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on Demographic Economics |
| By: | Ciscato, Edoardo (KU Leuven); Goussé, Marion (CREST) |
| Abstract: | We study the mating patterns of non-heterosexual individuals, who represent a significant and increasing portion of the population, particularly among the youth. We estimate a multidimensional matching model of the marriage market where partner's gender is endogenously chosen conditional on the agent's sexual orientation, and is subject to trade-offs that depend on both the agents' preferences and the pool of potential partners. We show that same-sex couples experience lower gains from live-in relationships, a "same-sex penalty". Absent this penalty, the share of same-sex couples in the U.S. would increase by about 50% (from 1.36% to 2.05% of all couples). |
| Keywords: | matching, marriage market, homogamy, same-sex households, sexual orientation, gender |
| JEL: | D1 C51 J12 J15 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17420 |
| By: | Hatsor, Limor; Shurtz, Ity |
| Abstract: | We use a baby formula “food scare” in Israel in 2003 as a plausible natural experiment to study the causal relationship between breastfeeding and mothers’ return to work after childbirth. Analysis of administrative data covering the universe of births in the country shows that first-time mothers who gave birth shortly after the scare delayed their return to work. Their average months worked in the first six months after childbirth fell by about 11 percent relative to their counterparts in the previous year. Data from a major medical equipment lender in Israel indicates an increased likelihood of borrowing milk pumps, suggesting that the delay in returning to work was driven by an increase in breastfeeding. The results indicate that despite developments in technology and policy changes in recent decades, mothers still trade off work for the breastfeeding of their children. |
| Keywords: | motherhood, labor supply, breastfeeding, food scare, maternity leave, return to work |
| JEL: | I18 J13 J22 D1 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:306141 |
| By: | Bernt Bratsberg (Norwegian Institute of Public Health); Selma Walther (Institute for Fiscal Studies) |
| Date: | 2024–06–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:24/27 |
| By: | Ana Gamarra Rondinel (Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, The University of Melbourne); Anna MH Price (Paediatrics Royal Children's Hospital) |
| Abstract: | The study examines the impact of childbirth on household income and poverty during the crucial first 1, 000 days of a child's life, using longitudinal data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (2001-2021) and an event study approach. The birth of a first child results in a reduction in household gross income, with one-parent households experiencing, on average, a 27% decrease and two-parent households an 18% decrease. Within five years of the first child's birth, a substantial portion of households (37-40%) either remain in poverty or enter poverty. This is more common for one-parent (63-70%) than two-parent households (34-36%), with childbirth amplifying the likelihood of being in poverty by 0.17 and 0.10 percentage points, respectively. Furthermore, without government family payments, the average poverty rate increases from 26% for one-parent households and 10% for two-parent households before childbirth, to 63% and 20%, respectively, in the years following. With family payments, the average poverty rates after childbirth are 37% and 11%, respectively. This indicates that while government payments assist in mitigating poverty, they do not fully shield families from the risk of falling into poverty after childbirth. |
| Keywords: | child poverty, household income, childbirth, HILDA survey, family benefits |
| JEL: | J13 D1 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iae:iaewps:wp2023n19 |
| By: | Carpenter, Christopher S. (Vanderbilt University); Feir, Donn. L. (University of Victoria); Pendakur, Krishna (Simon Fraser University); Warman, Casey (Dalhousie University) |
| Abstract: | The social and legal recognition of nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify with traditionally male or female genders—is growing. Yet, we know little about their economic realities. We offer the first nationally representative evidence on the earnings of nonbinary people using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records. We find that, although nonbinary individuals tend to be more educated than their peers, they have significantly lower earnings, especially at the bottom of the income distribution, even after adjusting for various demographic and socioeconomic factors. |
| Keywords: | nonbinary, transgender, gender minority, earnings |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17377 |
| By: | Haddad, Joanne; Kattan, Lamis |
| Abstract: | By the end of the nineteenth century, labor legislation for women had become a prominent issue in the United States, with most states enacting at least one female-specific work regulation. We examine the impact of three previously unexplored legislation: seating, health and safety, and night-work regulations. Given that not all states adopted these laws, and the staggered nature of adoption, we rely on a difference-in-differences strategy design to estimate the effects on female gainful employment. Our findings indicate that laws regulating health and safety conditions and restricting women's night work increased the likelihood of female employment by about 4% to 8%, accounting for about 10% to 20% from the total increase during our period of analysis. Examining heterogeneous effects reveals that younger and married women without children witnessed the largest increase in the likelihood of employment. We also document that native, higher-class and literate women were also incentivized to join the workforce. Women's labor supply in the decades under consideration has been estimated to be quite inelastic with respect to own wage. Nevertheless, we find sizable labor force participation responses to the female-specific labor regulation we study. This indicates that the legislation must have shifted women's labor supply curves, either because it made jobs more pleasant, or because it improved perceptions about how respectable it is for a woman to work in the labor market. Both channels would reduce disutility from work, and increase labor supply at any given wage level. Our findings hold important implications for policymakers and advocates seeking to promote gender equality in the labor market. |
| Keywords: | Labor Supply, Labor Law, Gender Law, Gender Norms |
| JEL: | J08 J16 J21 J24 J78 K31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1518 |