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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Khan, Sarah (University of Göttingen); Seltzer, Andrew (Royal Holloway, University of London) |
| Abstract: | Islamist groups in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and elsewhere have sought to remove females from public life. This paper uses data from Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement and the Global Terrorism Database to examine the impact of the Pakistani Taliban's terror campaign in the north-western province of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa aimed at removing girls from school from the age of 10. Using a difference-in-difference-indifference approach, we show that low levels of exposure to terrorism had little effect on school enrolment. High levels of exposure reduced the enrolment rate for boys by about 5.5 percent and girls by about 10.5 percent. This decline in enrolment, although strongly significant, is far smaller than has commonly been portrayed in the media. Finally, although the Taliban warned students to enrol in madrassas rather than secular schools, we find no evidence that this led to increased madrassa enrolment in the affected regions. |
| Keywords: | education, terrorism, Pakistan |
| JEL: | O15 I25 D74 O53 |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10168&r=cwa |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Kumar, Mantu; Shah, Syed Hasanat; Sato, João Ricardo |
| Abstract: | This paper detects the direction of causality among carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in Next 11 countries for the period 1972–2013. Changes in economic, energy, and environmental policies as well as regulatory and technological advancement over time, cause changes in the relationship among the variables. We use a novel approach i.e. time-varying Granger causality and find that economic growth is the cause of CO2 emissions in Bangladesh and Egypt. Economic growth causes energy consumption in the Philippines, Turkey, and Vietnam but the feedback effect exists between energy consumption and economic growth in South Korea. In the cases of Indonesia and Turkey, we find the unidirectional time-varying Granger causality running from economic growth to CO2 emissions thus validates the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, which indicates that economic growth is achievable at the minimal cost of environment. The paper gives new insights for policy makers to attain sustainable economic growth while maintaining long-run environmental quality. |
| Keywords: | Energy, Growth, Emissions, Next 11 Countries |
| JEL: | A1 |
| Date: | 2016–08–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:73395&r=cwa |