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on Discrete Choice Models |
| By: | Mavromaras, Kostas (University of Adelaide); Isherwood, Linda (University of Adelaide); Mahuteau, Stephane (University of Adelaide); Ratcliffe, Julie (Flinders University); Xiao, Lily (Flinders University); Harrington, Ann (Flinders University); Wei, Zhang (University of Adelaide) |
| Abstract: | Using a Discrete Choice Experiment we estimate the relative value attached by workers on core job attributes identified by previous qualitative research on the Aged Care workforce in Australia: salary (hourly); work hours; training/skill development; staffing numbers; processes for managing work-related stress; and freedom in the job. In this mostly part- time employed workforce, the opportunity for more workhours is welcome, but relatively less important. Nurses (enrolled and more so registered, being typically better-paid and higher-qualified) value pay rises less and training opportunities more than their (typically lower-paid and lower-qualified) care worker counterparts. Casual/temporary workers prefer workplaces that are adequately staffed relatively more than their permanently employed counterparts. In the context of increasing demand for more and for better-quality Aged Care services, the paper's overall findings can inform the current multi-faceted debate about a sustainable way for the Aged Care sector to attract, retain and utilize its workforce. |
| Keywords: | aged care workforce, discrete choice experiments, job attributes, job preferences |
| JEL: | J14 J21 J39 C25 I19 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15623&r= |
| By: | Brad R. Humphreys (West Virginia University, Department of Economics); Gary A. Wagner (University of Louisiana at Lafayette); John C. Whitehead (Appalachian State University); Pamela Wicker (Bielefeld University) |
| Abstract: | Airborne transmission of COVID-19 increased the need for health policies to reduce transmission in congregate settings associated with minimal risk before the pandemic. While a large literature estimates tradeoffs between policies designed to reduce negative health outcomes, no empirical research addresses consumer willingness to pay for health policies designed to reduce airborne virus transmission. Using survey data from 1,381 fans of professional sports teams, we estimate consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for reduced likelihood of coronavirus transmission through mask and social distancing policies using a stated preference approach. The results indicate increased attendance likelihood if the venue requires masks and limits attendance, with significant heterogeneity in WTP across risk scenarios and sports. We characterize consumers as casual fans who prefer a mask requirement but are indifferent to capacity constraints, strong fans who are anti-maskers and prefer capacity constraints, and a second group of casual fans with positive WTP under both mask and limited capacity requirements. Casual fans’ WTP for masking, $38 per NBA game attended, is more than double their WTP for capacity constraints only. Strong fans’ WTP for attending capacity constrained NBA games was $490, more than 400% higher than the pre-pandemic average WTP of $105. |
| Keywords: | Discrete choice experiment; Stated preferences; Willingness-to-pay; Health policy |
| JEL: | I12 M31 Q51 Z20 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wvu:wpaper:22-06&r= |
| By: | Andreas Hefti |
| Abstract: | This paper studies random vectors X featuring symmetric distributions in that i) the order of the random variables in X does not affect its distribution, or ii) the distribution of X is symmetric at zero. We derive a number of characterization results for such random vectors, thereby connecting the distributional symmetry to various notions of how (Euclidean) functions have been regarded as symmetric. In addition, we present results about the marginals and conditionals of symmetrically distributed random vectors, and apply some of our results to various transformations of random vectors, e.g., to sums or products of random variables, or in context of a choice probability system known from economic models of discrete choice. |
| Keywords: | Symmetric distributions, symmetric random vectors, symmetric random variables, symmetric functions, choice probability system |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zur:econwp:419&r= |
| By: | Giorgos Galanis; Giorgio Ricchiuti; Ben Tippet |
| Abstract: | By building a simple discrete choice model, we study possible paths regarding country participation in international environmental agreements (IEAs) on climate change. Preferences for action are influenced by (i) the growth rate of emissions, (ii) participation of others in IEAs, and (iii) heterogeneous costs and preferences for action. We find a variety of outcomes depending on the relative strength of effects, where sustained high level of cooperation is just one possibility. More specifically, we find that a short run increase in climate action may be followed by a decline later, while non trivial dynamics that make the evolution less predictable are another possibility. Our results indicate that a reduction in global inequalities related to low carbon transition costs are a necessary condition for sustained high levels of cooperation. |
| Keywords: | Green Transition, Discrete Choice Model, Political Economy |
| JEL: | E7 F5 Q5 C62 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2022_22.rdf&r= |
| By: | Julia B. Block; Michael Danne; Oliver Mußhoff |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa181:327308&r= |
| By: | Hu, Shuang; Peng, Zuoxiang; Segers, Johan (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/ISBA, Belgium) |
| Abstract: | Multivariate extreme value distributions are a common choice for modelling mul- tivariate extremes. In high dimensions, however, the construction of flexible and par- simonious models is challenging. We propose to combine bivariate extreme value dis- tributions into a Markov random field with respect to a tree. Although in general not an extreme value distribution itself, this Markov tree is attracted by a multivari- ate extreme value distribution. The latter serves as a tree-based approximation to an unknown extreme value distribution with the given bivariate distributions as margins. Given data, we learn an appropriate tree structure by Prim’s algorithm with estimated pairwise upper tail dependence coefficients or Kendall’s tau values as edge weights. The distributions of pairs of connected variables can be fitted in various ways. The resulting tree-structured extreme value distribution allows for inference on rare event probabili- ties, as illustrated on river discharge data from the upper Danube basin. |
| Keywords: | Kendall’s tau ; Markov tree ; Multivariate extreme value distribution ; Prim’s algorithm ; probabilistic graphical model ; rare event ; tail dependence |
| Date: | 2022–08–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aiz:louvad:2022021&r= |