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on Demographic Economics |
| By: | Clark, Gregory; Cummins, Neil; Curtis, Matthew |
| Abstract: | The European Marriage Pattern (EMP), in place in NW Europe for perhaps 500 years, substantially limited fertility. But how could such limitation persist when some individuals who deviated from the EMP norm had more children? If their children inherited their deviant behaviors, their descendants would quickly become the majority of later generations. This puzzle has two possible solutions. The first is that all those that deviated actually had lower net fertility over multiple generations. We show, however, no fertility penalty to future generations from higher initial fertility. Instead the EMP survived because even though the EMP persisted at the social level, children did not inherit their parents’ individual fertility choices. In the paper we show evidence consistent with lateral, as opposed to vertical, transmission of EMP fertility behaviors. |
| Keywords: | demography; economic history; European marriage pattern; selection pressures; Elsevier deal |
| JEL: | N13 N11 J12 |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123433&r= |
| By: | Katja M. Kaufmann; Yasemin Özdemir; Han Ye |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of grandparental retirement decisions on family members’ labor supply and child outcomes by exploiting a Dutch pension reform and a fuzzy Regression Discontinuity design. We find that a one-hour increase in grandmothers’ hours worked causes their adult daughters with young children to work 40 minutes less. Daughters without children, with older children and sons/daughters-in-law are not affected. Examining the reform impacts on grandchildren’s test scores, we find positive effects on children aged 4-7, who experienced a substitution from grandparental to maternal care. We also show negative effects for children aged 8-12, for whom grandparental childcare was substituted for by formal or no care. |
| Keywords: | spillover effects, retirement, grandparental childcare, maternal labor supply, child development |
| JEL: | J13 J22 J26 I38 D64 |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_403v2&r= |
| By: | Philipp Dierker (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Niina Metsä-Simola; Hanna M. Remes; Sanna Kailaheimo-Lönnqvist; Mine Kühn (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Pekka Martikainen (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Mikko Myrskylä (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Results of previous research examining whether children’s physical health conditions increase the risk of parental separation show considerable heterogeneity, potentially due to varying degrees of severity of health conditions, or to reverse causality or diagnostic delays for certain conditions. This study aims to extend the previous literature by categorizing eight common child health conditions into grades of severity, and estimating changes in parental separation risk before and after the first diagnosis. Using total population data from Finnish registers, we follow 363, 830 couples whose first child was born between 1987 and 2000 until the child’s 18th birthday. We identify parents whose child was diagnosed with a less severe (allergies, atopic dermatitis, chronic/repeated ear infections), severe (type 1 diabetes, epilepsy, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis), or life-threatening (cancer) physical health condition, and use discrete-time event-history-models to examine changes in parental separation risk in each group compared to those in couples whose first child remained undiagnosed. Our results reveal that changes in separation risk differed by the severity of the child's health condition, with the risk temporarily declining following the diagnosis of a life-threatening condition, but increasing following the diagnosis of a severe condition. In contrast, separation risk was already elevated years before the first diagnosis of a less severe condition, and began to decline after the diagnosis. These findings suggest that while most parents avoided separation at the time of the diagnosis of a life-threatening illness, the stress and burden related to children’s physical health conditions otherwise increased parental separation risk. |
| Keywords: | children, end of union, family dynamics, parenthood |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2024-011&r= |
| By: | Carneiro, Pedro (Dept. of Economics, University College London); Salvanes, Kjell Gunnar (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Tominey, Emma (Dept. of Economics and Related Studies, University of York) |
| Abstract: | Faced with income shocks, households may be unable to smooth their consumption, because of limited insurance possibilities. Likewise, it may also be difficult to smooth investments in children. This could have large consequences for their human capital if there are sensitive periods of learning, or if investments are not perfect substitutes over time. In this paper we estimate the impact of transitory and permanent shocks to household income in different periods of childhood on the human capital of their children, using administrative records from Norway. Across outcomes, the impacts of transitory and permanent shocks are largely similar regardless of the age at which they occur, with a few exceptions (small in magnitude). The impact of transitory shocks is larger for college enrolment and obesity if these shocks occur at earlier ages. The impacts of permanent shocks on high school graduation are larger the later in childhood they occur. |
| Keywords: | Child human capital; insurance; income dynamics |
| JEL: | D12 J13 |
| Date: | 2024–06–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2024_010&r= |
| By: | Christopher S. Carpenter (Vanderbilt University); Kabir Dasgupta (Federal Reserve Board of Governors); Zofsha Merchant (Federal Reserve Board of Governors); Alexander Plum (New Zealand Policy Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.) |
| Abstract: | TWe study the relationship between financial well-being and sexual orientation in the United States using Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED) data for 2019-2022. We document that people who are lesbian, gay, and bisexual (or LGB) have significantly more difficulty managing financially than similarly situated heterosexual individuals—and this pre-dated the COVID-19 pandemic. Differences are found across a broad array of current and future financial well-being outcomes, including retirement savings, rainy-day funds, credit card and schooling debts, and the use of alternative financial services such as payday loans. Differences in partnership, financial assistance from parents, financial knowledge, and risk preferences cannot explain these differences. Instead, we document that some social vulnerabilities such as exposure to discriminatory behavior and violence are differentially experienced by LGB people, which may play a role. Our results demonstrate that people who are lesbian, gay, and bisexual experience significantly more financial insecurity than previously understood. |
| Keywords: | : sexual orientation, financial well-being, debt, financial knowledge |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aut:wpaper:2024-05&r= |