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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Dimant, Eugen |
| Abstract: | Corruption has fierce impacts on economic and societal development and is subject to a vast range of institutional, jurisdictional, societal and economic conditions. Research indicates that corruption's predominantly negative effects have arisen to a massive trans-border threat while creating high obstacles to sustainable and prospective development, ultimately impairing everybody's life. This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey of existing literature on corruption and its antecedents and effects. Consequently, we bridge the gap between existing theories of different fields of research including economics, psychology, and criminology in order to draw a conclusive picture of corruption on the micro-, meso- and macro-level. -- |
| Keywords: | Bribery,corruption,development,interdisciplinarity,public economics,survey |
| JEL: | D73 H1 O17 K42 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201359&r=cwa |
| By: | Anders Aslund (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | Ukraine's intention to sign the European Association Agreement at the Vilnius summit in late November 2013 has raised a furor in the Kremlin, which wants it to join the Customs Union instead. In retaliation, Russia has imposed trade sanctions against Ukraine in clear violation of its obligations in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Åslund argues that Europe, Ukraine, and Russia all share the blame for creating the current impasse and must alter their policies to resolve the conflict. Ukraine should improve its macroeconomic policies to reduce its vulnerability and also comply with all EU demands, including releasing Yulia Tymoshenko. The European Union should support Ukraine but also make sure that Ukraine meets its conditions so that both parties can sign the agreement in November. The Association Agreement will bring substantial gains to Ukraine, whereas the Customs Union is smaller, less competitive, and does not offer Ukraine any significant benefits. Russia should realize that it is not in its national interest to force countries to join its Customs Union. It should obey the rules of the WTO and the Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Agreement and end its trade sanctions against Ukraine. The United States and the European Union should defend Ukraine against Russian economic aggression in the WTO and through vocal and economic support. |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:pbrief:pb13-22&r=cwa |
| By: | Richard Fabling (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research); Norman Gemmell (Victoria University of Wellington); Richard Kneller (University of Nottingham); Lynda Sanderson (The Treasury) |
| Abstract: | Effective marginal tax rates (EMTRs) can be very different from the statutory rate and vary across firms, reflecting such factors as the extent and nature of taxable deductions (losses, depreciation), asset and ownership structures, and debt/equity financing. We estimate firm-specific EMTRs and related user cost of capital (UCC) measures allowing for shareholder-level taxation using data for 2000-2010 from the Longitudinal Business Database. Examining distributions of various UCC measures we find substantial firm-level heterogeneity, systematic changes as a result of tax reforms between 2004 and 2011, and systematic differences between foreign-owned and domestically-owned firms. Choices among alternative UCC measures make a difference to interpretations. |
| Keywords: | User cost of capital, tax reform, EMTR, New Zealand |
| JEL: | D22 G30 H25 |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:13_14&r=cwa |
| By: | Dhar, Biswajit (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The paper firstly identifies and assesses the key developments in the Doha Round that have contributed to the present stalemate. Secondly, it presents several options that the organization could consider for defining its future work program given the new realities of global economic engagement, especially the emergence of global production networks. Most importantly, the paper assesses the possibility of including new disciplines covering areas that can help the growth of these drivers of global economic integration. Such an initiative could include three sets of issue: trade facilitation measures, an equitable investment regime, and effective disciplines for curbing non-tariff barriers. |
| Keywords: | WTO; international cooperation; trade; investment; production networks; trade facilitation; non-tariff barriers |
| JEL: | F13 F53 |
| Date: | 2013–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0444&r=cwa |
| By: | Paul O'Sullivan (Department of Economics Finance and Accounting, National University of Ireland, Maynooth) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines a one-shot game where two symmetric incumbents are faced with possible entry into an industry, where firms may differ in the efficiency of R&D in reducing marginal production costs. The decision facing the incumbents is whether to compete at the R&D stage or to form a RJV. R&D competition may imply that remaining in the market is not viable for the incumbents and the entrant is a monopolist. Conversely, RJV formation may make entry unprofitable and, possibly, increase welfare. The effect on welfare will depend on whether output is exported in its entirety or consumed domestically. |
| JEL: | D2 L2 L4 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:may:mayecw:n246-13.pdf&r=cwa |
| By: | S. S. ADA; J. CHRISTIAENS |
| Abstract: | This article examines to what extent Turkish municipalities apply the recently reformed Turkish accrual accounting rules as prescribed by the “Public Financial Management and Control Law, no: 5018” in 2004. As an emerging country, influenced by European and Asian cultures but not fitting to none of them, Turkey is an interesting and important case for the policy transfer. In Turkey, administrative reforms are especially encouraged by EU, IMF and WB who are external actors of the policy transfer process, turning these innovations into top--‐down reforms. Another important aspect of the study is that due to population growth, new municipalities are still formed in Turkey. These newly founded municipalities employ new public management methods of which accrual accounting is part. Based on this background, this paper briefly reviews the context, and driving forces conditioning the path of accrual accounting in public sector especially for the municipalities. Conclusions are drawn from the result of the level of compliance which is found as 60,8 % for 102 municipalities. Multiple regression analysis was the statistical method used to test the link between compliance level and municipal size and type, human resources, financial resources and the external influence such as external audit in this research. |
| Keywords: | Accrual accounting,compliance index, developing countries, new public management, public sector reform, Turkey |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:13/859&r=cwa |
| By: | Moura, Marcelo L.; Pereira, Fatima R.; Attuy, Guilherme de Moraes |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibm:ibmecp:wpe_304&r=cwa |
| By: | Di Paolo, Antonio (University of Barcelona); Tansel, Aysit (Middle East Technical University) |
| Abstract: | Foreign language skills represent a form of human capital that can be rewarded in the labor market. Drawing on data from the Adult Education Survey of 2007, this is the first study estimating returns to foreign language skills in Turkey. We contribute to the literature on the economic value of language knowledge, with a special focus on a country characterized by fast economic and social development. Although English is the most widely spoken foreign language in Turkey, we initially consider the economic value of different foreign languages among the employed males aged 25 to 65. We find positive and significant returns to proficiency in English and Russian, which increase with the level of competence. Knowledge of French and German also appears to be positively rewarded in the Turkish labor market, although their economic value seems mostly linked to an increased likelihood to hold specific occupations rather than increased earnings within occupations. Focusing on English, we also explore the heterogeneity in returns to different levels of proficiency by frequency of English use at work, birth-cohort, education, occupation and rural/urban location. The results are also robust to the endogenous specification of English language skills. |
| Keywords: | foreign languages, returns to skills, heterogeneity, Turkey |
| JEL: | I25 J24 J31 O15 O53 |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp7724&r=cwa |
| By: | Meyer, M.; Libaers, D.; Thijs, Bart; Grant, K.; Glänzel, Wolfgang; Debackere, Koenraad |
| Abstract: | This paper seeks to map out the emergence and evolution of entrepreneurship as an independent field in the social science literature from the early 1990’s to 2009. Our analysis indicates that entrepreneurship has grown steadily during the 1990’s but has truly emerged as a legitimate academic discipline in the latter part of the 00’s. The field has been dominated by researchers from Anglo-Saxon countries over the past twenty years, with particularly strong representations from the US, UK, and Canada. The results from our structural analysis, which is based on a core document approach, point to five large knowledge clusters and further 16 sub-clusters. We characterize the clusters from their cognitive structure and assess the strength of the relationships between these clusters. In addition, a list of most cited articles is presented and discussed. |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ner:leuven:urn:hdl:123456789/397032&r=cwa |
| By: | Günalp, Burak; Cilasun, Seyit Mümin; Acar, Elif Öznur |
| Abstract: | A gender differential in wages is considered to be discriminatory if the differential cannot be explained by gender differences in productivity. Numerous studies have been performed to measure the extent of gender wage discrimination in countries across the world, and most report a substantial amount of wage differential after adjusting for productivity differences. This differential has been attributed to labor market discrimination against women. Using data from 2003 and 2010 Household Budget Surveys conducted by Turkish Statistical Institute, this study examines the male-female earnings differentials and measures the extent of pay discrimination in Turkey. To analyze the components of the earnings gap, two methodologies are employed: The standard Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method and the Juhn–Murphy–Pierce decomposition method. The results of the study indicate that in both years, a significant portion of the observed wage differential is attributable to wage discrimination which records a rise over the period. |
| Keywords: | Male-Female Earnings Differentials, Gender Wage Discrimination, Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition, Juhn–Murphy–Pierce Decomposition |
| JEL: | J16 J31 J70 J71 O15 |
| Date: | 2013–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:51503&r=cwa |