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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Bagir, Yusuf |
| Abstract: | Turkey received about 2.7 million refugees between 2011 and 2015. This paper examines the causal relationship between the Syrian refugee induced increase in labor supply and natives’ labor market outcomes in Turkey using the micro level Household Labor Force Surveys. The migration impact is analyzed in two distinct categories considering the motives behind the migration decision. The initial migration to the border regions is assumed to be completely exogenous and defined as the primary migration. Hence, a standard difference in differences strategy is employed to estimate the labor market impacts in those regions. On the other hand, migration from the primary regions towards the inner regions in Turkey (secondary migration) has suffered from the endogenous selection issues. To handle these concerns, I developed an instrumental variables estimation method following David Card (2009)’s ethnic enclave approach. I found statistically significant negative employment and wage effects on the low-skilled and less-experienced individuals in the primary migration analysis. The decline in the wages of informal workers is the main contributor of the negative wage effects. Secondary migration has no impact on the employment at all but there are statistically significant negative wage effects on the low-skilled and less-experienced workers. |
| Keywords: | Syrian Refugees, Turkey, Labor Economics, İnternational Economics, Migration Economics |
| JEL: | J1 J10 J2 J3 J6 J61 |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80803&r=cwa |
| By: | Bagir, Yusuf |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the impact of presence of foreign missions on trade using Turkey’s unique expansion in its foreign mission network (37 new embassies in 8 years) as the source of variation in a dynamic panel data setting. The dependent variable is the trade between Turkey and 186 countries from 2006 to 2014. The results indicate that presence of an embassy increases export value by 27% and this increase comes mainly from volume effect. Categorizing goods by the Rauch (1999) classification shows that increase in differentiated goods exports explains almost all of the change in total export value. There is no statistically significant impact on the exports of homogeneous goods. Replication of the analysis for imports suggests that presence of an embassy leads to 70% increase in imports and this increase is entirely driven by the homogeneous goods imports. |
| Keywords: | International Economics, Foreign Missions, Turkey, International Trade, Embassy |
| JEL: | F0 F00 F1 F10 F14 H0 |
| Date: | 2017–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80845&r=cwa |
| By: | Mohammad Reza Farzanegan (Philipps-Universität Marburg); Tim Krieger (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg) |
| Abstract: | We study the short and long run responses of income inequality to the positive oil and gas rents per capita shocks in Iran from 1973 to 2012. Using vector autoregression (VAR)-based impulse response functions, we find a positive and statistically significant response of income inequality to oil rents booms within 4 years after the shock. The Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) results show that a 10 percent increase in oil and gas rents per capita leads to 1.1 percent increase in income inequality in the long run. The results are robust after controlling for income-distribution channels in Iran. Our analysis can help policy makers to evaluate and accommodate the possible positive or negative effects of lifting sanctions on inequalities in Iran. |
| Keywords: | oil rents; inequality; VAR; ARDL; sanctions; Iran |
| JEL: | Q33 Q38 D63 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201733&r=cwa |
| By: | Mustafa Özer (Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science, Kilis Yedi Aralık University, Turkey; Economics and Finance Department, University of Portsmouth, UK); Jan Fidrmuc (Department of Economics and Finance and CEDI, Brunel University, UK; Institute for Strategy and Analysis, Government Office of the Slovak Republic; CESifo Munich; The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis; Global Labor Organization); Mehmet Ali Eryurt (Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | We study the causal effect of maternal education on childhood immunization rates. We use the Compulsory Education Law (CEL) of 1997, and the differentiation in its implementation across regions, as instruments for schooling of young mothers in Turkey. The CEL increased the compulsory years of schooling of those born after 1986 from 5 to 8 years. We find that education of mothers increases the probability of completing the full course of DPT and Hepatitis B vaccinations for their children. The results are robust to variation in regression specification and including various individual and community variables. |
| Keywords: | DPT (diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus), Hepatitis B, Maternal Education, Vaccination, Difference-in-Difference-in-Difference, Instrumental variable |
| JEL: | H51 H52 I12 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:17-22&r=cwa |
| By: | Mustafa Özer (Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science, Kilis Yedi Aralık University, Turkey; Economics and Finance Department, University of Portsmouth, UK); Jan Fidrmuc (Department of Economics and Finance and CEDI, Brunel University, UK; Institute for Strategy and Analysis, Government Office of the Slovak Republic; CESifo Munich; The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis; Global Labor Organization) |
| Abstract: | We utilize a natural experiment, an education reform increasing compulsory schooling from five to eight years in Turkey, to obtain endogeneity-robust estimates of the effect of male education on the incidence of abusive and violent behaviour against women. We find that husband's education lowers the probability of suffering physical, emotional and economic violence. The only aspect of violence not affected by spouse's education is sexual violence. Schooling also lowers the likelihood that the marriage was arranged against the woman's will, and makes men less inclined to engage in socially unacceptable behaviours such as drinking, gambling, and drug abuse. We also find that women whose mothers or whose husbands' mothers experienced domestic violence are more likely to suffer violence themselves. |
| Keywords: | Education, Domestic Violence, Autonomy of Women, Difference-in-Difference-in-Difference, Instrumental Variable |
| JEL: | H52 J12 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:17-23&r=cwa |
| By: | Marcella Alsan |
| Abstract: | Recent policy debates on closing the education gender gap in developing countries have focused on cash transfers, but standard models of intrahousehold allocation imply that reducing the opportunity cost of girls' schooling might also be effective. I test this prediction using quasi-experimental variation from a national vaccination campaign targeting under-five children in Turkey. I find gains in health and human capital among age-eligible children of both sexes. However, educational spillover effects accrue exclusively to their adolescent, ineligible sisters. These spillover effects are increasing if the mother works outside the home and in the number of young children in the household, and are absent if an elder sister is present. My results suggest reducing morbidity among preschool children may have the added benefit of improving educational outcomes for their adolescent sisters in the developing world |
| JEL: | I25 J16 O15 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23702&r=cwa |
| By: | Djumashev, Ratbek; Abdullaev, Bekzod |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses whether the effect of crime on growth depends on the structural changes caused by transition. The result of the simple model suggests that when the structure of economy changes, the cost of economically motivated crime will also change; thus, affecting the impact of crime on economic performance. Using data for some of the republics of the former Soviet Union, we find support for this conjecture. |
| Keywords: | growth, crime, transition economies |
| JEL: | O17 O57 P26 P52 |
| Date: | 2017–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80842&r=cwa |
| By: | Riaz, Rida |
| Abstract: | Women’s socio-economic empowerment is instrumental in transforming the societal values particularly in developing countries. However, this transition from traditional to modern social values is linked to women’s income and education levels. This paper investigates this phenomenon in the context of working women in Pakistan. To this extent, three hundred and six working-women were interviewed in urban vicinity of Lahore city. By employing Multinomial logit model our study confirms that socio-economic status of working-women plays a significant role in transforming their social values. Both income and education levels of working-women tend to display similar association to values, although differences persist in some important dimensions. Women’s empowerment through higher education and rising income leads to more bargaining power in household decision making, increasing political participation, and valuing gender equality. However, modernization as result of increased income levels and education has led to a decline in importance of religion in women from upper classes unlike the lower classes. |
| Keywords: | Relation of Economics with Social Values, Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: General, Household behavior and family economics. |
| JEL: | A1 A13 C3 C30 D1 |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80798&r=cwa |