, collected in Mozambique in summer 2008, a few months after a series of xenophobic attacks in South Africa killed dozens and displaced thousands of immigrants from neighbouring countries. We estimate migration intentions of Mozambicans before and after the attacks, controlling for the characteristics of households and previous migration behaviour. Using a placebo period, we show that other things equal, the migration intention of household heads decreases from 37% to 33%. The sensitivity of migration intentions to violence is larger for household heads with many children younger than 15 years, decreasing the migration intention by 11% points. Most importantly, the sensitivity of migration intentions is highest for those household heads with many young children whose families have no access to social networks. For these household heads, the intention falls by 15% points. Social networks provide insurance against the consequences young children suffer in case the household head would be harmed by xenophobic violence and consequently could not provide for the family. |
| Keywords: | household behaviour, risk, violence, Mozambique |
| JEL: | O1 R2 J6 D1 |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5920&r=dev |
| By: | Begum, Syeda Shahanara (Göteborg University); Deng, Quheng (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences); Gustafsson, Björn (Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes child poverty in Bangladesh and China during periods of rapid economic growth in both countries. It compares the extent as well as profile of child poverty in both countries. Comparisons on the extent of child poverty, over time and across countries, are made using a decomposition framework attributing child poverty differences to differences in the three components mean child income, demographic circumstances and the distribution of child income. Child poverty is found to be more extensive in Bangladesh than in China, and is very much a problem for rural children in both countries. The results show that economic growth can reduce child poverty but does not do so always. For understanding changes over time and across countries in the extent of child poverty, it can be necessary to also consider changes/differences in the distribution of child income as well as in the demographic composition. |
| Keywords: | child poverty, economic growth, Bangladesh, China |
| JEL: | I32 J13 J15 |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5929&r=dev |
| By: | Drabo, Alassane (CERDI, University of Auvergne); Mbaye, Linguère Mously (CERDI, University of Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to assess the relationship between natural disasters caused by climate change and migration by interesting in the migration rates and the education level in developing countries. Many studies such as the Stern review (2007) or the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) predict an intensification of climate change for the following years. Thus, climate change has taken an essential place in the world governance. The relationship between climate change, natural disasters and migration is crucial because the management of supplementary migratory flows due to environmental degradation make the migration issues coming from developing countries more complicated for developed countries. We investigate this relationship by using panel data from developing countries in order to see the effect of the natural disasters on migration rates and according to the educational level. Estimations are made with country fixed effects estimator through an accurate econometric model. The results confirm previous studies, namely natural disasters are positively associated with emigration rates. But beyond this result, the main contribution of this paper is to show that natural disasters due to climate change exacerbate brain drain in developing countries by involving the migration of high skilled people when countries are the most vulnerable and need an important support from the skilled workers to deal with natural disasters damages. The paper also shows that this effect is different according to the geographical position. |
| Keywords: | climate change, natural disasters, migration |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5927&r=dev |
| By: | Luosha Du (University of California, Berkeley); Ann Harrison (World Bank); Gary Jefferson (Department of Economics, Brandeis University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how institutions affect productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to China’s domestic industrial enterprises during 1998-2007. We examine three institutional features that comprise aspects of China’s “special characteristics”: (1) the different sources of FDI, where FDI is nearly evenly divided between mostly Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and the region known as “Greater China”, consisting of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau; (2) China’s heterogeneous ownership structure, involving state- (SOEs) and non-state owned (non-SOEs) enterprises, firms with foreign equity participation, and non-SOE, domestic firms; and (3) industrial promotion via tariffs or through tax holidays to foreign direct investment. We also explore how productivity spillovers from FDI changed with China’s entry into the WTO in late 2001. We find robust positive and significant spillovers to domestic firms via backward linkages (the contacts between foreign buyers and local suppliers). Our results suggest varied success with industrial promotion policies. Final goods tariffs as well as input tariffs are negatively associated with firm-level productivity. However, we find that productivity spillovers were higher from foreign firms that paid less than the statutory corporate tax rate. |
| Date: | 2011–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:brd:wpaper:33&r=dev |
| By: | Paul Deng (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Gary Jefferson (Department of Economics, Brandeis University) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the conditions that may auger a reversal of China’s increasingly unequal levels of regional industrial productivity during China’s first two decades of economic reform. Using international and Chinese firm and industry data over the period 1995-2004, we estimate a productivity growth-technology gap reaction function. We find that as China’s coastal industry has closed the technology gap with the international frontier relative to interior regions, labor productivity growth in the coastal region has begun to slow in relation to the interior. This may serve as an early indicator of China’s initial movement toward reversing the widespread income inequality. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Economic Growth, Productivity Convergence, Regional Disparity, Sustainability, China, International Comparison of Productivity (ICOP) |
| JEL: | O4 O18 O30 R11 |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:brd:wpaper:32&r=dev |
| By: | Yoshito Takasaki |
| Abstract: | How disaster aid is allocated within poor villages is little understood. This paper examines risk-sharing institutions and social hierarchies as village self-allocation mechanisms. Original survey data from Fiji contain rich information about cyclone damage, traditional kin status, and aid allocations over post-disaster phases, at both household and kin-group levels. The paper shows under what conditions the performance of targeting aid to victims can significantly differ from overall risk-sharing outcomes determined by private transfers and aid (i.e., targeting gap). Elite domination can occur not only in aid allocation independent of damage, but also in targeting on damage (i.e., targeting bias). |
| Date: | 2011–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tsu:tewpjp:2011-004&r=dev |
| By: | Chingunjav Amarsanaa; Yoshinori Kurokawa |
| Abstract: | Using the Kehoe and Ruhl (2009) methodology, we investigate whether the variety of traded goods, the extensive margin of trade, has actually changed in a transition economy, such as Mongolia, as predicted by recent theoretical models. We find large increases in the extensive margin of Mongolia's  trade  with major trade partners such as Japan from 1997 to 2002, when Mongolia was undergoing significant structural reforms. We also find large increases in the extensive margin for the Mongolia-China and Mongolia-EU pairs after trade liberalizations  due  to  China's  accession  to  the  World Trade Organization (WTO) (2001) and Mongolia's  eligibility for the EU Generalized Systems of Preferences (GSP+) scheme (2005). We, however, find no increases in the extensive margin for the Mongolia-Russia pair during the period 2002 to 2007, when there was no major change in the trade regime of these two countries. The results support Kehoe  and  Ruhl's  hypothesis that the extensive margin growth is driven by trade liberalization or structural change but not by the usual turbulence of business cycles. For each episode, we also check if the extensive margin growth in Mongolia, which is measured by the Kehoe and Ruhl methodology, is actually a consequence of the increases in the trade volumes of previously zero or little traded goods and what areas of goods contributed to this extensive margin growth. |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tsu:tewpjp:2011-005&r=dev |
| By: | S. Mahendra Dev (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a major challenge for agriculture, food security and rural livelihoods for billions of people including the poor in the Asia-Pacific region. Agriculture is the sector most vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on climate and weather and because people involved in agriculture tend to be poorer compared with urban residents. More than 60 per cent of the population is directly or indirectly relying on agriculture as a source of livelihood in this region. Agriculture is part of the problem and part of the solution. Asian agriculture sector is already facing many problems relating to sustainability. To those already daunting challenges, climate change adds further pressure on agriculture adversely affecting the poor. The climate change is already making adversely impact on the lives of the population particularly the poor. It is already evident in a number of ways. Consistent warming trends and more frequent and intense extreme weather events such as droughts, cyclones, floods, and hailstorms have been observed across Asia and the Pacific in recent decades. The objective of this paper is to identify climate change related threats and vulnerabilities associated with agriculture as a sector and agriculture as people's livelihoods (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity). The paper analyses the connections between the nature of human action as drivers of threats as well as opportunities for sustainable agriculture and better human development outcomes. Broadly, it examines the impact of climate change on rural livelihoods, agriculture, food security. It discusses the options for adaptation and mitigation and requirements for implementation at local, national and international level of these measures. |
| Keywords: | climate change, adaptation, mitigation, Asia-Pacific region, agriculture |
| JEL: | Q10 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2011-014&r=dev |
| By: | Rajendra R. Vaidya (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | Trade credit (accounts receivable and accounts payable) is both an important source and use of funds for manufacturing firms in India. This paper empirically investigates the determinants of trade credit in the Indian context. The empirical evidence presented suggests that strong evidence exists in support of an inventory management motive for the existence of trade credit. Highly profitable firms are found to both give and receive less trade credit. Firms with greater access to bank credit offer less trade credit to their customers. On the other hand, firms with higher bank loans receive more trade credit. Holdings of liquid assets have a positive influence on both accounts receivable and accounts payable. |
| Keywords: | Trade Credit |
| JEL: | G31 G32 |
| Date: | 2011–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2011-012&r=dev |
| By: | Gassmann, Franziska (Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, Maastricht University) |
| Abstract: | Since the end of 2007, countries in Central Asia have been struck by two major consecutive shocks: the food and fuel price increase in 2007-08, and the global economic and financial crisis that began at the end of 2008. Households, both poor and not poor, are directly and adversely affected by the crisis. The multi-dimensionality of the crises and the volatile economic environment challenge the ability of vulnerable households to cope and to maintain their living standards. Social protection programmes play an important role in the response to a crisis. This paper provides an overview of the social and economic vulnerabilities of households with children in the five Central Asian countries, and assesses the ability of national social protection systems to address these, with the main focus on the role of non-contributory cash transfers financed from general government revenues. The paper concludes that the existing social cash transfer systems are not effective in addressing the needs of poor and vulnerable children and families in Central Asia. Limited coverage together with limited funding reduces the potential poverty reduction impact of the programmes. The paper discusses potential strategies for improving existing systems by consolidating and protecting government spending, streamlining existing benefits and transfers, improving the identification of beneficiaries and strengthening administration, monitoring and evaluation systems. |
| Keywords: | social protection, social assistance, economic crisis, poverty reduction, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan |
| JEL: | I31 I32 I38 O15 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:unumer:2011042&r=dev |
| By: | Schuring, Esther (Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, Maastricht University) |
| Abstract: | While conditionality is a frequently discussed topic among policy-makers and cooperating partners, less attention has been paid to the views of the general public and beneficiaries in low-income countries. Using qualitative, survey and experimental evidence from Zambia, this study contrasts the perceptions of beneficiaries and the broader public with those of policy-makers and assesses the factors that influence choices about imposing conditionalities. The study shows that conditionality meets with general approval under certain conditions. It was agreed that conditionality should not be too punitively enforced lest it lead to greater tension but can meet the interests of policy-makers, the general public and beneficiaries alike, exerting the necessary control for transfer givers and the guidance for transfer recipients. The experiment, however, also demonstrates that conditionality preferences are neither homogeneous nor static and are likely to change with more exposure to social cash transfers and conditionality. |
| Keywords: | conditionality, social cash transfers, political economy, empowerment |
| JEL: | I38 P16 P46 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:unumer:2011046&r=dev |
| By: | Kuschminder, Katie (Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, Maastricht University); Hercog, Metka (Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, Maastricht University) |
| Abstract: | Migrant-sending countries are increasingly exploring schemes where human capital of expatriates can be used for the benefit of the home country's socioeconomic development. This paper focuses on the mechanisms of emigration management and problematizes the government involvement in diaspora engagement. By exploring the two cases of diaspora engagement policies, namely, that of India and Ethiopia, the paper questions the success of government mechanisms, establishing the conditions under which these mechanisms lead to political and economic benefit from the diaspora. Although countries differ immensely in various aspects, Ethiopia modeled its diaspora policy after the case of India, which provides us with a good case for establishing the necessary conditions. Both countries see diaspora as a key resource in economic development of respective countries and have therefore invested significant resources into developing institutions and policies to engage diaspora. Nevertheless, there are some major differences between the countries, in terms of the countries' resources and capacities to design and implement diaspora engagement policies and also in the composition of migrant communities. While Indian migration has always had an economic component, the Ethiopian Diaspora is primarily characterized by refugee flows. Moreover, India has a long history of migration and one of the largest migrant communities in the world. The paper argues that government resources and capacities to design and implement policies and the composition of migrant communities play a key role in determining the approach governments adopt with their diasporas. |
| Keywords: | diaspora, migration, diaspora engagement policy, diaspora engagement, institutions, India, Ethiopia |
| JEL: | J61 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:unumer:2011044&r=dev |
| By: | Coxhead, Ian (University of WI); Linh, Vu Hoang (National University of Hanoi); Le, Dong Tam (University of WI) |
| Abstract: | World food prices have experienced dramatic increases in recent years. These "shocks" affect food importers and exporters alike. Vietnam is a major exporter of rice, and rice is also a key item in domestic production, employment and consumption. Accordingly, rice price shocks from the world market have general equilibrium impacts and as such, their implications for household welfare are not known ex ante. In this paper we first present a simple framework for understanding the direct and indirect welfare effects of a global market shock of this kind. Second, we quantify the transmission of the price shock from global indicator prices to domestic markets. Third, we then we use an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model to simulate the effects of domestic price changes in more detail. Fourth, a recursive mapping to a large nationally representative living standards survey permits us to identify in detail the ceteris paribus effects of the shock on household incomes and welfare. In this analysis, interregional and intersectoral adjustments in the labor market emerge as key channels transmitting the effects of global price shocks across sectors and among households. |
| JEL: | D58 I32 Q17 |
| Date: | 2011–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:wisagr:559&r=dev |
| By: | Banda, Diana J.; Hamukwala, Priscilla; Haggblade, Steven; Chapoto, Antony |
| Abstract: | The study surveyed 127 households from Central, Eastern, Luapula, Northern, and Southern Provinces of Zambia. The primary objective was to explore life-trajectory patterns and key drivers of welfare change. Households were classified based on long term poverty dynamics i.e., how they perceived their welfare compared to that of their parents with the major focus being on households that were better off (BO) than both the parents (parents of head and spouse) and those that were worse off (WO) than both parents were. Poverty was mainly defined from the communities' own perspectives and entailed exploring reasons perceived by participants for decline or improvement in peopleâs well-being in their communities. The hypotheses that factors such as household endowments, key decisions made, household location, and shocks experienced by households have an impact on householdâs welfare dynamics were tested. Several approaches were used including semi-structured interviews at household level and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). |
| Keywords: | Zambia, poverty, Small Holder Farmers, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midcwp:113649&r=dev |
| By: | Marie-Ange VEGANZONES (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International); Patrick PLANE (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International); Tidiane KINDA (Fonds Monétaire International) |
| Abstract: | Firm productive performances in five Middle East and North African (MENA) economies and eight manufacturing industries are compared to those in 17 other developing countries. Although the broad picture hides some heterogeneity, enterprises in MENA often performed inadequately compared to MENA status of middle-income economies, with the exception of Morocco and, to some extent, Saudi Arabia. Firm competitiveness is a more constant constraint, with a unit labor cost higher than in most competitor countries, as well as investment climate (IC) deficiencies. The empirical analysis also points out how IC matters for firm productivity through the quality of infrastructure, the experience and education of the labor force, the cost and access to financing, and different dimensions of the government-business relationship. These findings bear important policy implications by showing which dimensions of the IC, in which industry, could help manufacturing in MENA to be more competitive in the globalization context. |
| Keywords: | Manufacturing firms, productivity, investment climate, developing countries, Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |
| JEL: | O57 O14 D24 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdi:wpaper:1282&r=dev |
| By: | Quamrul H. Ashraf; David N. Weil; Joshua Wilde |
| Abstract: | We assess quantitatively the effect of exogenous reductions in fertility on output per capita. Our simulation model allows for effects that run through schooling, the size and age structure of the population, capital accumulation, parental time input into child-rearing, and crowding of fixed natural resources. The model is parameterized using a combination of microeconomic estimates, data on demographics and natural resource income in developing countries, and standard components of quantitative macroeconomic theory. We apply the model to examine the effect of an intervention that immediately reduces TFR by 1.0, using current Nigerian vital rates as a baseline. For a base case set of parameters, we find that an immediate decline in the TFR of 1.0 will raise output per capita by approximately 13.2 percent at a horizon of 20 years, and by 25.4 percent at a horizon of 50 years. |
| JEL: | E17 J11 J13 J18 O11 |
| Date: | 2011–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:17377&r=dev |
| By: | Tomoki Fujii (School of Economics, Singapore Management University) |
| Abstract: | The remittances have emerged as one of the most important sources of international flows. In the Philipines, the amount of remittance receipts has more than doubled over a decade since early 1900s. As a result, the way remittances are used has become extremely important for economic development. Unlike the previous studies, we allow for the potential heterogeneity in the impact of remittances across various relationships to the head of household and take into account the potential negative effects of being guarded by someone other than the parents We find that the impact of remittances on schooling is generally positive and the negative impact is outweighed by the positive impact of remittance flows. |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:siu:wpaper:05-2011&r=dev |