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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Meschi, Elena (Ca Foscari University of Venice); Taymaz, Erol (Middle East Technical University, Ankara); Vivarelli, Marco (UNU‐MERIT, Maastricht University, IZA, Bonn and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interlinked relationship between globalisation and technological upgrading in affecting employment and wages of skilled and unskilled workers in a middle income developing country. It exploits a unique longitudinal firm-level database that covers all manufacturing firms in Turkey over the 1992-2001 period. Turkey is taken as an example of a developing economy that, in that period, had been technologically advancing and becoming increasingly integrated with the world market. The empirical analysis is performed at firm level within a dynamic framework using a model that depicts the employment and wage trends for skilled and unskilled workers separately. In particular, the System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) procedure is applied to a panel dataset of about 15,000 firms. Our results confirm the theoretical expectation that developing countries face the phenomena of skill-biased technological change and skill-enhancing trade, both leading to increasing the employment and wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers. In particular, a strong evidence of a relative skill bias emerges: both domestic and imported technologies increase the relative demand for skilled workers more than the demand for the unskilled. "Learning by exporting" also appears to have a relative skill- biased impact, while FDI imply an absolute skill bias. |
| Keywords: | Skill-biased technological change, international technology transfer, GMM-SYS |
| JEL: | O33 |
| Date: | 2016–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2016026&r=cwa |
| By: | Rashidghalam, Masoomeh (Department of Agricultural Economics,University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran); Heshmati, Almas (Jönköping International Business School (JIBS), Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies (CESIS),& Department of Economics, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea); Dashti, Ghader (Department of Agricultural Economics,University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran); Pishbahar, Esmail (Department of Agricultural Economics,University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it compares the performance of various panel data models in estimating technical efficiency in production. Second, it applies various stochastic frontier panel data models to estimate the technical efficiency of Iran’s cotton production and to provide empirical evidence on the sources of technical inefficiency of cotton production using 2000-2012 panel data from Iran's 13 cotton producing provinces. The results indicate that labor and seeds are determinants of cotton production. Further, an investigation of the sources of technical inefficiency reveals that inorganic fertilizers result in reducing technical efficiency. The mean technical efficiency according to most of the models is found to be around 80 per cent. The empirical results show evidence of variations in the distribution of estimated efficiency amongst the different models. We also find a large difference in technical efficiency levels between provinces, which shows that geography and management’s impacts on technical efficiency are quite different among the provinces. |
| Keywords: | Technical efficiency; panel data modeling; time-variant; persistent inefficiency; individual heterogeneity; model comparison; cotton production; Iran. |
| JEL: | C23 D24 Q12 |
| Date: | 2016–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0433&r=cwa |
| By: | NURULLAH CALIS (HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY); SIRIN TARGAN CALIS (YBU EGITIM VE ARASTIRMA) |
| Abstract: | Social policies generally refer to the social welfare interventions aimed to resolve social problems on employment, housing, education, health and social services. Education, as a major field of welfare system, is quite significant for social policy framework. Hence, social welfare state has important responsibilities on providing education facilities and services for whole society. At this point, there is a strong need for effective policies which can resolve problems in education settings and optimise education processes for best learning and teaching. When examining the case of Turkey, it can be seen that there are some social policy practices in education which mainly consist of social assistance programs and social responsibility initiatives. Stipends, course materials and other supports for students, food and housing services of schools, preventive health services are some of welfare practices for education. There are also some education policies pursued by National Education Ministry to increase schooling rates at all education levels, decrease drop-out rates, bring more special education facilities into service and provide technical and material support for all government schools. Besides, some civil initiatives and private institutions conduct various projects to improve vocational education, promote school attending and provide needed equipments for schools. Unfortunately, all these efforts can not be an effective and holistic framework towards solution of school problems. It is obvious that there has been various ongoing social problems in school settings in Turkey such as violence, harassment, substance abuse, family-related problems, mental health problems. There is a remarkable lack of social policy in this field. This actually indicate a need for enhanced social services and social work in schools. In this regard, this study suggests some effective social policies for education and refers to the significance of school social work services in Turkish school settings. |
| Keywords: | Social policy in education, education in Turkey, government policy in education, school social work |
| JEL: | I28 I28 I29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:3606152&r=cwa |
| By: | Gassmann, Franziska (UNU‐MERIT, Maastricht University); Zardo Trindade, Lorena (Center for Social Policy Herman Deleeck, University of Antwerp) |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically estimates potential work disincentives of a means-tested social transfer in the Kyrgyz Republic for adults with different household positions. Using data from the Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey 2012, the analysis compares labour market outcomes for household heads and spouses. Binary response models and quasi-experimental methods are applied to assess the effect of the Monthly Benefit for Poor Families with Children (MBPF) on labour supply. The analysis indicates that overall beneficiaries have on average higher labour market participation rates when compared to non-beneficiaries, but they are more exposed to seasonal effects. Results differ when analysing different household members separately. Household heads in beneficiary households are less likely to be economically active than similar non-beneficiaries. Yet, spouses are more likely to be economically active. However, the effects differ depending on whether the household is located in the South or the North of the country. |
| Keywords: | social transfers, work disincentives, Kyrgyz Republic |
| JEL: | I38 J22 |
| Date: | 2016–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2016030&r=cwa |
| By: | Dawid Jabkowski (Poznan University of Life Sciences); Ewa Stawicka (Poznan University of Life Sciences) |
| Abstract: | The European Union is an economic and politician union that currently comprises 28 member states. Turkey's accession to the EU may be a key factor leading to changes in trade system and socio-economic situation of the EU. The purpose of this article is to present the prospects of Turkey's accession to the EU. It explores the genesis and evolution of Turkey's accession negotiations to the EU. Furthermore, it examines the benefits and risks of the potential accession of Turkey to the EU. The research problem formulated in this article has been solved on the basis of the statistical data from Eurostat. The method of analysis used in this work is both descriptive and comparative. We analyzed the basic indicators of the macroeconomic situation of Turkey and the EU before and after the potential accession of Turkey to the EU, such as population, GDP, GDP per capita, inflation, unemployment and trade balance. |
| Keywords: | regional economic integration; Turkey; European Union; macroeconomic situation; benefits and dangers |
| JEL: | B22 F15 F50 |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2016:no25&r=cwa |
| By: | Kuziyev Islom Nematovich |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the characteristics of the audit in Uzbekistan. It examines the development of the audit report on the basis of international experience. Based on this study, the author proposed recommendations for improving audit report based on national and international auditing standards. Trends described in this article suggest that audit in Uzbekistan is gradually developing. Key words: international and national auditing standards, international financial reporting standards, report of the auditor, audit conclusions, a letter to the leadership, the financial information |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2016-03-14&r=cwa |
| By: | Perihan Hazel Kaya (Selcuk University); Mustafa Göktuğ Kaya (Ministry of Finance of Turkey) |
| Abstract: | In recent years domestic savings rate has shown a marked decline in Turkey. Such falls are effective in the growth of savings-investment gap and so the emergence of large current account deficit. In this context, changes are made in the private pension system in order to increase household savings. The new system aims to increase the savings and sawing owners. Many developing countries, with their reforms in the social security field, put into practice the private pension system in addition to the compulsory public pension system.The purpose of this is to deal the development of the private pension system in Turkey and its contribution to savings. In this direct, firstly, the development of the private pension system in the world is being addressed and later mentioned about development in Turkey. Finally, information is given about impact to savings. |
| Keywords: | Private Pension System, Savings, Banking, Turkey |
| JEL: | E21 D10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:3606078&r=cwa |
| By: | Türkcan, Kemal |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the role of vertical differentiation linked with global production networks in increasing the chance of export survival using highly disaggregated machinery exports data from Turkey for the 1998-2013 period. Results obtained from descriptive statistics analysis suggest that duration of Turkey’s machinery exports is remarkably short with the median duration of merely one year. In addition, the likelihood of the survival of exports widely varies across product types (total machinery products, finished machinery products and machinery parts and components) and across trade types (horizontally differentiated products and vertically differentiated products). Based on discrete-time duration models, the empirical results demonstrate that vertical differentiation as well as product and market diversification are associated with a higher export survival rate, particularly for parts and components linked with global production networks. The evidence hence supports the hypothesis that global production sharing activities greatly increases the chances of survival in export markets. |
| Keywords: | Export duration, Survival analysis, Vertical Differentiation, Global production networks |
| JEL: | C41 F10 F14 |
| Date: | 2016–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:71023&r=cwa |
| By: | GIULI KESHELASHVILI (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University) |
| Abstract: | Work offers study of wine market development trends in the world and in Georgia. It analyses Georgian wine export and import and indentifies the sector problems. The role and significance of economic, organizational and managerial relations in wine production and management is discussed. The organizational-economic factors impacting Georgian wine production. The measures for creation of European-type farmer cooperatives are specified. On the example of Georgia the work demonstrates that effective management of vine growing and winemaking requires coordination of the European funds policies with the development and planning instruments to maximize effectiveness of the state support policies in this sector. The recommendations for Georgian winemaking companies’ development are provided. |
| Keywords: | Winemaking Companies; Strategies; Export; Import |
| JEL: | M21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:3606116&r=cwa |
| By: | Yakhontova, Yelena |
| Abstract: | The article is dedicated to system approach of HRM for labor productivity development. The core factor of labor productivity is HRS system, including labor productivity ideology and various managerial technologies as a part of all HRM processes of a company. The article is based on labor productivity practices study, which was provided in Russian and Kazakhstan companies during 2013. |
| Keywords: | labor productivity, management system, HRM, managerial technologies, corporate ideology. |
| JEL: | J01 O15 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:70568&r=cwa |
| By: | Sophia Kan (Georg-August University Göttingen) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of remittances on health outcomes in Tajikistan and finds a positive effect. While existing literature shows that remittances increase health care expenditure, expenditure alone is an incomplete proxy for health outcomes. Moreover, existing literature on health outcomes focuses mainly on infants and children, leaving out a significant share of the population. Our study explores the impact of remittances on proxies of health outcomes beyond expenditure for all household members (adults and children). We use an IV-approach to control for the endogeneity of remittances, and find that on average, remittances have a much larger effect than other sources of income on health expenditure and health outcomes. We also explore two possible transmission channels for how remittances affect health and find that remittances do not affect the likelihood of purchasing medicine in lieu of seeking care when ill; instead remittances have a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of seeking direct medical care. |
| Keywords: | health; migration; remittances; Tajikistan |
| JEL: | I15 F22 R23 |
| Date: | 2016–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:got:gotcrc:206&r=cwa |