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on Central and Western Asia |
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Issue of 2015‒05‒16
nineteen papers chosen by Christian Zimmermann Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |
| By: | AHU ERGEN (BAHCESEHIR UNIVERSITY); FILIZ BOZKURT (DOGUS UNIVERSITY) |
| Abstract: | It is observed that the number of health conscious individuals in the society is increasing. This is mostly due to the promotion of healthy lifestyle by media, the awareness campaigns held by governments and the global trend of LOHAS. Parallel to that, the dietary supplements market in Turkey is also growing. So, understanding the demographic profiles, awareness and user profiles of these consumers is important for companies, governments and also media to define their strategies accordingly. The study involved 666 (66,5% women and 33,3% men) Turkish consumers from Istanbul, over eighteen years of age. Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires. The study examines the characteristics of the respondents regarding demographics, dietary supplements recognition and consumption. This research presents the opportunity for further casual research in healthy lifestyle products market. |
| Keywords: | dietary supplements, consumer, demograpy, vitamins, healthy lifestyle |
| JEL: | M31 L66 M19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003856&r=cwa |
| By: | Irem DIDINMEZ (Hacettepe University Faculty of Economics & Administrative Science Department of Public Finance) |
| Abstract: | Since energy is an important input for the economic growth of countries and the development of industry, it has become an ever-gradually increasing concept. Countries have started to look for the alternative energy sources and to use it in order to ensure the energy security of supply and to decrease their foreign dependence. Turkish economy is an energy intensive economy. Turkey has been in search of sophisticated energy policy to vary the sources on providing energy security. Turkey is located in a relatively advantageous geographical position, so there is an encouraging atmosphere for the environmental technologies and renewable energy in Turkey. Energy policy, energy efficiency and enviromental sustainability play a critical role in Turkey’s energy agenda. The final objective of the energy policies of Turkey is to use the energy and natural sources efficiently and environment conscious, and to provide the highest contribution for the welfare of the country. Increasing the share of renewable energy sources at producing energy is one of the foremost targets at the energy policy of Turkey. For this reason, renewable energy sources are supported and promoted by government regulation, especially at the begining of operation. Current energy policy of Turkey is to increase the renewable energy share and to maximize benefit from existing potential until 2023. |
| Keywords: | energy resources, renewable energy, Turkey |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003564&r=cwa |
| By: | Aysit Tansel (Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University, IZA, ERF Cairo) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates inequality of opportunity in educational achievements in Turkey over time. For this purpose we use test scores of PISA in mathematics, science and reading achievement of 15-year-olds over the period 2003-2012. Since the different waves of the samples cover only a fraction of the cohorts of 15-year olds we take into account the inequality of opportunity in access to the PISA test as well as the inequality of opportunity of the academic achievement in the PISA test. This procedure enables proper over time comparisons. We estimate the effect of circumstances children are born into on their academic achievement as evidenced in their PISA test scores. The main findings are as follows. First, confirming the previous studies we find that inequality of opportunity is a large part of the inequality of educational achievement in Turkey. Second, the inequality of opportunity in educational achievement shows a slightly decreasing trend over time in Turkey. Third, the inequality of opportunity figures based on the mathematics, science and reading achievements exhibited the similar trend over time. Forth, the family background variables are the most important determinants of the inequality in educational achievement which is a consistent pattern over time. However, there is also evidence of slight weakening of these factors over time. Policies are necessary to improve equality of opportunity in education in Turkey. |
| Keywords: | Inequality of opportunity, Education, Turkey. |
| JEL: | I24 D63 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koc:wpaper:1506&r=cwa |
| By: | Nezir Akyesilmen (Selcuk University Department of International Relations) |
| Abstract: | The peace process aiming to end violent and long lasting Kurdish Problem in Turkey, has been continuing peacefully for more than two years. When comparing Turkey's peace process to the equivalent cases of Northern Ireland, the Basque and South Africa, it has been much more peaceful despite minor escalations. In spite of some existing problematic issues in the process, there has progress. The literature has so far been dealt with many aspects of the Kurdish peace process in Turkey, but few has analyzed the threats to and opportunities of the process. Thus, this paper, aims to replenish the missing part of the literature. The peace process arose out of the opportunity provided by a proper environment of both domestic and global political climate. Yet, by the time the process was underway, it faced new threats and opportunities. Peace processes can face structural, cyclical, and contextual threats, such as lack of a mediator, usage of conflict language, absence of mechanism that deals with transitional justice, change in the international environment, problems of transparency and participation. Therefore, it is critical for a sustainable peace process that the structural necessities, procedural developments and contextual requirements are carefully dealt with. As of now, Turkey does not appear to be well-protected from these threats. However, this paper identifies a number of potential opportunities to strengthen the peace process to better cope with these threats, one of which includes the existence of a strong political will on both sides. With the recent geo-political and strategic developments in the region, it has denoted the need for cooperation of both parties and the transformation of the negotiation process into a new and comprehensive stage. So while the future of the peace process in Turkey remains vulnerable to both real and perceived threats, it also entails some opportunities, all of which this paper explores. |
| Keywords: | Peace Process, Turkey, Kurdish Problem, negotiations, participation, cooperation. |
| JEL: | F01 L38 H12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003715&r=cwa |
| By: | VEDAT ISIKHAN (HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK) |
| Abstract: | “Homelessness” has been a serious social problem in developed countries especially since the 1980s. It has been provoked by the increase in poverty, inadequate incomes, unemployment, lack of care for mentally retarded people, unemployment and the increase in the number of individuals and families who live below the normal standard of living. In Turkey, the low number of homeless people means that homelessness is not accepted as a social problem. The fact that homelessness is not accepted as a social problem causes some problems, including a lack of services, the inadequacy of the existing services, and the lack of social policy concerning homelessness. Today, in Turkey the homeless population is much more diverse than in the past, and includes more women (both with and without children), families, young persons, working poor, socially excluded peoples and those with diagnoses of mental illness. Services to the homeless in Turkey are given by ASPB [Ministry of Family and Social Policies] in Behice Eren Children’s and Youth Center and in some municipality. In this study the interventions of social workers to the homeless people in our country is discussed. |
| Keywords: | Homelessness, social work, social exclusion |
| JEL: | Z00 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003598&r=cwa |
| By: | DUYGU TUNALI (ANADOLU UNIVERSITY) |
| Abstract: | Banking has an important place in the financial sector in Turkey and so that low or high banking performance affects the financial system and hence the whole economy. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the performance of state-owned and privately-owned deposit banks in the Turkish banking sector between 2002-2011. Thus the affects of the bank-specific variables and macroeconomic variables on the return on assets and the return on equity and net interest margin of the banks are investigated by using panel data analysis. At the end of analysis; it is concluded that, the ratio of equity to total assets, the ratio of deposits to total assets and the ratio of non-interest expenses to total assets from the bank-specific variables have the significant impacts on the performance of the banks. It is also concluded that interest rate and the inflation rate from the macroeconomic variables have the significant impacts on the performance of the banks. As a result it was determined that the private banks' profitability performance was better than the state-owned banks. |
| Keywords: | bank performance, return on assets, return on equity, net interest margin, panel data analysis |
| JEL: | M21 G21 C23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003483&r=cwa |
| By: | Ünsal Umdu Topsakal (Y) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is diagnosing Turkish Theological Faculty students’ ideas about genetic engineering studies and biyoethic with their existing religious beliefs. The data gathered from 20 students (10 male and 10 female) who are attending second class of Theological Faculty in Turkey. The data was collected in 2014. In this study qualitative research method is used. A survey instrument that includes 20 open-ended questions was applied and semi-structured interviews are made. The open-ended questions iclude that responses about (a) their understanding of the genetic engenering studies and biyoethic, (b) their perception of conflict between these studies- biyoethic and religion. The data was treated by qualitative data analysis - open coding. As a consequence of this research, it has been revealed that theological faculty students have mostly negative attitudes towards genetic studies. |
| Keywords: | Biyoethic, genetic engineering, science teaching, religion |
| JEL: | I29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003504&r=cwa |
| By: | Fatih Kiraz (MKK (Central Securities Depository of Turkey)); Ozgur Uysal (MKK (Central Securities Depository of Turkey)); Yakup Ergincan (MKK (Central Securities Depository of Turkey)) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is introducing a new risk appetite index (RISE) methodology and then elaborating especially on its benefits while dealing with sovereign default probabilities. More specifically, providing two types of risk appetite indices, both calculated at individual investor level before aggregation, we present the relationships of these indices with 5y CDS spreads and then discuss the possibility of some new financial instruments which could well be used for hedging or speculating. The core weekly data include all investors’ individual holdings of all securities on the stock exchange (BIST) of Turkey, closing prices of largest 100 firms’ index (BIST100), and 5y CDS spreads of Turkey since 2008. Because of data limitations, the evidence comes from only one developing country but generalization of the main finding seems to be quite possible and testable since the new methodology introduced is flexible enough to be applied in different settings and / or countries. |
| Keywords: | Risk appetite, CDS, Sovereign, Emerging markets, Turkey |
| JEL: | E44 G00 G01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1004032&r=cwa |
| By: | Zeynep Birce Ergor (Cankaya University); Elif Akagun Ergin (Cankaya University) |
| Abstract: | There is an increasing use of social media on a global scale and it has been causing organizations to restructure and adjust their marketing activities. The goal of achieving a sustainable competitive advantage makes it crucial to adapt to the ever-changing trends in the market. Social media contributes to this goal since it has a considerable impact on constructing the brand value for organizations. The social networks helps organizations to enhance the development of strong brands not only through promoting their products and services but also providing them the platform to build strong and reliable relationships with their customers. This paper aims to investigate the role of social media on brands by examining the active role of banks on social networks. For this purpose, the “tweets” of the five Turkish banks with the highest brand values in the banking sector have been analyzed by content analysis method. The sample banks are drawn from the Banker’s annual Top 500 Banking Brands 2014 report. Brand value is used as the selection criteria of the sample banks and “Twitter” social network is considered as the primary social media outlet. The data is composed of the “tweets” and gathered from the official Twitter accounts of the banks having the highest brand values in Turkey. The “retweets” and the texts sent by other Twitter users are excluded. The findings indicate that, the sample banks are active users of social media. They do not only use Twitter but also other social networks in addition to their official websites. In addition, the paper displays specific purposes the banks have for using social media sites. |
| Keywords: | Social media, Twitter, Turkish Banking Sector, Brand Value, Content Analysis |
| JEL: | M00 M31 M30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003165&r=cwa |
| By: | Elif Akagun Ergin (Cankaya University); Nilay Sahin (Cankaya University) |
| Abstract: | Brand extensions refer to use an established brand name in new product or product categories and are extensively applied as a marketing strategy. Brand extension success factors vary according to cultures. Consumers’ attitude towards extensions is modified on the basis of their cognitional reactions and relations between the parent brand and extended product and/or product categories. This study aims at conducting an exploratory research and revealing the relationship between the parent brand and the extended brand. More specifically, the impact of parent brand loyalty on the extension is explored. Therefore, the main objective is to evaluate the attitudes of consumers towards brand extensions through brand loyalty. The study analyzes consumers’ attitudes towards brand extensions specifically in food and textile industries. This is in particular to portray that consumers respond positively to brand extensions in various industries due to different motivations.During the methodology application process, in-depth interviews were carried out with 16 participants who were selected from employees working for public and private institutions in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. The interviews were conducted in two stages. During the first stage, the interviews lasted approximately 45 minutes and consisted of open-ended questions about participants’ brand choices, reasons for choosing the brands they use. The goal was to evaluate their brand loyalty levels. In addition, the participants were provided with the definition of brand extension and their reactions towards extension were noted. In the second stage, the participants were asked to evaluate their attitudes towards brand extensions in food and textile industries along with the factors that have impact on their evaluations. The participants were specifically observed in terms of their approach to brand extensions where the extension was in a totally different sector from the parent brand. The results indicate that brand awareness has a significant impact on brand extensions with regards to quality and trust. However, this impact is at the highest level when the extension is within the same sector with the parent brand. Whenever the extension is in a different sector, consumers not only have negative attitudes toward that extension but also become suspicious about the parent brand. Thus, quality and trust are pivotal factors influencing consumers’ positive attitudes towards brand extensions. |
| Keywords: | brand extensions, consumers’ attitudes, quality, brand, trust. |
| JEL: | M30 M31 M39 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003145&r=cwa |
| By: | Neslihan Lok (Akdeniz University, Nursing Faculty, Psychiatric Nursing Department); Arzu Kocak Uyaroglu (Selcuk University, Faculty of Health Science); Ilhan Gunbayi (Akdeniz University) |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Specific cultural practices as a vital phenomenon, which is comprised as collectively and repeatedly in society, reveal the effect of social attitudes and behaviors on health and illness. Aim: The objective of this study is to determine views related with specific cultural practices of chronic mental illness individuals’ families and experiences about these practices. Methods: the study was conducted in a psychiatry hospital in the province of Konya, in Turkey and planned as a qualitative study and in phenomenological pattern. 12 patient relatives were interviewed within the scope of the study. Results: Data, obtained with sub- structural interview, was examined under the heading as definitions related with illness, help- seeking, cultural practices and metaphors. Paranoid schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder and substance abuse are the diagnosis of patients. The majority of interviewed family members is women and graduated primary school. Plurality of patients’ relatives considers that the reason of psychiatric illness is fate, written by God, rather than an individual or a case. Religious help- seeking is often the first practice associated with mental illness. Conclusions: It is considered continuously in society that psychiatric disorders are taboo. The first applied place for psychiatric disorders is fake clergy due to the viewpoint that these patients seem as creatures that can think and have ability as people and also are obliged to obey religious rules according to religious belief in Islam. Praying, other rituals like praying in Islam (okutmak- üfletmek ), drinking water and taking a bath with water that made holly by praying are the most preferred cultural practices. However, the majority of patients’ relatives applied to the hospitals for medical treatment because they have not any benefits from these Hodjas. Interestingly, Hodja forwards the patients and relatives to the hospitals because of lack of doing anything. |
| Keywords: | Family, Cronic Mental Illness, Phenomenological study |
| JEL: | I29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003253&r=cwa |
| By: | Mine Dikdere (Anadolu University) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to project into pre-service ELT students perceptions about group work. The study is carried out by the researcher to find out prospective teachers beliefs’ about group work and to design more effective group work tasks and projects, and to help students work in groups more efficiently. The study has been conducted at the University of Anadolu, Education Faculty, English Language Teaching Department in Turkey. Thirty pre- service ELT teachers were asked to complete a five Likert scale questionnaire and also they were requested to answer open ended questions regarding their opinions towards participating in group work tasks and mini projects. By asking students to complete the questionnaire, quantitative date gathered. By asking them to answer open ended questions has led them provide written comments on group work, by this manner qualitative data gathered. Both quantitative and qualitative data has been analyzed. The results of the findings and implications will be discussed in the conference. |
| Keywords: | Perceptions, Pre-Service ELT Students, Group Work, |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003459&r=cwa |
| By: | BA KARAKOÇ ÖZTÜRK (UNIVERSITY OF CUKUROVA) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to determine Turkish Language and Literature teachers’ views on performance assessment. Typical case sampling method is used to choose participants of the study group in the qualitative research, and it involves 15 Turkish Language and Literature teachers. The data were collected through interviews that were audio-recorded, and they were analyzed by content analysis. The results of the study show that most of the teachers think the performance tasks are useful for objectives such as revealing individual differences among students, improving high-order thinking skills and leading the students to do research. However, some teachers think they are not much more efficient than written examinations in terms of student assessment. Additionally, it is revealed that the teachers assign performance tasks based on both the samples in course books and the subjects given by them. They assume that one of the significant problems while preparing the performance task is students’ tendency to deliver the information directly without synthesis. It is also found that most teachers use a self-developed rubric to evaluate performance tasks, and they find it hard and time-consuming to assess the works in crowded classes. Besides, it is revealed that parents do not understand the aim of the performance assessment correctly, and they consider performance tasks unnecessary. |
| Keywords: | Turkish Language and Literature, performance assessment, teacher views, qualitative research |
| JEL: | I29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003231&r=cwa |
| By: | ÖZLEM KAYA (H); G AKALP (ULUDAG UNIVERSITY) |
| Abstract: | Occupational accidents are one of the most crucial problems in working life. A good many people lose their lives because of these accidents around the world. Thousands of people from different sectors die because of the accidents, which are one of the leading problems in Turkey. In this context, it is very obvious that legislative regulations are not enough in terms of preventing occupational accidents and making people aware about these kinds of accidents and training them about their sectors are also crucial.Despite the differences between the work risks of craft who are going to work in different sectors, they are expected to have a certain level of perception about hindering occupational accidents. The aim of this study is to determine the level of occupational health and security perceptions of the students at Technical Vocational School. A questionnaire was used in this study in order to identify their perceptions.Security education, security communication, security awareness and fatalism scale were used in order to detect the security perceptions of the students. The results of this study are expected to guide and shed light on the regulations for creating a healthy and safe working environment and to develop the awareness about occupational health and security of the students. |
| Keywords: | Occupational health and safety, perception of security, occupational accidents |
| JEL: | I00 I29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003582&r=cwa |
| By: | Farhidi, Faraz; Isfahani, Rahim; Emadzadeh, Mostafa |
| Abstract: | Iran has experienced an increasing rate of economic growth during recent years. We need to explain the causes of this growth if we are to help maintain it. In this study, we try to calibrate and apply a model in the context of new growth models, based on Ideas derived from the Iranian economy. The results show that an increase in education levels and expansion in research activities are the main factors promoting economic growth in Iran during the studied period. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, Ideas, Nonrivalry, Technological progress, Population growth |
| JEL: | O41 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64158&r=cwa |
| By: | Mustafa BAL (Selcuk Univercity); Müjgan BAL (Selcuk Univercity) |
| Abstract: | Requests of individuals in order to access to information is increasing day by day with the expansion of communication fields and networks. While the desire of people to express themselves are increasing, the number of corporations preparing this environment shows a significant raise as well. All of the changes affecting social life are incleded with communicaiton world and particular sectors are influenced directly. Innovations and changes particularly in communication technologies, conveniences and benefits which those offer to target audience inspire specialization at communication. Currently, the number of corporations trying to realize this specialization in the best way and proving themselves both in national and international areas by slipping from localizaiton are increasing. Especially by the opportunuties offered to users via mobile communication and making those more attractive by social media influences the success of GSM operators. It is thought that the leading GSM providers of the world care about this inference and make effort in paralel among the competetive communication environment.Since public relations which aims to take the essential messages to the target audiences at the right time an in the right way maintaining its efficiency, it prefers the social media as a new applicaiton field by developping technologies at last years. Social media causing many organizations to change or renew the advertisement and merketing strategies, is seen advantageous in terms of public relations and been used actively as well. That is why GSM operators are using this field intensely for its advantages as easy access, continuous messages and low costs.In this study social media usage of three leading GSM operators of Turkey providing mobile communication, Avea, Turkcell and Vodafone are examined. Corporational social media accounts of GSM operators analyzed by content analysis method and the obtained data and information evaluated in terms of public relations. Efficient usage level of this platform of GSM operatos, announced applications via this way and whether they answer to the demands, complaints and questions of customer or not are some of the issues obtained from the study |
| Keywords: | Social Media, GSM Operators, Public Relations, Technology |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003791&r=cwa |
| By: | Sirin Pepe (Selcuk University Sports Management Department Postgraduate Student); Ozden Tasgin (Nev) |
| Abstract: | Objective: In this study, the objective has been set to present the occupational burnout condition of the physical training teachers. An answer for the sub-problems developed has been sought in line with the said objective.Materials and Method: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the questionnaires used in the study, has been developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) and adapted into Turkish by Ergin (1992). The target population of the study was constituted by total 104 physical training teachers residing in the center of the province of Konya, working at the schools acting under the supervision of the Ministry of National Education, selected through a random sampling method, and consisting of 20 Female and 84 Male teachers. The difference of the occupational burnout levels according to genders was determined by way of using Independent-Samples T Test in the analysis of the data.Results: In terms of the relations between the marital status and burnout sub dimensions of the physical training teachers and the levels of their emotional burnout, it appears that the single female teachers have high emotional burnout while the married female teachers have high, normal, and low emotional burnout. Single male teachers have high and love emotional burnout and single female teachers have high, normal, and low emotional burnout levels. Emotional burnout of female teachers according to their age statuses was high and moderate in the 33–38 age group, while emotional burnout was low and moderate in the male teachers. In regards to desensitization, low and moderate were apparent in female teachers and male teachers in line with their age statuses. In terms of personal success, high level appeared in the female teachers and male teachers in line with their age statuses. In regards to the relations between the emotional burnout levels according to their state of carrying out the profession of teaching by loving it, the level was low in the female teachers and male teachers.Conclusions: As a result, when the emotional burnout of the physical training teachers are compared according to their genders, there was a statistically meaningful difference (p<0.05), while there was no such statistically meaningful difference in the comparison of the desensitization and personal success points according to gender between the male and female physical training teachers. |
| Keywords: | Bornout levels, Physical training, Teachers |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003413&r=cwa |
| By: | Fatemehsadat Kashi (Herzen State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russia); Natalya Andreeva (Herzen State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russia); Abbas Naeimi (St. Petersburg Polytechnic University) |
| Abstract: | Textbook is the most important and available teaching tool which plays valuable role in the education system and it can provide better learning in students. One of the research methods used for investigation of textbooks is content analysis. It would be proposed strengths and weaknesses of biology textbooks for eventual modification of the content, according to the scientific principles and determined targets, and provide practices designed for managers, planners and authors of textbooks. In this study is used library research method to achieve a content analysis of biology textbooks. In this paper, have been evaluated the importance of content analysis of the textbook, definition and their concepts, use and their dimensions, and also have been proposed principles and theories in the design biology textbooks from the viewpoint text, image and shape in various sources in Iran. In the end, have been provided the role of content analysis in order to design better and more effective biology textbooks in Iran in the form of recommendations. Including the insertion of images is one of the most effective tools in the process of teaching and design of textbooks. |
| Keywords: | Biology textbook, Analysis, Library research method, Teaching, Iran |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003626&r=cwa |
| By: | Giuli Keshelashvili (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University); Mariami Jibuti (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University) |
| Abstract: | Generation of ideas is what generally leads to the reation and development of a new product and the concept involves a constant search for new ideas to create something new. In Georgia, at present, bread consumption is much higher than normal. Unfortunately, bread produced in Georgia is mostly made of low quality flour which does not meet the national standards for the share of micronutrients in food (30-40% of the baking market in Georgia does not meet the standards). Shota Rustaveli National Foundation and Civil Research and Development Foundation co-founded a project _ “From Idea to Market” _ in Georgia. One part of the research was to show that the composition of vitamin and mineral enriched bread on the Georgian market did not meet the requirements. According to the research results, only 24,9% of the bread samples was fortified, which is not enough to minimize or at least, help the deficiency of micro-nutrients in population. The research also involved a solution for the problem, which was the production of cheaper bread “Apipuri”. This idea was realized as part of the project “From Idea to Market”. Nowadays Bread “Apipuri” is quite popular among the customers. The innovation was very important for Georgia. |
| Keywords: | Generation of ideas, Baking Business, Innovation. |
| JEL: | L10 L10 L10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:1003525&r=cwa |