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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Senay Oguztimur |
| Abstract: | Even though Turkey is frequently regarded as an emerging market and actually has many advantages to be considered as an attractive place to invest and do business, it is not that much attractive for international economy world. Despite Turkey's capacity, such as being 16th largest market with its young population as well as approximately 8% gross domestic product increase, varied industry base with a wide talent pool, according to various international independent research institutes, the global market does not view Turkey as a beneficial place for entrepreneurship. Moreover there are quite a large number of barriers to attract investment and to make successful investment and entrepreneurship opportunities in Turkey. Besides the entrepreneurship indicators in Turkey demonstrate similar point. One of the most conspicuous is that just about six tenth of Turkish people regard their local environment to be a good one for fostering entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. The very little number of female entrepreneurs (while compared with the man-dominant market) is also a barrier to Turkey becoming a positive and inclusive environment for continued entrepreneurial growth. With consideration paid to given statistics in recent years, Turkey generally remains in the last quarter while compared with the overall countries having possibility to attract entrepreneurs. After analyzing the present circumstances, this paper focuses on the national and local level of obstacles of entrepreneurship in Turkey. Within the light of the researches of statistics and secondary documents; it is obvious that Turkey should take into account such the following issues: chaos in Turkish bureaucracy, counterworks in protecting intellectual property and drawbacks to break monopolies in the marketplace are the first significant points to worth stressing. To support entrepreneurship, reforms and regulations need to be done in order to create an inviting and successful atmosphere for potential entrepreneurs even from local level and from international market. In order to deal with the problems of enlargement the capacity of Turkish entrepreneurship, commitment to fostering a positive environment for entrepreneurship should have done over and above launching a series of programs designed to foster growth and support entrepreneurship. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the key points that Turkey needs to work on due to improve entrepreneurship. |
| JEL: | L26 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p704&r=cwa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure Economics and Finance Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Infrastructure Finance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth Banks and Banking Reform Governance - Governance Indicators Social Protections and Labor - Labor Policies Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:20691&r=cwa |
| By: | H.Filiz Alkan Meshur; Ahmet Alkan |
| Abstract: | The process of demographic change occurring around the world is also reflected in Turkey. The elderly population and thus, the number of people who are in need of care, will increase in Turkey in the future. Furthermore, approximately 13% of Turkey's population consists of disabled people. This ratio reaches 20% when including disabilities caused by aging. Certain physical and mental disabilities due to aging make the lives of elderly people more difficult. Strengthening the connection of elderly and disabled people with life and society can only be possible by providing them with environments to spend their lives in a safe, healthy, independent and productive manner. It is not possible to solve this problem with the previous care models in Turkey. Environments that combine working, education and social possibilities, providing the elderly and disabled people with independent living areas, should be created. Despite prominent developments in recent years for the education of disabled people, they have not yet reached the desired level in social and professional areas. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive training, research and care center for elderly and disabled people (YEBAM) that will provide a combination of care, rehabilitation, educational, social and cultural services. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate YEBAM, which will be the first center in Turkey providing education, care and job opportunities for elderly and disabled people, in social and spatial terms. The first section discusses the process of demographic change around the world and in Turkey and the search for new ways of care and design. The next section discusses the purpose, vision, regional and national importance, design concept and principles of YEBAM. YEBAM's layout plan and architectural plans were prepared taking social, psychological and spatial needs of elderly and disabled people in light of universal design principles. In this plan, elderly and disabled people will have the chance to live in their own houses and will take part in social activities in common areas. The care services required will be provided by trained personnel. |
| Keywords: | Elderly; disability; disabled people; elderly people; training research and care center; |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p582&r=cwa |
| By: | Ouraich, Ismail; Dudu, Hasan; Tyner, Wallace E.; Cakmak, Erol |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the interaction of globalization through trade liberalization and climate change, globally with a special focus on Morocco and Turkey. We use the GTAP model, which is a global general equilibrium model, to investigate trade liberalizat |
| Keywords: | climate change, adaptation, uncertainty, CGE model, trade liberalization |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2014-100&r=cwa |
| By: | Davide Luca |
| Abstract: | The importance of political local coalitions in shaping local governance structures conducive to economic growth has been a subject of research for numerous years, both in rich economies as well as in emerging countries. In spite of such amount of research, little attention has yet been paid to the political relations between the central state and the local coalitions, as well as the role of political conflicts between such levels, in hampering local and regional economic performance. Very recently scholars have argued that in countries where political factors may play a strong role in providing privileged treatment to people and constituencies with the right political affiliation, tense central/local relationships may inhibit local governance structures in promoting growth. The channels through which such impact may generate include providing particular incentives to neighboring aligned regions so as to stimulate investments' relocations, unfavorable treatment of nonaligned businesspeople via legislative and administrative mechanisms, and reducing the amount of public investments necessary for development. The current paper will exactly try to test such prediction by exploring whether tense central-local political relationships ? which will be proxied by the level to which local constituencies are politically unaligned with the government ? determined slower regional economic growth. To this aim the paper will define a model of political economic growth accounting for standard socio-economic determinants of regional economic growth, as well as political alignment variables, and test it to the 81 provinces of Turkey during the period 2004-2011. Turkey provides an interesting setting to test the research puzzle because of the highly heterogeneous regional economic trends recorded in recent years, as well as the increasing political polarization that has occurred between the opposition political parties and the government led by the Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (Justice and Welfare Party, AKP) since 2002. Preliminary results do indeed seem to suggest that after controlling for socio-economic factors, and for time-invariant province-specific unobservable characteristics, areas politically unaligned with the central government grew slower over the period 2004-2011. At the same time, however, the magnitude of such political impacts on regional economic performance is significantly smaller than the one of regional socio-economic factors, suggesting that politics is not a key determinant behind regional growth trends. |
| Keywords: | political economy of development; partisan alignment; economic growth; Turkey |
| JEL: | H70 R11 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p1229&r=cwa |
| By: | Burak Beyhan |
| Abstract: | Existing studies on Turkey usually fail to conceptualize the evolution of the regulations and efforts made for the administration and planning of the metropolitan regions in the country within a historical and comparative framework incorporating all forms of legal arrangements and tools pertaining to the very concept of establishment of metropolitan unity. Within this context, the aim of this study is to shed some light on the historical evolution of the problem of metropolitan unity in Turkey within a comparative and holistic perspective. For this purpose, in this paper, firstly early practices and attempts for the expansion of the administrative and planning boundaries of growing cities in the world will be reviewed together with the earlier considerations devoted to the delimitation of metropolitan regions. After elaborating the earlier attempts and considerations made for the establishment of the metropolitan municipalities and the delimitation of metropolitan regions with particular reference to the experience of the US whose metropolitan administration and planning model was dominant in Turkey in the 1980s, the tools employed for the establishment of metropolitan unity and the problems associated with the respective tools will be historically reviewed within a comparative perspective. Elaborating the tools employed for the establishment of metropolitan unity and the problems associated with the respective tools, all the efforts made and the tools employed in Turkey to secure metropolitan unity will be sketched by revealing the interconnections between the respective tools and efforts within a historical and evolutionary perspective. After examining the evolution and articulation of the tools employed for the establishment of regional unity required for the administration and planning of metropolitan regions and conurbations in Turkey, some concluding remarks will be drawn with reference to the overall framework constructed for the evolution of the tools used for the establishment of unity in metropolitan regions. What is particularly evident from this study is that pure legislative tools are not usually capable of securing metropolitan unity due to their lack of not only a communal point of view, but also a scientific point of view in the determination of the set of criteria that can be used in order to delimit metropolitan regions or secure regional integrity for a metropolitan area. |
| JEL: | R58 R59 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p28&r=cwa |
| By: | Ahmet Bas; Mehmet Alý Yüzer |
| Abstract: | "Development" isn't only an economic notion but also it consist of so many meanings such as social, cultural manners, production and consumption ways. During the development process, development units could be growth in vary times and space. At this point what has to be told, which sector and production unit will be developed and how much money will invest in this sector? Besides, the institutional position has a crucial point during the development process and there are vary many ways in the world to accomplish the process. RDAs is one of the institutional ways of this process. RDAs are aim to enhance the development in the region by using the endogenous growth theories. In the USA, Tennesse Valley Autority was the first one that dealed with the construction of dams in the region and to ensure the production rate. In Europe, RDAs process came together after II. World War. In this paper, RDAs are studied generally and searched their institutional and legislative status around the world and Europe as well as Turkish RDAs. As the study shows that, examples from the varied countries have some similarities, but offenly the applications are changed from country to country. Such as developed countries, RDAs are specialized to bring and enhance the foreign investment and to use the national and international funds and grants, however, in less developed countries RDAs are worked to increase the usage of natural sources and to reduce the unemployment ratio. Turkish RDAs were established at 2006 and after four years later, they are able to start their facilities all around Turkey in the 26 NUTS 2 regions at 2010. The institutional frame of the Turkish RDAs are specified and constituted by local governors, NGOs and local autorities (municipalities). The head of the board of directors is local governor in the region. Besides the secretary general is responsible to the board of directors from the agency activities. Also there is an advisory committee which is named "Development Committee". In order to analyze their performances and show to change of the disparities; their facilities are studied in the paper. In this context, to analyze the RDAs' performance, 27 indicators are determined which are related to the responsibilities and duties of RDAs that are determined in the law of 5449. Moreover, these indicators are categorized and managed some exponents according to their importance. After additioning all the units, a performance score is calculated for each RDAs. Moreover, a comparison is also examined to explain the changes before and after RDSs establishment in Turkey. |
| Keywords: | Region; Regional Development; Regional Disparities; Regional Growth; Regional Development Agencies; Performance; Performance Anaylsis; D63; P25; R11; R58 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p1435&r=cwa |
| By: | Özlem Güzey; Erman Aksoy |
| Abstract: | While urban regeneration in Turkey emerges as an effective method of intervention in the transformation of urban space into areas of attraction for the global capital, intervention areas are defined as squatter housing areas where degradation process is visible, the population of which gradually loses its acceptability in social integration processes, and which are "regarded as harmful by the society." The urbanites, meeting an unexpected population and space, have always viewed squatter housing areas and their populations as a problem. Evolving from the 1940s up to the present, this outlook has formed a social perception against the squatters. Governmental policies are also formulated in accordance with this outlook and various intervention methods, from demolition to amnesty, to reform and to regeneration, have been defined for the problem of squatter housing areas. In this process, the difference with today's regeneration applications is their legitimization of intervention areas through elements of poverty and crime. As such, the degradation process is rendered visible on the basis of social anxieties and regeneration by law is made acceptable as essential. In this study, the evaluation of the stigmatization process of the squatters as the origins of poverty and crime will be rendered debatable within the perspective of urban regeneration applications. As the preliminary research area, Çin Çin area of Ankara's Altýndað District has been chosen. The fact that this area has been attracting attention for years due to its increasing poverty and crime rates, brought about urban regeneration applications. Yet, while some portion of the population who were registered criminals migrated to other destinations after regeneration, another portion has remained in this location and sustained the crime rates. For the purpose of questioning this process, the second work area has been designated as Sincan Saraycýk Neighborhood, a place where Altýndað's squatter population migrated to. This area changed its identity in time, first with migrants from the Southeast and then with those from Altýndað. This change, gaining momentum with the present population's abandoning of the area, has become visible in the social and physical space and Sincan's Mayor has announced his decision on applying urban regeneration due to rising crime rates. The methodology of the study consists of literature survey, media analysis enabling the evaluation of perspectives on the squatter housing area and interview and questionnaire practices carried out in the research areas. |
| Keywords: | Urban Regeneration; Squatter Housing; Crime; Turkey |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p71&r=cwa |
| By: | Muhammed Ziya Paköz; Mehmet Ali Yüzer |
| Abstract: | Access to healthcare is formed according to the characteristics of the supply and demand. While siting hospitals, ?equity' in access to healthcare should be taken as a basis for all segments of society, and necessary measures should be taken to ensure that vulnerable groups benefit from health services adequately. This necessitates evaluating spatial and non-spatial dimensions of access to healthcare together. Spatial dimension emphasizes importance of the distance whereas non-spatial dimension includes factors such as level of income, educational attainment level, culture, ethnicity, age and sex. In this paper, results of the survey conducted on 756 households in Istanbul were put to evaluation within the framework of the dimensions of the access to healthcare; spatial patterns of the access to inpatient services in Istanbul were examined over the survey results. Dimensions of the access to healthcare put forward the level of access as well. Results of the survey show that different dimensions of the access to healthcare are effective with various degrees in hospital choices. However, as the level of income changes, so does the hospital preferences. Middle and low income groups have more limited budget for healthcare services and ownership of personal car is less frequent, so demand elasticity is lower compared to the high and high-middle income groups. Therefore, ?accessibility' and ?affordability' dimensions of the access come to the fore for middle and low income groups while ?acceptability' is cared more by the high and high-middle income groups. The paper also deals with the relationship between supply characteristics and travel time / travel distance accepted and realized for going to hospital in Istanbul. According to the international practices and literature, the maximum travel time for access to hospital is accepted generally as ?30 minutes', which turns out to be parallel with the survey results. However, the realized travel distance differentiates based on the type (public, private) and nature (regional-local) of the hospital. Distance covered for regional hospitals (training and research hospitals and university hospitals) and travel rate outside the district are higher than the distance covered for local hospitals. Similarly, distance covered for private hospitals is more than the distance made for public hospitals. The paper not only evaluates the spatial and non-spatial factors together, but also considers health supply in various aspects, reveals user behaviors which change depending on the type of the supply and the characteristics and the pattern of the city, and defines distance thresholds and border-crossing according to these features. |
| Keywords: | Access to healthcare; affordability; spatial accessibility; distance; Istanbul (and) |
| JEL: | I11 I14 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p1390&r=cwa |