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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | M.N. Murty |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the possibility of using economic instruments, especially pollution taxes and bargaining approaches, as a means to encourage or improve people’s participation in environmental management in India. It provides an intuitive description of methods for designing economic instruments and bargaining approaches. A case study describes the estimation of pollution taxes for controlling air pollution in thermal power generation in India. Another case study examining some bargaining methods that are already in force in India shows their usefulness in controlling industrial pollution. [SANDEE Working Paper No. 48-10] |
| Keywords: | Pollution tax, Bargaining, Collective action, Transaction costs, Decentralized solutions, India |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2676&r=cwa |
| By: | Ramani K V; Mavalankar Dileep; Tapasvi Puwar; Joshi Sanjay; Kumar Harish; Malek Imran |
| Abstract: | Globally, more than 10 million children under 5 years of age, die every year (20 children per minute), most from preventable causes, and almost all in poor countries. Major causes of child death include neonatal disorders (death within 28 days of birth), diarrhea, pneumonia, and measles. Malnutrition accounts for almost 35 % of childhood diseases. India alone accounts for almost 5000 child deaths under 5 years old (U5) every day. India.s child heath indicators are poor even compared with our Asian neighbors, namely Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Nepal and Bangladesh. Within India, the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh account for almost 60 % of all child deaths India.s neonatal mortality, which accounts for almost 50 % of U5 deaths, is one of the highest in the world. India launched the Universal Immunization Program in 1985, but the status of full immunization in India has reached only 43.5 % by 2005-06. India started the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) in 1975 to provide supplementary nutrition to children, but 50 % of our children are still malnourished; nearly double that of Sub-Saharan Africa. The WHO/UNICEF training program on Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses, known as IMNCI, started in India a few years ago, but the progress is very slow. What is unfortunate is the fact that most of these deaths are preventable through proven interventions: preventive interventions and/or treatment interventions, but the management of childhood illnesses is very poor. In this working paper, we bring out the nature and magnitude of child deaths in India (Chapter 1) and then share with you in Chapters 2, 3 and 4 our observations on the management of some of national programs of the government of India such as The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) The Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) The Integrated Management of Neonatal and Child Illnesses (IMNCI) In the final chapter (Chapter 5), we highlight certain managerial challenges to satisfactorily address the child mortality and morbidity in our country. |
| Date: | 2010–02–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:wp2010-02-01&r=cwa |
| By: | Girja Sharan; T. Madhavan |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the process of Environmental Control in Greenhouse and Animal Houses with Earth-Tube-Heat-Exchangers in hot semi-arid north-west India. [Working Paper No. 2009-11-04] |
| Keywords: | earth-tube-heat- exchanger; greenhouse; semi- arid areas |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2683&r=cwa |
| By: | Dasgupta, Purnamita; Sirohi, Smita |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a brief review of the trends in foodgrain production in India, the determinants of its growth and domestic foodgrain supply projections to draw inferences about the future foodgrain production trends. The foodgrain supply forecasts are examined in relation to the likely demand of foodgrains to answer whether India would have a situation of food surplus or deficit. The paper summarizes the supply and demand side aspects of food security in the context of climate change- covering on one hand, the climate change impact on availability and stability of food supplies and on the other, its likely influence on the access and utilization dimensions of food demand. |
| Keywords: | food security; climate change |
| JEL: | Q11 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:24067&r=cwa |
| By: | Indra Nath Mukherji (Research and Information System for Developing Countries) |
| Abstract: | Relations between India and Nepal have been bound by long-standing geographical, historical, cultural, social and economic ties that the peoples of the two countries have shared since times immemorial. For quite some time, and particularly with the installation of Maoist-led coalition government in August 2008, the demand for revision of treaties trade and of peace and friendship was being made in the context of new developments in bilateral relationships. Underscoring the close linkage between security and economy, India’s first treaty of Trade and Commerce with Nepal was signed on the same day as the Treaty of Peace and Friendship on 31 July 1950. The first section of this paper traces historically, the evolution of India’s Trade and Transit Treaties with Nepal beginning from the time such a Treaty was initiated in 1950 till the last revision was enacted on 28 October 2009. The paper focuses particularly on the last revision to analyze to what extent it addresses the concerns of the respective governments and stakeholders. The impression obtained is that the amendments rightly stress on a variety of non-tariff barriers as also non-tariff measures that need to be streamlined to enable trade, particularly exports from Nepal to flow more smoothly to India. However some time-bound institutional mechanism needs to be put in place to ensure that the incorporated provisions do not remain in the nature of best endeavor clauses. This is particularly relevant given that with the signing of several bilateral/regional free trade agreements by India over the last decade, the preference margin being enjoyed by Nepal has been severely eroded. In this context India’s offer to consider the removal of special additional duties on Nepalese exports to India (on specific request from Nepal) appears plausible. The paper highlights the trend in bilateral trade between the two countries. It notes that barring setbacks in certain years, the bilateral trade between the two countries has been growing briskly. It notes that even though Nepal has been able to diversify its trade with India, its trade deficit with India has been increasing sharply, and its export earnings are barely sufficient to meet the cost of imports of petroleum products from India. The paper identifies products with high trade potential of both the countries so that these could be targeted in trade facilitation measures or when mutual recognition of each country’s certification is accepted by the other. Noting the close linkage between trade and investment, the paper examines the volume and status of Indian foreign direct investments in Nepal. An exercise in intra-industry trade between the two countries gives direction for sectors/industries in which Indian investment could flow.The paper expresses concern about the labour situation in Nepal and the lack of arbitration tribunals in case of dispute. Quite a number of Indian industries have been shut down and those in the pipeline could also be adversely affected. In this context the need for long- pending Bilateral Investment treaty between the two countries has been emphasized. |
| Keywords: | India, Nepal, security, trade, trade and transit treaty, trade treaty |
| JEL: | F10 F14 F21 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eab:tradew:2215&r=cwa |
| By: | Ravindra H Dholakia; Amir Bashir Bazaz; Astha Agarwalla; Prasoon Agarwal |
| Abstract: | The paper is based on the 8 Input – Output (I-O) tables for the Indian economy available over a period of 36 years from 1968-69 to 2003-04. The technical progress (TP) in the context of the I-O tables is based on the concept of a production function defining the relationship between gross output and material inputs as well as value added at the disaggregated sectoral level. The paper attempts to answer the following questions: (i) Was the TP substantial and continuous throughout the period?; (ii) Was the rate of TP during the inward looking and outward looking growth strategy phases of the economy the same?; and (iii) Was the rate of TP at the disaggregated sectoral level almost constant over time? In order to measure the rate of TP, the available eight national I-O tables in India are first made compatible for the number, scope and definitions of sectors as well as for prices by converting them at constant 1993-94 prices. Chenery-Watanabe coefficient is used for measuring the rate of TP for different sectors across the 8 IO tables. [Working Paper No. 2009-11-02] |
| Keywords: | Input-Output (I-O), Technical Progress, Technical coefficients, Indian economy, Liberalization, Globalization |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2694&r=cwa |
| By: | Urvashi Narain; Klaas Van't Veld; Shreekant Gupta |
| Abstract: | Using purpose-collected survey data from 535 households in 60 different villages of the Jhabua district of India, this paper investigates the extent to which rural households depend on common-pool natural resources for their daily livelihood. Previous studies have found that resource dependence— defined as the fraction of total income derived from common-pool resources—strongly decreases with income. This study uncovers a more complex relationship. [Working Paper No. 134] |
| Keywords: | India, Madhya Pradesh, poverty, environment, common-pool natural resources, rural households |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2700&r=cwa |
| By: | Vangal R Muraleedharan; Bhuvaneswari Rajaraman; Sonia Andrews; Stephen Jan |
| Abstract: | During the past one decade, the concept of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) has gained much prominence in healthcare sector in India. The foremost objective of such partnerships has been to improve the accessibility and quality of health care at relatively low costs. To control the spread of Tuberculosis (TB), the World Health Organisation (WHO) has promoted the strategy of Directly Observed Treatment, Short course (DOTS). The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) which has adopted this strategy since early 1990s has designed several specific schemes for involving the private sector and Non Governmental Organisation (NGOs) across the country. This study aims at analysing the experience of PPP in the RNTCP, with special reference to Tamil Nadu and Kerala two southern states of India. The study suggests that there is vast scope for strengthening the PPP strategy. It argues that policy measures in future should aim to (a) encourage private practitioners accept the treatment regimes prescribed by RNTCP through better information and training (b) involve to a greater extent NGOs and PPs through better incentive mechanisms and (c) improve manpower for better monitoring and supervision of the NGOs/PPs involved in RNTCP. [HEFP Working Paper 03/05] |
| Keywords: | Public-Private Partnership (PPP), healthcare sector, India, Tuberculosis (TB), World Health Organisation (WHO), Directly Observed Treatment, Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), Non Governmental Organisation (NGOs), Tamil Nadu, Kerala |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2696&r=cwa |
| By: | J.V. Meenakshi; A Banerji |
| Abstract: | Many small wholesale grain markets in India are characterized by large numbers of sellers and a relatively small number of buyers, thereby lending the price formation process open to manipulation through collusion. Government intervention limits the extent of such manipulation through the institution of regulated markets, where the rules of exchange are clearly spelled out and the price formation process is transparent. Unfortunately, recent studies that document how agricultural markets operate—especially in Northern India—and the extent to which they hinder or serve farmers, are rare. In this paper we attempt to fill this gap by studying the functioning of a regulated basmati paddy market in the state of Haryana in North India. [Working Paper No. 91] |
| Keywords: | Wholesale, grain markets, manipulation, price formation, transparent, agricultural markets, basmati, paddy markets |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2701&r=cwa |
| By: | Rekha Jain; G. Raghuram |
| Abstract: | Despite the tremendous growth of mobile services in most developing countries, these have largely remained limited to urban areas. This has further aggravated the existing urban and rural divide. Policy makers and regulators perceive the need for an effective regulatory and policy environment to reduce the gap, as there are several market challenges in this endeavor, including low commercial viability. However, most such interventions have had little success. This paper outlines India.s experience of increasing rural teledensity, including its recent policy initiative to increase penetration through creation of a Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) that supported a variety of innovative initiatives. [W.P. No. 2009-06-03] |
| Keywords: | Rural Telecom, Universal Access, Universal Service, Universal Service Obligation Fund, Viability Gap Funding, Rural Teledensity |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2704&r=cwa |
| By: | Sadhana Srivastava; Ramkishen S. Rajan |
| Abstract: | An important and vigorous policy debate ongoing in Asia concerns the impact of the economic rise of the PRC on the rest of the region. This paper examines the relative performances of the PRC, selected ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand), and India over time, as well as the intensity and changing dynamics of their intra-regional economic interactions. Focus is on trends and patterns in merchandise trade, trade in commercial services, and FDI flows the last two decades and potential impact of the PRC’s continued economic emergence on ASEAN and India. [Working Paper No. 14] |
| Keywords: | vigorous policy, debate, Asia, Economic Rise, ASEAN, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, intra-regional, economic interactions, commercial services, potential impact, |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2680&r=cwa |
| By: | Ram Upendra Das; Meenakshi Rishi (Research and Information System for Developing Countries) |
| Abstract: | Trade liberalization and financial deepening have assumed greater significance for a country’s economic growth performance in recent times. Several theoretical and empirical studies have devoted considerable attention to the association between economic performance and trade liberalization as well as to the connections between financial market development and economic growth. However, literature is sparse in terms of the direct linkages between trade openness and financial sector development. This paper finds that trade openness and financial development are complementary and econometrically tests this hypothesis for India over a period of time. However, two important policy implications of the analysis presented in this paper deserve attention. First, although financial deepening has emerged as an important aspect of the economic growth strategy in the Indian context, since the sources of such a deepening may be both domestic as well as external; the importance of a judicious policy mix cannot be neglected, especially in the wake of the current global financial meltdown. Second, as documented in the econometric analysis, the complementarities between trade openness and financial deepening appear to be less pronounced. However, this should be interpreted with some caution. While the Indian data suggest that trade and financial liberalization policies may possibly be pursued independent of each other, this by no means suggests that there are no reinforcing linkages between the two. |
| Keywords: | trade openess, financial liberalisation, India |
| JEL: | F13 F15 C01 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eab:tradew:2217&r=cwa |
| By: | Gurdev Singh |
| Abstract: | This working paper discusses the dependence of Indian agriculture on uncertain rains. In addition the farmers experience other production risks as well as marketing risks related to different crop enterprises and for different agro-climatic regions and areas. It then argues on the need for crop insurance as an alternative to manage production risk. It then takes up the historical overview of crop insurance products and their performance. It is followed by the discussion on the currently available crop insurance products for specific crops and regions. It discusses at length the two important products, namely, National Agricultural Insurance Scheme and Weather Based Insurance Scheme. It also reflects on some deficiencies in these products. |
| Date: | 2010–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:wp2010-06-01&r=cwa |
| By: | Ashima Goyal (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research); Sanchit Arora (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | We study, with daily and monthly data sets, the impact of conventional monetary policy measures such as interest rates, intervention and other quantitative measures, and of Central Bank communication on exchange rate volatility. Since India has a managed float, we also test if the measures affect the level of the exchange rate. Using dummy variables in the best of an estimated family of GARCH models, we find forex market intervention to be the most effective of all the CB instruments evaluated for the period of analysis. We also find that CB communication has a large potential but was not effectively used. |
| Keywords: | exchange rate volatility, monetary policy, intervention, communication, GARCH |
| JEL: | E52 E58 F31 |
| Date: | 2010–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2010-009&r=cwa |
| By: | Surabhi Mittal |
| Abstract: | The present paper presents the supply and demand trends of rice, wheat, total cereals, pulses, edible oil/oilseeds and sugar/sugarcane. It provides the demand and supply projections for food items during 2011, 2021 and 2026. These projections have been based on change in productivity levels, changes in price, growth of population and income growth. A comparison with projections provided by other scholars has also been made in the paper. Subsequently, the future supply-demand gap has been discussed in the light of policy requirements. It is concluded that an increase in total demand is mainly due to growth in population and per capita income. A diversification in consumption basket significantly away from cereals has been observed. On the supply side, production is constrained by low yield growths. This is more specific in context of total cereals and sugarcane. [Working Paper No. 209] |
| Keywords: | Demand Projection, Supply Projection, India, Food grains |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2703&r=cwa |
| By: | K. Sundaram |
| Abstract: | The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has recently released the report containing key results of the NSS 55th Round Employment-Unemployment Survey covering the period July 1999 thru June 20001 .Being canvassed over a separate set of households, the results of the Employment-Unemployment Survey are also free of the controversies surrounding the NSS 55th Round Consumer Expenditure Survey .They therefore provide an opportunity to review the changes in the size and structure of the work force and in the unemployment situation in the country in the 1990s through a comparative analysis of the results of the large-scale quinquennial surveys for 1993-94 and 1999-2000. The analysis will be primarily at the all-India level. But, at this level of aggregation, they have considered separately the four segments differentiated by gender and rural-urban location: rural males; rural females; urban males; and, urban females. The changes in the size of the work force and the underlying work force participation rates, the industrial distribution of this work force, the changes in labour productivity and, the changes in the extent of unemployment and underemployment in the country has been examined. Finally, They examine the changes in the average number of days worked by a worker on the usual status and the changes, in real terms, in the daily average wage earnings of casual wage labourers and in the average yearly "wage earnings" per capita. [Working Paper No. 89] |
| Keywords: | National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), Employment-Unemployment Survey, Consumer Expenditure Survey, gender, urban females, labour productivity, "wage earnings" per capita |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2702&r=cwa |
| By: | Sabith Ullah Khan |
| Abstract: | Walk down the corridors of any college in Delhi, Bangalore or any of the metros and you will definitely find advertisements calling for executives to join in the “booming ITES industry†for a bright career. Talk to any graduate and ask him what is the easiest way to gain employment in India today and chances are he/she will point towards the ITES industry. After the software boom, this is probably the biggest wave, which has taken India by storm. The IT- Enabled Services Industry (ITES), would provide million jobs by 2008. As of now ITES industry accounts for almost 20 percent of India’s total software exports1. The effect of this industry is not only as far as providing direct employment to the people working in this industry but also to millions of others who are indirectly benefited by the boom in this industry. This paper firstly take a look at how the ITES industry is performing as of today and then moves on to examine how industries related to the ITES industry are being affected as a result of the boom in this segment. The segments investigated include real estate, transport, training, and recruitment. [Working Paper No. 0075] |
| Keywords: | corridors, Delhi, Bangalore, employment, Enabled Services Industry (ITES), million jobs, real estate, transport, training, recruitment |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2689&r=cwa |
| By: | Prashant John; Rajanish Dass |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the current challenges faced by the SME’s in the Indian IT industry and formulates hypotheses on how an intermediary can create an ecosystem to ensure the sustenance and evolution of these firms. The play out in the industry is expected to such that the larger companies in the Indian IT sector will move up the value chain and as they do so they will increasingly move out of the body shopping mode that constitutes the lower end of the outsourcing spectrum. This creates an opportunity and a necessity for the emerging companies and SME’s to fill the void. [W.P. No.2008-03-05] |
| Keywords: | current challenges, SME’s, Indian, IT industry, hypotheses |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2688&r=cwa |