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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Bojnec, Stefan |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses agricultural and rural capital factor markets in the three European Union candidate countries: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia and Turkey. Aggregate capital market indicators and their dynamics, and factors driving agricultural and rural capital markets are analysed and compared in these countries. In general, agricultural and rural capital markets show similarities with general capital market developments, but agricultural and rural capital markets are facing specific credit constraints related to agricultural assets and rural fixed asset specificities, which constrain their mortgages and collateral use. Credit market imperfections have limited access to the investment credits necessary for the restructuring of small-scale individual farms. Government transfers are used to differing extents in the candidate countries, but generally tend to increase over time. Remittances and donor funds have also played an important role in agricultural and rural economy investments. |
| Keywords: | Capital market, agriculture and rural areas, European Union, candidate countries, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Political Economy, |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:famawp:117489&r=cwa |
| By: | Bojnec, Stefan |
| Abstract: | The paper provides an overview and a comparison of land markets covering the three candidate countries for European Union membership: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia and Turkey. We analyse and compare agricultural land structures and factors driving land markets. The analyses are based on the available cross-section and time-series evidence on agricultural land structures and land productivity (yields). The land productivity measured by production per hectare of agricultural land varies between the three countries. Agricultural land structures are the result of historical evolution in land markets and land-leasing developments with additional different institutional environments and agrarian and land reforms. |
| Keywords: | Land markets, land structures, land productivity, candidate countries, European Union, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use, Political Economy, |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:famawp:117482&r=cwa |
| By: | Hasan Tekguc (Mardin Artuklu Univeristy) |
| Abstract: | Complete markets imply the separation of food production and consumption decisions such that they can be modeled to occur sequentially and can be studied independently. Separation is very often assumed implicitly in empirical studies of food demand. If there is such separation, then food sourced within the household should not have any influence upon the budget share of each food group. Using this insight, this paper first develops a procedure to test for the separation of household food production and consumption decisions. Furthermore, it incorporates the testing procedure into the Almost Ideal Demand Systems model and utilizes survey data from 2003 for Turkey for empirical testing. It concludes that the separation assumption is unwarranted for Turkey. Next, It investigates the extent of bias in elasticity estimates when separation assumption is unwarranted. It concludes that ignoring the nonseparation of consumption and production decisions in rural areas leads to significant overestimation of food expenditure elasticity for the dairy products and eggs and own-price elasticity for bread and cereals. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural household models, own-produced food consumption, Turkey, elasticity estimates, dairy products |
| JEL: | Q12 D12 D13 |
| Date: | 2011–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mrd:martwp:2011-01&r=cwa |
| By: | Sadia Mariam Malik (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.) |
| Abstract: | This study is an attempt to examine empirically the association between socio-economic measures of deprivation—such as food insecurity, landlessness, unemployment, and human under-development—and the incidence of violent conflict as measured by the number of violent attacks across districts in Pakistan. The study uses a linear probability model in which the dependent variable is defined on the basis of the presence or absence of violent attacks in a particular district. The results of the study indicate that in addition to the provincial-level fixed characteristics, landlessness and food insecurity are positively and robustly associated with the probability of violent attacks across districts in Pakistan. Quite contrary to the general impression held, the number of madrassahs (religious seminaries), employment rate, and literacy rate appear to be statistically irrelevant, on average, in terms of determining the probability of the presence of violent conflict across districts in Pakistan. While emphasising the need to collect better data on the intensity of violent conflict— to take into account both the incidence as well as the origin of violent attacks across districts in Pakistan—the study raises some important questions regarding the role of landlessness and food insecurity that need to be investigated further in future studies on socio-economic drivers of violent conflict in Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Violent Conflict, Militancy, Food Insecurity, Landlessness, Pakistan |
| JEL: | O29 D63 D74 F52 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:71&r=cwa |
| By: | G. M. Arif (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.); Nasir Iqbal (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.); Shujaat Farooq (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.) |
| Abstract: | This study has used two rounds of the two panel data sets to examine the poverty dynamics in rural Pakistan (Sindh and Punjab). The Pakistan Socio- Economic Survey (PSES ) covers two periods, 1998 and 2000, while the Pakistan Rural Household Survey (PRHS) covers the 2001 and 2004 period. More than one-fifth of the households were chronically poor in the PSES rounds , and 11 percent in the PRHS rounds. Further, both chronic and transitory poverty are higher in Sindh and southern Punjab than in centra l and northern Punjab. Illiteracy, household size, dependency ratio, lack of livestock, landlessness, lack of ownership of dwellings, and health expenditure are the factors responsible for aggravating long-term poverty. The higher incidence of transitory poverty in rural Sindh and southern Punjab indicates the impact of large investments made in the public sector to raise the living standards there to the level of the better-off regions. |
| Keywords: | Poverty, Chronic Poverty, Household Panel Datasets, Rural Pakistan |
| JEL: | I3 I32 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:74&r=cwa |
| By: | Barbara Dietz (Osteuropa-Institut, Regensburg (Institut for East European Studies)); Kseniia Gatskova (Osteuropa-Institut, Regensburg (Institut for East European Studies)); Achim Schmillen (Osteuropa-Institut, Regensburg (Institut for East European Studies)) |
| Abstract: | Internal migration flows in Kazakhstan are of high social and political relevance but political and public attention has primarily been devoted to external movements. This paper presents the main descriptive results of a new household survey on migration and remittances in Kazakhstan which was conducted in four cities (Almaty, Astana, Karaganda and Pavlodar) between October and December 2010. It summarizes the survey’s methodology, gives an overview over the basic characteristics of respondents, illustrates migration experiences on the individual and the household level and compares migrants and non-migrants. Furthermore, the prevalence of remittances and attitudes towards migration are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Kazakhstan, data analysis, regional migration, remittances |
| JEL: | C81 F24 R23 |
| Date: | 2011–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ost:wpaper:304&r=cwa |
| By: | Rehana Siddiqui (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.); Hafiz Hanzla Jalil (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.); Muhammad Nasir (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.); Wasim Shahid Malik (Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.); Mahmood Khalid (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.) |
| Abstract: | This study is an attempt to explore the cost of unserved energy due to power outages in Pakistan that started in 2007. The study is based on a survey conducted for four major industrial cities of Punjab—Gujrat, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Sialkot. In addition to quantification of output losses, the effect on employment, cost of production, and delay in supply orders are also examined. The output loss is quantified using two-dimensional analyses, controlling for variations in the duration of outages and in the shift hours. The survey data reveal that employment has not suffered any significant drop due to alternative energy arrangements. These arrangements, nevertheless, have increased the production cost of the firms. Delays in the delivery of supply orders are also due to energy shortage. The study reports that the total industrial output loss varies between 12 percent and 37 percent, with Punjab as the major affected province. |
| Keywords: | Energy Crises, Output Loss, Pakistan |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:75&r=cwa |
| By: | Antje Kroeger; Kristina Meier |
| Abstract: | Many Tajik are confronted with the financial crisis that influences their decision making in everyday life, including their behavior in the labor market. In our paper, we aim to study the impact of the financial crisis 2008/2009 on individual labor market decisions in Tajikistan by enlarging usual determinants with a set of macroeconomic variables. This is the first study investigating the impact of the financial crisis in developing countries using fixed effects estimation. Using two waves of a unique panel data set, we find that the global financial crisis heavily impacts employment patterns in Tajikistan. Our results show that regular wage employment decreases significantly during times of economic turmoil. We also examine gender differences of the impact on employment structures and find that men and women are affected through different channels: as wage employed women mostly work in unprotected and not guaranteed jobs, they were more likely than men to change their employment status during the crisis. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa11p747&r=cwa |
| By: | Katsushi Imai; Raghav Gaiha; Abdilahi Ali; Nidhi Kaicker |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:1125&r=cwa |
| By: | Hasan, Dr. Syed Akif; Subhani, Dr. Muhammad Imtiaz; Osman, Ms. Amber |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the waste management system of Pakistan while lifting a question on awareness, importance and the practices of waste management with a debate that whether or not the perceived awareness and importance of waste management has really turned up into the waste management practice in Pakistan. The findings confirms that there is no significant perceived awareness and sense for managing wastes (importance) in the various municipalities of all of the provinces of Pakistan and therefore, they do not generate the healthy waste management practices in almost every municipality and at times the practices are pathetic. |
| Keywords: | Waste Management System; Waste Fractions; Sense for managing wastes; Municipality |
| JEL: | Q53 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:34752&r=cwa |
| By: | Hasan Tekguc (Mardin Artuklu Univeristy; Mardin Artuklu Univeristy) |
| Abstract: | Until 2008 access to healthcare was very stratified in Turkey depending on the insurance scheme the employed person belonged to. A widely accepted ranking of health services of different pension schemes in Turkey (from best to worst) is Government Employees Retirement Fund (GERF),Social Insurance Institution (SII) for workers, Bağ-Kur (BK) for urban self-employed and farmers, Green Card (a means-tested poverty relief scheme), and uncovered population with no formal right to access hospital services. The reforms enacted between 2004 and 2008 had gradually eliminated the stratification in access to health care among separate schemes. Even though the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) has tracked satisfaction with health services; to our knowledge, our paper is the first attempt that tries to validate the above ranking empirically using an objective and cumulative measure. In order to test this claim, we chose age-adjusted average age of death and age-adjusted death rate as outcome variables. We were able to obtain the most comprehensive data for insurees of SII for the period 2000-10, of BK for 2004-10 (separately for urban self-employed and farmers) and of Green Card old age pensioners for 2007-10 (no data for GERF). Among the groups for which data is available, SII members have the highest age-adjusted age of death as expected: for men (women) average age of death is 66 (68.5) years for SII insurees, 63.7 (66.5) for farmers in BK and 65.2 (64.5) for self-employed BK insurees. Green Card beneficiaries have the highest age adjusted death rate as expected. If the death rate prevailing for other insurees had held for Green Card members as well, the death toll would have been halved (from 64,062 to 31,700 for 2009) for old age pensioners in Green Card. Unfortunately we are unable to adjust our findings for income level and education so all the differences could not be attributed to stratified access to healthcare. |
| Keywords: | age-adjusted age of death, eclectic healthcare, Turkey |
| Date: | 2011–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mrd:martwp:2011-05&r=cwa |
| By: | Hasan Tekguc (Mardin Artuklu Univeristy) |
| Abstract: | Instead of international agreement between Syria, Iraq, and Turkey, the best hope for sustainable water conservation in the Euphrates-Tigris river basin lies with policies that can be justified on individual and local grounds within Turkey: reducing water run-off and accompanied pollution; reducing soil salinity; developing drought resistant strains of crops; and storing water as an insurance against future droughts that are likely to increase in occurrence and intensity as a result of climate change induced extreme weather. After reviewing the predictions on climate change for the region, irrigation related problems including out-migration, I evaluate policy options for water conservation: i) agricultural training and extension services, ii) escalating user fees for water to encourage conservation at micro level, iii) reforming of Water User Associations (WUAs). The least controversial policy to pursue is on-the-ground agricultural training and extension. Unfortunately, implementing escalating user fees for water – the most advocated solution – cannot be separated from democratizing WUAs – the most vexing problem – to open board seats and management to ordinary members. |
| Keywords: | South-eastern Turkey, climate change, salinity, migration, Water User Associations |
| JEL: | Q53 Q57 H41 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mrd:martwp:2011-04&r=cwa |
| By: | Katsushi S. Imai (Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, UK); Raghav Gaiha (Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, India); Abdilahi Ali (School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, UK); Nidhi Kaicker (Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, India) |
| Abstract: | The present study re-examines the effects of remittances on growth of GDP per capita using annual panel data for 24 Asia and Pacific countries. The results generally confirm that remittance flows have been beneficial to economic growth. However, our analysis also shows that the volatility of capital inflows such as remittances and FDI is harmful to economic growth. This means that, while remittances contribute to better economic performance, they are also a source of output shocks. Finally, remittances contribute to poverty reduction – especially through their direct effects. Migration and remittances are thus potentially a valuable complement to broad-based development efforts. |
| Keywords: | remittance, economic growth, volatility, poverty, Asia |
| JEL: | C23 F24 I32 O15 O47 O53 |
| Date: | 2011–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2011-30&r=cwa |
| By: | Nabeshima, Kaoru |
| Abstract: | Two new developments in the global landscape - growing concerns towards global warming and the rising prices of commodities – require countries to craft new growth strategies. These recent developments in the global market offer fresh industrial opportunities as well as difficulties for developing countries embarking on industrialization. In this paper, we examine current developments in global market that would affect industrialization prospects in East Asia and explores development strategies that are suitable for development based on export oriented manufacturing industries in a green world. |
| Keywords: | East Asia, Southeast Asia, Industrialization, Climatic change, Economic development, Development plans, Green growth, Environment and trade |
| JEL: | F18 O14 Q01 |
| Date: | 2011–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper314&r=cwa |
| By: | Shingo Ishiguro (Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we present a dynamic general equilibrium model to investigate how different contracting modes based on formal and relational enforcements endogenously emerge and are dynamically linked with the process of economic development. Formal contracts are enforced by third party institutions (courts), while relational contracts are self-enforcing agreements without any third party involvement. The novel feature of our model is to demonstrate the co-evolution of these different enforcement modes and market equilibrium conditions, all of which are jointly determined. We then characterize the equilibrium paths of such dynamic processes and show the time structure of relational contracting (self-enforcing agreement) in the endogenous process of economic development. In particular we show that relational contracting fosters the emergence of the market-based economy in low development stages but its role declines as the economy grows and enters high development stages. |
| Keywords: | dynamic general equilibrium, economic development, armfs length contract, relational contract |
| JEL: | D86 E10 O11 |
| Date: | 2011–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osk:wpaper:1131&r=cwa |
| By: | Subhani, Dr. Muhammad Imtiaz; Osman, Ms. Amber |
| Abstract: | Risk as expected is not that fearsome matter, although it may keep management awake at night; revenue would not be possible without it. Enterprise Risk Management at basics is broadly portrayed as structure of handling and managing risk across an organization. The key concern of this research is to investigate the ERM. The findings highlight that there are very few enterprises from developing nations which are into ERM while the developed nations’ enterprises are huskily and vigorously involved in it and this gap is due to the lack of awareness and serious concerns for value maximization of enterprise share holders in developing nations. |
| Keywords: | Risk; Enterprise Risk Management; Financial Institutions; Developed Nations; Developing Nations |
| JEL: | G32 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:34760&r=cwa |
| By: | Rajan, Ramkishen (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper revisits the issue of exchange rate regimes in emerging Asia. It is divided into two main parts. The first part compares de jure and de facto exchange rate regimes in Asia over the decade 1999–2009. The second part focuses on the sustained stockpiling of reserves in developing and emerging Asian economies since 2000 (interrupted only briefly by the global financial crisis). The paper concludes with some observations on the management of Asian currencies in light of the global financial crisis and concerns about global imbalances. |
| Keywords: | exchange rate regimes; exchange rate management; emerging asia; global financial crisis; global imbalances |
| JEL: | F14 F31 F41 |
| Date: | 2011–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0322&r=cwa |
| By: | Huseyin Cagri Akkoyun; Bahar Sen Dogan; Mahmut Gunay |
| Abstract: | [TR] Bu calismada Turkiye ekonomisinin kuresel ekonomi ile iliskisi incelenmektedir. Bu dogrultuda, milli gelirimiz ile bilesenlerinin cevrimleriyle ABD ve euro bolgesi is cevrimleri arasindaki korelasyonlar farkli frekans bantlari icin hesaplanmistir. Sonuclar, Turkiye ekonomisinin euro bolgesi ile daha cok kisa ve orta vadede, ABD ile ise daha ziyade orta ve uzun vadede iliskili olduguna isaret etmektedir. ABD ile olan iliskinin gucu, dis ticaretten baska kanallarin da ekonomimiz icin onemini gostermektedir. Ayrica sonuclar, Turkiye ekonomisinin bu iki ekonomi ile iliskisinin derecesinin 2001 sonrasi donemde kayda deger olcude arttigini gostermektedir. [EN] In this study, we aim at investigating the sensitivity of Turkish economy to the global economy. In this framework, we calculate the correlation between “cycles of gross domestic product (GDP) and its components” and “cycles of the US GDP and Euro Area GDP” for different frequency bands. The results indicate that Euro Area developments are correlated with Turkish economy mostly in the short and medium term while the developments in the US economy are correlated with Turkish economy mostly in the medium and long run. The high correlation with the US also suggests that non-trade channels for Turkish economy are also important. In addition, results show that the correlation of the Turkish economy with foreign economies significantly increased after 2001. |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:econot:1119&r=cwa |
| By: | Murat Duran; Eda Gulsen; Refet Gurkaynak |
| Abstract: | Reel ve nominal getirilerin kiyaslanmasiyla elde edilen enflasyon telafisi enflasyon beklentileri ve enflasyon risklerinin fiyatlanmasina iliskin piyasa bazli, gercek zamanli bilgi icerir. Bu calismada, nominal ve reel getiri egrileri tahmin edilerek Turkiye icin enflasyon telafisi hesaplanmistir. Bu sekilde hesaplanan enflasyon telafisi vade yapisindaki degisikliklerin para otoritesinin kredibilitesine dair verdigi bilgi vaka calismalari ile aciga cikarilmistir. Calismada, Turkiye icin hesaplanan enflasyon telafilerinin uzerinde likidite kosullarinin gunluk frekansta kayda deger bir etkisinin olmadigi belirlenmis, dolayisiyla enflasyon surprizleri, para politikasi kararlari ve iletisimi gibi cesitli vakalarin enflasyon telafisi uzerindeki etkilerinin buyuk olcude enflasyon beklentileri ve belirsizliginin fiyatlanmasinda meydana gelen degismelere atfedilebilecegi gosterilmistir. |
| Keywords: | Enflasyon telafisi, Reel getiri, Vaka calismasi |
| JEL: | G12 G14 E43 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:1122&r=cwa |