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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Emre Atsan (Hacettepe University Inst); Mete D (Çorum University, Inst) |
| Abstract: | Turkey, always in a process of transition in many areas, and a vicious cycle may not exceed beyond this process has been a long time in an effort to take its place in the globalized world. Our economy has entered a transition to a free market economy in the 1980s and has taken important steps in this process. The share of economic crime has increased while the crime has changed dimension after the accrete of the settlement of the free market economy. In our study, we made a brief introduction to the concept of economic crime, especially of Turkish tax system are evaluated in terms of economic crimes and punishments. Then, by making comparison with the legislation of some developed countries, one of the reforms in the Process of the European Union, the new Turkish Penal Code has been assessed the effects on the Turkish Tax System and problems and solutions are listed. |
| Keywords: | Economic Crime, Turkish Tax System, Comparative Analysis |
| JEL: | K34 O57 K14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604410&r=cwa |
| By: | Orbay, Benan; Aydede, Yigit |
| Abstract: | There is no guarantee that the right candidate will be matched with the right job in labour markets. If the mismatch is substantial, the surplus education and the deficit in schooling lead to underutilization and a loss in productivity in the economy as a whole. The aim of this study is to understand the importance of these issues for Turkish Economy by analyzing the economic returns of educational mismatch in Turkey. First we explore educational mismatch levels in Turkey for nine different occupation areas in different regions and for different industries using four recent household surveys from 2009 to 2012, which include more than one million observations. Based on this data, we analyze effects of educational mismatch on wages in Turkish labor market by using the ORU models. Results indicate that wage loss of over-educated workers is substantially higher for higher age. Regional ORU estimations show that Istanbul is the region with highest benefit for additional required education. Over-education rewards and under-education penalties are also among the highest for İstanbul. Manufacturing is the industry with the highest population and with the highest wage effects for both over-education and under-education. Among the major occupations, wage effects are in general highest for office clerks. Finally, the cost of underutilization and productivity loss due to educational mismatch is substantial in Turkey. |
| Keywords: | Educational mismatch, economic returns, underutilization, Turkey |
| JEL: | I20 J24 |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:65713&r=cwa |
| By: | Gozde Erturk Kara (Aksaray University); Ozge Aydin (Dumlup) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to present the review of studies in science education field for early childhood in Turkey in the past 15 years. It is defined that how many studies have been done in this field; which subjects of early science education have been studied; which research and data analysis methods generally have been used; which study group has attended the studies less so far. Qualitative research method was used. Early childhood education studies related to science education was determined and content analysis was done. The articles published in Turkish Journals which are indexed in SSCI and ULAKB |
| Keywords: | Early childhood education, science, review. |
| JEL: | I29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604168&r=cwa |
| By: | MUSTAFA KIZILTAN (HACETTEPE UN); ANNA GOLOVKO (X) |
| Abstract: | The high inflation is undesirable phenomenon for Turkey especially from 1970s to 2000s. Turkey was introduced the destructive effects of inflation in the 1970s. In particular, this process began with the rise of oil prices in the 1970s lasted until the 2000s. The reasons of these political instability, populist policies, failure to comply with fiscal discipline, budget deficits, and growing SOE deficits. But with the 2000s, after the stand-by agreement with IMF, the fight against inflation has been one of the main public policies and, therefore, steps have been taken towards fiscal discipline. As a result of this context, inflation could be reduced to single digits. However, inflation still continues to maintain its place on the agenda. Therefore, the study focuses to examine the determinants of inflation in Turkey on economic and econometric criterion and also to investigate causal relationships among some macroeconomic variables. For that purpose, in this study, estimates have been investigated using Johansen Co-integration and Vector Error Correction approached. |
| Keywords: | Inflation, Budget Deficit, Fiscal Discipline, Johansen Co-integration Test |
| JEL: | E31 E60 H62 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604411&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Environmental Economics and Policies Private Sector Development - E-Business Information and Communication Technologies - ICT Policy and Strategies Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21776&r=cwa |
| By: | Fahri Seker (Bozok University); Murat Cetin (Namik Kemal University) |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with the relationship between renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions by incorporating economic growth, population density and trade openness as potential determinants of environmental pollution function in case of Turkey over the period 1960 to 2010. The ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration and vector error correction model (VECM) are used to investigate the long-run and causal relationships between the variables. The empirical results reveal that there exist a long-run equilibrium relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth, population density, trade openness and carbon emissions. The empirical results also reveal that renewable energy consumption has a negative long run effect on carbon emissions. There exists an evidence supporting the presence of a positive relationship between carbon emissions and the other variables in the long run. However, there exists no evidence of short run relationship between renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions. The results show bi-directional long run Granger causality between trade openness, population density and carbon emissions and also uni-directional Granger causality running from economic growth and renewable energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run. Besides, the findings present some policy implications for Turkish economy. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emissions, Renewable energy consumption, ARDL bounds test, VECM Granger causality, Turkey |
| JEL: | Q50 Q20 Q40 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604535&r=cwa |
| By: | UMMAN TUGBA GURSOY (ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION); ÖZLEM AKCAY KASAPOGLU (ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION); ÖZLEM ÖGRET (LOGISTICS COMPANY) |
| Abstract: | This study is conducted using the data of a Logistics Company which operates in Turkey. The company aims to analyze the problems faced by the damage or loss in the physical distribution process and also wants to determine the source of the problems. According to the analysis’ results it is aimed to improve the quality of services in the Logistics Company. Data set consists of 56 variables and 3245 records. Data acquired either from automation system, delivery of documents, bills and customers’ damaged or lost invoices. The automation system provides information about goods, customers, region, shipping information, vehicles, time, transfer centers, delivery status, damage assessment date. The damage or losses may cause decrease of the quality of service. This also affects the reputation of the company. Therefore, examining the errors that cause these problems and taking preventive measures are very important. In this study data mining tools were used to identify the problems. |
| Keywords: | Damage Assessment, Logistics, Data mining. |
| JEL: | M11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604361&r=cwa |
| By: | Celil Koparal (Anadolu University); Nuri Calik (Turgut Ozal University) |
| Abstract: | This surveys intends to find out how consumer demographics affect their price perceptions in their purchases of shopping goods. A survey is applied to 219 respondents selected via stratified sampling from Eski |
| Keywords: | Value consciousness, price consciousness, coupon and sales proneness, price mavenism, price-quality relationship, prestige sensitivity |
| JEL: | M31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604349&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Law and Development - Trade Law International Economics and Trade - Free Trade Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets International Economics and Trade - Trade Policy |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:22045&r=cwa |
| By: | OZLEM AKCAY KASAPOGLU (ISTANBUL UN); UMMAN TUGBA GURSOY (ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION) |
| Abstract: | Many medium or large scale organizations with large databases invest on advance data collecting and managing systems. The main point of turning this data into your success is the difficulty of extracting knowledge about the system that you study from the collected data. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software helps companies to put all previously separated data to in single software. ERP has several advantages. Storing whole data in a single place make it possible to analyze data from different business functions. Because a large scale of data are in the same place, new tools are needed to analyze them. In this study customer purchase records from the the biggest computer retailing firm’s data in Turkey were analyzed. Association Rules were used to determine the shopping behavior of the customers. According to the results, various rule sets are obtained. This rule sets can be used for purposes such as store layout, shelf arrangement in the store, products can be placed close together to increase sales and other promotional strategies. |
| Keywords: | ERP, Data Mining, Association Rules, Retailing. |
| JEL: | C88 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604440&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Law and Development - Trade Law International Economics and Trade - Free Trade Economic Theory Research International Economics and Trade - Trade Policy Macroeconomics and Economic Growth Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:22044&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Law and Development - Trade Law Private Sector Development - E-Business Water Resources - Water and Industry International Economics and Trade - Trade Policy Public Sector Regulation Public Sector Development |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:22046&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Finance and Financial Sector Development - Currencies and Exchange Rates Economic Theory Research Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21895&r=cwa |
| By: | Nuri Calik (Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | This study intends to find out the different attitudes of of Turkish consumers towards counterfeits (and sometimes called as pirated versions) of branded luxury items. A survey on 540 respondents who are selected via stratified sampling of whom 536 are found eligible to be analyzed. The respondents are required to answer 35 questions of which five are related to demographic characteristics of these respondents. The rest 30 are statements which are designed to reflect the behavior of these people. The study consists of five parts. The first part is an introduction where the scope and the purpose of the study are concisely stated. The second part relates to the theoretical background of the subject matter and the prior researches carried out so far. The third part deals with research methodology, basic premises and hypotheses attached to these premises. Research model and analyses take place in this section. Theoretical framework is built and a variable name is assigned to each of the question asked or proposition forwarded to the respondents of this survey. 30 statements or propositions given to the respondents are placed on a five-point Likert scale. The remaining five questions about demographic traits as age, gender, occupation, educational level and monthly income are placed either on a nominal or ratio scale with respect to the nature of the trait. Ten research hypotheses are formulated in this section. The fourth part mainly deals with the results of the hypothesis tests and a factor analysis is applied to the data on hand. Here exploratory factor analysis reduces 30 variables to five basic components as "Favor for counterfeits; luxury-oriented social status; risk perception; brand loyalty and brand prestige. Cronbach's Alpha for scale reliability is quite high ( |
| Keywords: | Price-quality inference, brand loyalty, ethical issues, intention to buy, risk perception, personal gratification. |
| JEL: | M31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604139&r=cwa |
| By: | Serkan Erkam (Hacettepe University); Ugur Ilker Erdogan (Turkish Statistical Institute) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to investigate a well-known calendar anomaly hypothesis, namely the day-of-the-week effect, in Borsa Istanbul (BIST). According to that hypothesis, in certain days of the week, stock returns show a regular pattern, particularly on Mondays returns are significantly negative and on Fridays returns are significantly positive, even in the stock markets of developed economies. Hence, this regular pattern presents a distinct challenge to the Efficient Market Hypothesis. For this purpose, a non-parametric multiple comparison test (Steel-Dwass Test) is employed on daily returns of BIST-100 Index, which covers one main and two sub-periods namely, (04.01.1998-27.03.2015), (04.01.1998 - 28.12.2001) and (02.01.2002 - 27.03.2015). The results indicate the existence of the day-of-the-week effect for the main period (04.01.1998-27.03.2015) and for the first sub-period (04.01.1998 - 28.12.2001). The contrary finding is valid for the second sub-period (02.01.2002 - 27.03.2015) and indicates a conclusion that the BIST is free from the day-of-the-week effect. This result could be attributed to the economic stabilization policies pursued in the Turkish economy aftermath of 2001 crisis. |
| Keywords: | Day-of-the-week effect, Efficient Market Hypothesis, Borsa Istanbul (BIST), Multiple Comparison Tests. |
| JEL: | C14 G14 G15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604423&r=cwa |
| By: | Gayane Tovmasyan (Eurasia International University) |
| Abstract: | This research paper discusses the idea of creating a spa association as a way of spa-resort tourism development in the Republic of Armenia. As we now, nowadays tourism is developing worldwide rapidly. In the Republic of Armenia tourism is announced as the main sector of economy. In the recent years the number of tourists has increased. In 2013 1084188 tourists visited Armenia, but in 2012 only 963000 tourists did. Spa-resort tourism is one of the main types of tourism. Armenia has a great potential for spa-resort tourism development, however there are still lots of problems for that. This paper discusses and offers a new way of the development of spa-resort tourism in Armenia by forming a spa association which will contribute to the development of the sphere by its main functions which are processed in the article. |
| Keywords: | Spa-resort tourism, sanatorium, spa association, resort zone, management structure, function. |
| JEL: | D00 L83 M00 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2603736&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Environmental Economics Policies Economic Theory Research Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets Macroeconomics and Economic Growth Environment |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21894&r=cwa |
| By: | Changiz Valmohammadi Imamchaei (South Tehran Branch-Islamic Aazad University, Tehran, Iran) |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of this study is to explore the perception of Iranian experts and executive managers of sample organizations on the benefits and barriers of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions implementation. Based on the review of the related literature and web sites, benefits and barriers of successful implementation to IoT solutions were identified. Through a self-administered questionnaire which was collected from 67 Iranian organizations the ranking and importance of benefits and barriers of IoT solutions implementation were determined based on the perception of the experts of the surveyed organizations . Analysis of data and the obtained results revealed that “improved customer experience” and “Supply chain optimization and responsiveness” are the most important benefits that the survey organizations expect to reap as a result of IoT solutions implementation. Also,” Integration challenges" and “cannot find right suppliers” were ranked as the most challenging barriers to IoT solutions implementation. |
| Keywords: | Internet of Things (IoTs), exploratory study, Benefits, Barriers, Iran |
| JEL: | M15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2603415&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets Public Sector Development Finance and Financial Sector Development - Currencies and Exchange Rates Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Forecasting Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:22072&r=cwa |
| By: | Shagaida, Natalia (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Uzun, V. (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Gataulinà, Ekaterina (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Saraikin, Valeri (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Yanbykh, Renata (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Karlova, Natalia (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)) |
| Abstract: | Abstract: The paper gives a brief description of Agriculture of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia, shows the role of the mutual trade, revealed the goods, the intervention of which could potentially adversely affect the Russian agricultural producers, assessed the possibility of expanding their expansion. On the basis of the functioning of the EU highlights the main elements of the formation of a common market for agricultural products. Systematized materials on the system of state support of agriculture in each of the countries studied and compared, evaluated the levels of state support of the countries, analyzed the possibility of limiting production within the common economic space for the protection of Russian agricultural producers, revealed defects agreement on common rules for state support of agriculture and forms notification. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhsta, Armenia, EEA agreement |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:mn52&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Energy and Environment Economic Theory Research Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Infrastructure Economics Energy - Energy Production and Transportation |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21874&r=cwa |
| By: | GÖKHAN AKANDERE (SELCUK UNIVERSITY) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to determine the level of service orientation as a personality trait of logistics employees in the logistics industry and to investigate the impact of service orientation on job satisfaction and intention to leave. In this study, a casual model was offered to test the effects of logistics employees’ service orientation as a personality trait on job satisfaction and intention to leave. The scales developed previously were used to measure the independent variable, service orientation, and the dependent variables, job satisfaction and intention to leave. In this study, purposive sampling method was used and the logistics employees of logistics companies in Türkiye were included in the field research. Data were gathered from hotel employees by means of a questionnaire. Frequencies, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, correlation, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. |
| Keywords: | Service orientation, job satisfaction, intention to leave, logistics employees, logistics |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604540&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction - Rural Poverty Reduction Agriculture - Agricultural Research Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Regional Economic Development Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems Rural Development |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21733&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Science and Technology Development - Engineering Power Energy Conversion Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Energy and Environment Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Taxation & Subsidies Social Protections and Labor - Social Protections & Assistance |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:22095&r=cwa |
| By: | AYBEN KOY (ISTANBUL COMMERCE UNIVERSITY) |
| Abstract: | The link between stock prices and Credit Default Swaps (CDS) spreads is important for risk managers to make an investment decision. Furthermore, the choice of sector is important in the preference of the investors. The literature have different evidences as there is a powerful relation with the country CDS and the equity indices or not. This study aims to investigate the linkages between the CDS spreads and equity indices including the scope and diversity of sector. The sample of the study consists of BIST30, BIST100, BIST Bank and BIST Industry. The data of the study included the January 2013 and April 2014 were tried with weekly data range. |
| Keywords: | Credit Default Swaps, Equity Index, Sector Equity Index, BIST30, BIST100, Istanbul Stock Exchange, Vector Autoregression, Impulse Response, Variance Decomposition |
| JEL: | F21 F30 C58 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604117&r=cwa |
| By: | Tommaso Ciarli; Chiara Kofol; Carlo Menon |
| Abstract: | In this paper we use a unique dataset that combines spatial detailed information on conflict events and on households' activity, to show a positive and significant correlation between violent conflict and entrepreneurship in Afghanistan. We build spatial and IV identifications to estimate the effect of different measures of conflict on the investment in a range of private economic activities of nearby households. The results consistently show that the level of conflict, its impact, and to a lesser extent its frequency, increase the probability that a household engages in self-employment activities with lower capital intensity and in activities related to subsistence agriculture, and reduce the probability of investing in higher capital self-employment. Overall, by increasing entrepreneurship, conflict pushes the country towards a regressive structural change. However, the magnitude of most of the effects is quite small. The paper contributes to a literature that, due to data constraints and identification issues, has not yet delivered conclusive evidence. |
| Keywords: | Violent conflict, entrepreneurship, development |
| JEL: | O12 D74 L26 R12 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:sercdp:0182&r=cwa |
| By: | Alimukhamedova, Nargiza; Filer, Randall K; Hanousek, Jan |
| Abstract: | The geographic distance between a household and financial institutions may constitute a significant obstacle to achieving the benefits of modern financial institutions. We measure the impact of improved distance-related access to microcredits in Uzbekistan. Residents living closer to microfinance institutions are propensity score matched to those further away using both household and village characteristics. Households located closer to microfinance institutions have larger businesses in terms of income, profits and employees than similar households located further away. Similarly, they spend more on most forms of consumption and have greater savings. |
| Keywords: | geographic access; microcredit; microfinance institutions |
| JEL: | C34 O16 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10696&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Finance and Financial Sector Development - Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress Finance and Financial Sector Development - Banks & Banking Reform Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:22099&r=cwa |
| By: | Volovik, Nadezhda (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)) |
| Abstract: | CIS countries are our neighbors and have traditionally been the most important trade partners of the Russian Federation in the course of political and economic reforms in the CIS countries there are new developments and trends in the development of trade relations of these countries, the problems and difficulties of traditional restoration and finding new forms of trade relations. The changes require constant study of the events in order to determine the prospects of trade and economic cooperation, development of recommendations for improvement, find solutions to problems. All this determines the relevance of the study. |
| Keywords: | CIS, Russia, trade |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:mn51&r=cwa |
| By: | Levan Sabauri (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University); Elena Kharabadze (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University) |
| Abstract: | Reform of accounting secures its refinement according to the universally recognized guidelines, assumptions and regulations set out in the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). According to this concept direct application of the IFRS or creation of the national system of accounting and reporting make the relevant information even more reliable. In addition to the financial accounting the application of IAS 41: “Agriculture” supports the agricultural enterprises in management accounting, their development strategies and scientifically substantiated economic decisions. IAS 41: “Agriculture” came into effect in 2003 emphasizing the specifics of agriculture and the methods how the information on farming and biological assets has to be reflected in financial reporting. IAS 41 also establishes Biological assets at their fair value that is noteworthy in terms of practicability. However, IAS application requires the national legislation to be drafted for accounting the livestock and plants and relevant changes made to the standard acts. Assessment of the biological assets and agricultural products is the biggest emerging challenge in the introduction of IAS 41. As yet, the normative documents in Georgia do not say anything as to the calculation of fair value of biological assets and agricultural products. As said above, the fair value at the active market cannot always be determined. Hence, we suggest to apply the databank we have developed. According to this method an enterprise may employ the databank in order to evaluate its own food products, perennial plants, live weight gain and brood (a calf, piglet, lamb, and stallion). In the absence of the active market, the suggested databank and methods of definition of biological assets and agricultural products make accurate and transparent assessment and accounting possible. However, it is noteworthy that whatever way the value may be defined in (depending on the availability or absence of the active market), the value determination method is to be reflected in the accounting policy developed in line with the IFRS.Assessment of the biological assets and agricultural products at their fair value is subject to adjustments, though the suggested method makes for more accurate evaluation of the performance results, transparency of information in the financial statement and efficiency of a company. |
| Keywords: | Accounting, Fair value, Exchange, Initial Price, Biological Assets, Analysis of reliability, Active Market, Agricultural enterprises, discount rate, average growth |
| JEL: | M41 J43 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:2604496&r=cwa |