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on Demographic Economics |
| By: | Dan Anderberg; Line Hjorth Andersen; N. Meltem Daysal; Mette Ejrnæs |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of a parental leave reform in Denmark in 2002 on intimate partner violence (IPV) contacts. The reform extended leave-taking among mothers but not fathers and led to a marked reduction in IPV incidence, specifically among mothers with below-median years of education. Analysis of further outcomes suggests that increased birth spacing is a key mechanism linking extended parental leave to reduced IPV risk. |
| Keywords: | intimate partner violence, parental leave |
| JEL: | J12 I38 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12189 |
| By: | Marshall Burke; Andrew J. Wilson; Tumenkhusel Avirmed; Jonas Wallstein; Mariana C. M. Martins; Patrick Behrer; Christopher W. Callahan; Marissa Childs; June Choi; Karina French; Carlos F. Gould; Sam Heft-Neal; Renzhi Jing; Minghao Qiu; Lisa Rennels; Emma Krasovich Southworth |
| Abstract: | A large literature documents how ambient temperature affects human mortality. Using decades of detailed data from 30 countries, we revisit and synthesize key findings from this literature. We confirm that ambient temperature is among the largest external threats to human health, and is responsible for a remarkable 5-12% of total deaths across countries in our sample, or hundreds of thousands of deaths per year in both the U.S. and EU. In all contexts we consider, cold kills more than heat, though the temperature of minimum risk rises with age, making younger individuals more vulnerable to heat and older individuals more vulnerable to cold. We find evidence for adaptation to the local climate, with hotter places experiencing somewhat lower risk at higher temperatures, but still more overall mortality from heat due to more frequent exposure. Within countries, higher income is not associated with uniformly lower vulnerability to ambient temperature, and the overall burden of mortality from ambient temperature is not falling over time. Finally, we systematically summarize the limited set of studies that rigorously evaluate interventions that can reduce the impact of heat and cold on health. We find that many proposed and implemented policy interventions lack empirical support and do not target temperature exposures that generate the highest health burden, and that some of the most beneficial interventions for reducing the health impacts of cold or heat have little explicit to do with climate. |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34313 |
| By: | Partha Deb; Edward C. Norton; Jeffrey M. Wooldridge; Jeffrey E. Zabel |
| Abstract: | For difference-in-differences methods, there has been great attention to obtaining consistent estimates of treatment effects, especially when the treatment effects are heterogeneous. However, there has been little discussion of the importance of weights in aggregating those treatment effects into an overall average treatment effect on the treated. There are many possible ways to aggregate estimated cohort-time treatment effects. We show that the standard software used to estimate Callaway and Sant’Anna’s method uses weights that are not just the number of treated observations in treated years. Instead, the software uses weights that include the number of observations in the reference pre-period instead of only the number of observations in the treated periods. We discuss why the aggregation weights matter and under what circumstances the weights make the most difference. |
| JEL: | C10 C18 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34331 |