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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | John Kennes (Department of Economics and Business, Aarhus University); John Knowles (University of Southampton) |
| Abstract: | By reducing the risk of unwanted parenthood, more effective contraception reduces the cost of sex outside of marriage, increasing the value of single life. Could this explain why marriage and birth rates declined in the U.S. after 1970?. We illustrate our hypothesis with a one-period example. We then extend the analysis to allow for repeated matching over many periods, modeling the shotgun-marriage, contraception- method and abortion margins. We use US survey data on contraception, sexual activity and family dynamics to calibrate the model for the 1970s, and then compute the effects of liberalizing access to contraception and abortion. The results suggest the hypothesis can explain 60% of the behavioral shifts associated with the sexual revolution. |
| Keywords: | Two-Sided Search, Family, Family Economics, Household Formation, Marriage, Marriage Rate, Premarital, Single Mother, Single Parent, Fertility |
| JEL: | D10 E13 J12 J22 O11 |
| Date: | 2013–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aah:aarhec:2013-07&r=cwa |
| By: | Kelly, Stephen; Bright, Francis |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, |
| Date: | 2013–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare92:146533&r=cwa |
| By: | Artinger, Sabrina; Schade, Christian |
| Abstract: | We experimentally investigate gender- and occupation-specific differences in market entry behavior and test whether female entrepreneurs are more willing to take strategic risk and engage in competition than other women. To facilitate strategic thinking, we induce asymmetric gain and loss experiences. We find that female entrepreneurs react to own gains and losses like other women and to opponents’ experiences like male entrepreneurs. Overall entry of female entrepreneurs is much lower than that of male entrepreneurs and does not differ from other women indicating that also female entrepreneurs dislike strategic competition. Risk aversion does not to account for this finding. |
| Keywords: | gender differences, entrepreneurship, occupational choice, gain and loss experiences, Labor and Human Capital, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession, D03, L26, |
| Date: | 2013–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:huscpw:146511&r=cwa |
| By: | Schuster, Monica; Maertens, Miet |
| Abstract: | Private standards are increasingly governing international food trade, but little is known about the implications for developing countries. The objective of the study is to provide evidence in the ongoing debate on standards as barrier or catalyst for developing countries’ export. We use the Peruvian fresh asparagus export sector as a case study and provide empirical panel data evidence on the effects of certification to private food standards on export volumes of firms. Our dataset on the transactions of 567 export firms from 1993 to 2011 allows us to take export dynamics and time trends into account, as well as to keep country and sector specific effects constant. In our empirical strategy, we first use simple OLS and ignore firm-specific unobservable effects and dynamic export patterns. We then account for export persistence, as well as company fixed effects and finally, use System-GMM estimators to address potential reversed causality issues. These approaches represent substantial methodological improvements compared with previous studies on the trade effects of private standards. The empirical innovation is crucial for accurate impact estimation, as results indicate that certification to standards has a positive effect on the export volumes of companies, but that the significant effect dwindles as soon as unobserved firm heterogeneity and export persistency are properly controlled for. Additional studies with large data availabilities are needed to further disentangle the effect and confirm the case study results. |
| Keywords: | Horticultural exports, Private standards, Trade effects, Developing countries, Dynamic panel, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, C23, F13, L15, O13, Q17, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:kucawp:146521&r=cwa |
| By: | Yang, Shang-Ho; Woods, Timothy A. |
| Abstract: | This study examines farm market patron responses to food sampling experiences and provides a baseline of regional differences of consumer interest in various products selling in the farmers market. Results show that the sampling strategy can highly engage consumers’ attention and easy to spread the product information. Food sampling showed a number of immediate product purchasing impacts, as well as other behaviors positively impacting vendor sales. The most important reason patrons identified that encouraged them to try a sample was friendliness of vendors. Sampling is a highly experiential merchandising strategy that fits in well with the farm market venue. More than half of the patrons indicated actually purchasing after sampling that were not planning to buy the product that day before the food sampling. |
| Keywords: | consumer behavior, farm market, food sampling, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Marketing, Q13, Q18, |
| Date: | 2013–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea13:146711&r=cwa |
| By: | Salmon, Yves |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2013–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao13:146640&r=cwa |
| By: | Sutter, Jim |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao13:146788&r=cwa |
| By: | Holliday, Barry |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao13:146850&r=cwa |
| By: | Morecraft, Bill |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao13:146851&r=cwa |
| By: | Allen, Art |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao13:146867&r=cwa |
| By: | Bent Flyvbjerg |
| Abstract: | This article asks how planning scholarship may effectively gain impact in planning practice through media exposure. In liberal democracies the public sphere is dominated by mass media. Therefore, working with such media is a prerequisite for effective public impact of planning research. Using the example of megaproject planning, it is illustrated how so-called "phronetic planning research," which explicitly incorporates in its methodology active and strategic collaboration with media, may be helpful in generating change in planning practice via the public sphere. Main lessons learned are: (1) Working with mass media is an extremely cost-effective way to increase the impact of planning scholarship on practice; (2) Recent developments in information technology and social media have made impact via mass media even more effective; (3) Research on "tension points," i.e., points of potential conflict, are particularly interesting to media and the public, and are especially likely to generate change in practice; and (4) Tension points bite back; planning researchers should be prepared for, but not afraid of, this. |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1304.1665&r=cwa |
| By: | Javier Alonso; Maria Lamuedra; David Tuesta |
| Abstract: | Reverse mortgages have been established as an alternative for generating liquid flows of income during retirement in some developed countries. Given that the risks associated with lower income during old age are usually covered by a wide range of sources of funding, this paper analyses the potentiality of reverse mortgages as alternative income during old age. This work focuses on the case of Chile, based on information extracted from national surveys that map out the behaviour of representative individuals divided into income quintiles. The changes from 2010 to 2050 are observed on the basis of reasonable assumptions. The pension replacement rates have been found to have increased by nearly 30 points as a result of incorporating life annuities derived from property assets. This result supports the concept of not just fixing policies aimed at improving formal pension schemes, but facilitating private financial mechanisms that generate other suitable forms of income during old age derived from other assets. |
| Keywords: | reverse mortgage, private pensions, pension funds, defined contribution |
| JEL: | G23 J32 G22 D14 G21 |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bbv:wpaper:1311&r=cwa |
| By: | Ashwini Deshpande (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi, India); Smriti Sharma (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi, India) |
| Abstract: | We use unit-level data from the registered manufacturing segment of the Third and Fourth rounds of the Indian Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) census data for 2001-2 and 2006-7 respectively, to understand the changes in involvement and dynamics not only of Dalits (officially, Scheduled Castes, or SCs), but also of other marginalized groups, specifically Adivasis (officially, Scheduled Tribes, or STs) and women, in this sector. We empirically estimate the growth rates for these enterprises and analyse the determinants, including caste and gender of the enterprise owner. We find clear and persistent caste and gender disparities in virtually all enterprise characteristics in the registered manufacturing MSME sector. The share of SC-ST ownership has declined over the period, SC-ST enterprises tend to be smaller, more rural than urban, have a greater share of owner-operated (single employee) units. The inter-state variation in share of ST-SC businesses reveals that with the exception of the tribal majority north-eastern states, SC and ST businesses are under-represented as compared to their share in state populations. The sectoral mix varies considerably by rural-urban location as well as by the caste and gender of the owner. The traditional stigmatizing association with leather-work continues to be one of the top five business activities for SCs and not for other caste groups. The gender-caste overlap indicates that the share of female-owned and female-managed enterprises is significantly greater among SC-ST-owned enterprises, than those owned by Others, and especially by Hindu upper-castes.The majority of the MSME workforce is employed in non-SC-ST owned firms. Also, there is evidence of homophily in OBC and upper-caste-owned firms, suggesting that the rise in Dalit entrepreneurship is key to increasing Dalit employment in the small business sector. While it is significant that there is now an emerging section of Dalit entrepreneurs, we find that most Dalit businesses occupy a very different place in the production chain, viz., that they are engaged in the bottom-of-the-ladder, low productivity, survival activities, as can be seen from our estimates of their lower rate of growth, after controlling for other characteristics. Thus, we find that entrepreneurship as a vehicle for social mobility for Dalits is yet to become a reality for India. |
| Date: | 2013–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cde:cdewps:228&r=cwa |