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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Perera, Liyanage Devangi H.; Lee, Grace H.Y. |
| Abstract: | While economic growth has been cited as one of the main factors behind the reduction in absolute poverty, the persisting problem of poverty in developing countries has raised doubts about the efficacy of economic growth in its reduction. Recent evidence revealed that growth in Asia has been accompanied by an increase in relative poverty, or income inequality. High income inequality can slow the rate of poverty reduction, and create social unrest and anxiety. The quality of institutions may also influence the extent to which economic growth reduces poverty. This study examines the effects of economic growth and institutional quality on poverty and income inequality in nine developing countries of Asia for the period 1985-2009. The System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation method is employed to estimate the equations. While economic growth does not appear to have an effect on income inequality, the results confirm that such growth leads to poverty reduction. Although improvements in government stability and law and order are found to reduce poverty, improvements in the level of corruption, democratic accountability, and bureaucratic quality appear to increase poverty levels. Similarly, the results also show that improvements in corruption, democratic accountability, and bureaucratic quality are associated with a worsening of the income distribution. This study recommends that measures taken to improve the level of institutional quality in developing countries of East and South Asia should address the problems of poverty and income distribution, while adopting policies to support informal sector workers who may be affected by institutional reform. |
| Keywords: | income inequality, poverty, growth, institution quality |
| JEL: | D3 I3 O1 |
| Date: | 2013–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:52763&r=cwa |
| By: | Era Dabla-Norris; Giang Ho; Kalpana Kochhar; Annette Kyobe; Robert Tchaidze |
| Abstract: | Fostering and sustaining robust economic growth is an imperative across advanced, emerging, and low-income countries alike. Countries will need to focus on supply-side reforms to raise their potential output and anchor medium-term growth prospects. This SDN will emphasize the role of structural reforms and supportive policy and institutional frameworks for boosting productivity–a key engine of economic growth–in the wake of the crisis. By examining a broad spectrum of reforms that eliminate impediments to growth, the paper will seek to highlight a differentiated policy agenda across countries. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal reforms;Economic growth;Labor productivity;Services sector;Manufacturing sector;Agricultural sector;Labor markets;Emerging markets;Developing countries; |
| Date: | 2013–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfsdn:13/8&r=cwa |
| By: | Oduncu, Arif; Mavuş, Merve; Güneş, Didem |
| Abstract: | Due to the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) deadlocked multilateral trade negotiations, many countries have started to establish Free Trade Agreements (FTA). In this context, twelve countries including Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States (US) and Vietnam have decided to establish Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). This study focuses on the impacts of this partnership on Turkish economy. By using Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database and a general equilibrium model, the effects of various scenarios on GDP and exports are studied. Obtained results show that Turkey could be in a loss up to 1% of GDP if present 12 countries establish the TPP. Otherwise, potential countries’ inclusions in TPP could cause higher losses – up to 2.4% of GDP- for Turkey. |
| Keywords: | Free Trade Agreements, Trans-Pacific Partnership, Turkey. |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:52917&r=cwa |
| By: | Horga, Ioan; Brie, Mircea |
| Abstract: | Using the Hungarian-Romanian border as a solid example, this paper will attempt to prove how borders have changed from the hard, close, exclusive border to the soft, open, inclusive frontier. We have highlighted the Hungarian and Romanian authors’ scientific contributions, with a special emphasis on the members of the Debrecen-Oradea Euroregional Studies Institute (IERS), the “Jean Monnet” European Centre of Excellence, as well as on the developed joint projects. These contributions have created a certain level of expertise in the development of cross-border cooperation that could be transferred for the benefit of similar situations, arisen with the EU enlargement eastwards, such as the EU’s eastern frontier on the Hungarian- Romanian-Moldovan-Ukrainian-section. |
| Keywords: | Hungarian-Romanian border; frontier; Hungarian-Romanian-Moldovan-Ukrainian; cross-border cooperation |
| JEL: | F5 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:52772&r=cwa |
| By: | Zakić, Vladimir; Borović, Natalija |
| Abstract: | The subject of this paper is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in relation to the classical cost accounting methods. Traditional cost accounting methods were created in a time when direct costs of labor and materials were the dominant factors of production and when changes in technology and consumer demand were not so rapid. Allocation of indirect costs, which could not be directly linked to specific products, was based on specific keys: produced volume of different products, direct material costs, direct labor costs and so on. The problem of the traditional cost accounting became evident when the indirect costs (such as maintenance, insurance, production preparation, etc.) reached significant amount or even exceed the direct costs. In terms of producing multiple products, traditional cost accounting methods may underestimate the small batches production cost per unit and overestimate the mass production cost per unit. In response to these concerns, during the 1980s in United States was created Activity-Based Costing. The conceptual frame of ABC is based on the activities of the company, which can be differentiated in various ways - the primary and secondary, activities that add value and those that do not add value. ABC is a costing methodology that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. ABC is generally used as a tool for understanding product and customer cost and profitability based on the production or performing processes. As such, ABC has predominantly been used to support strategic decisions such as pricing, outsourcing, identification and measurement of process improvement initiatives. In evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of ABC, there will be used methodology methods such as: quantitative method of comparison, the method of key business processes observation in the enterprise, as well as the inductive method. The main objective of this paper is to define a model of activity-based costing in specific conditions of agricultural production and assess its practical significance for cost management process improvement. The results of this research will indicate that the application of ABC in agriculture enterprises can improve the accuracy of cost per unit calculation. However, it should be based on careful cost benefit analysis. Development of ABC could be expensive and implementation could be difficult. |
| Keywords: | Activity-Based Costing, Cost management, Agricultural enterprises, Agribusiness, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, D24, D61, M41, |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubgc50:161815&r=cwa |
| By: | Gunes Kamber; Konstantinos Theodoridis; Christoph Thoenissen |
| Abstract: | The focus of this paper is on expectations driven business cycles in small open economies. We make two significant contributions. First, we identify news shocks for a set advanced small open economies using the methodology of Beaudry et al. (2011). We find, in line with the previous VAR evidence for the US economy that expected shocks about the future Total Factor Productivity generate business cycle co-movements in output, hours, consumption and investment. We also find that news shocks are associated with countercyclical current account dynamics. Second, we develop a small open economy model with financial frictions, along the lines of Jermann and Quadrini (2012) that is able to replicate the positive co-movements identified in the data. |
| Keywords: | News shocks, business cycles, open economy macroeconomics, financial frictions, VAR |
| JEL: | E32 F4 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2014-02&r=cwa |
| By: | Paolo D. Farah (Edge Hill University, Department of Law & Criminology, UK, gLAWcal, Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development, UK); Riccardo Tremolada (Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi per l’Impresa e il Territorio, Italy, EU Commission Marie Curie Fellow (2013), Chinese Research Academy on Environmental Sciences (CRAES), China, J.D. and LL.M. Università degli Studi di Milano, School of Law, Italy) |
| Abstract: | China is appraised to have the world's largest exploitable reserves of shale gas, although several legal, regulatory, environmental and investment-related issues will likely restrain its scope. China's capacity to successfully face these hurdles and produce commercial shale gas will have a crucial impact on the regional gas market and on China’s energy mix, as Beijing strives to decrease reliance on imported oil and coal, while attempting to meet growing energy demand and maintain a certain level of resource autonomy. The development of the unconventional natural gas extractive industry will also endow China with further negotiating power to obtain more advantageous prices from Russia and future liquefied natural gas (LNG) suppliers. This paper, adopting a comparative perspective, underlines the trends learned from unconventional fuel development in the United States, emphasizing their potential application to the Chinese context in light of recently signed production-sharing contracts between qualified foreign investors and China. The wide range of regulatory and enforcement problems in this matter are accrued by an extremely limited liberalization of gas prices, lack of technological development, and political hurdles curbing the opening of resource extraction to private investors. These issues are exacerbated by concerns related to the risk of water pollution deriving from mismanaged drilling and fracturing, absence of adequate regulation framework and industry standards, entailing consequences on social stability and environmental degradation. |
| Keywords: | Shale Gas, Unconventional Fuel, China, U.S.A., Health, Water, Environmental Risks |
| JEL: | A12 A13 D40 D62 D81 F10 F13 F18 H23 K32 K33 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q48 F1 F13 F40 L95 Q3 Q30 Q32 Q33 Q25 |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2013.95&r=cwa |
| By: | Marshall, Maria I.; Peake, Whitney O. |
| Abstract: | Prior research indicates not only that family businesses have fewer management controls in place and are more likely to have non-economic goals for their firm but also that female-controlled businesses tend to underperform compared to male-controlled businesses. In this article, we analyze the performance effects of management controls and goals for the business across both male and female-controlled farm and rural family businesses. The results suggest that female-controlled farm and rural family businesses do not underperform their male counterparts in terms of objective or subjective assessments of performance. This is an important finding, given the mixed results across the family business literature regarding the impacts of gender on performance. Our results do indicate, however, that management controls and strategies and goals for the firm influence objective and subjective performance differently across male and female-controlled farm and rural family businesses. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaeass:161658&r=cwa |
| By: | G. Cornelis van Kooten |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rep:wpaper:2013-01&r=cwa |