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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Sudip Chaudhuri |
| Abstract: | In line with TRIPS India has introduced a product patent regime in pharmaceuticals from 1 January, 2005. WIll this lead increase in resources deveoted to R and D by Indian companies for the development of new drugs more suited to the needs of India and other developing countries? Can the innovation capabilities be utilized for developing new drugs for neglected diseases? Can India contribte to lowering the cost of new drug development and make drugs more accessible? |
| Keywords: | India, resources, TRIPS, pharmaceuticals, developing countries, drugs, diseases, development, developing countries, developed countries, R&D, |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2149&r=cwa |
| By: | Mita Bhattacharya; Michael Olive |
| Abstract: | In India, manufacturing plays a significant role in economic development, growth and as a source of employment. This paper analyses the pricing behaviour in Indian manufacturing sector considering both domestic and external variables. Price adjustment models are developed based on Industrial Organization literature and are examined with 28 manufacturing industries at the 3-digit level over the period from 1963 to 2001. Domestic structural factors are found to be important in determining speed of price adjustment. |
| Keywords: | Speed of price adjustment; Competitiveness; Indian manufacturing |
| JEL: | D21 L11 L13 L16 L60 |
| Date: | 2009–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2007-04&r=cwa |
| By: | Mita Bhattacharya |
| Abstract: | Child labour is a complex problem basically rooted in poverty. The Government of India has formulated policies since the economic reforms of the early 1990s. Children under fourteen comprise 3.6 per cent of the total labour force in India. Nearly eighty-five per cent are engaged in the traditional agricultural sector, less than nine per cent in manufacturing, services and repairs and only about 0.8 per cent are in factories. The elimination of child labour is a priority and is being implemented at the grass roots level in India. A large number of non-governmental and voluntary organizations are involved in this process along with national and international organisations. This paper reviews the child labour situation in India and analyses the effect of globalisation on child labour. |
| Date: | 2009–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2007-09&r=cwa |
| By: | Jakob B. Madsen; Shishir Saxena; James B. Ang |
| Abstract: | Using over half a century of R&D data for India, this paper tests whether the second-generation endogenous growth theories are consistent with India’s growth experience. Furthermore, the paper also examines the extent to which growth in India can be explained by R&D activity, international R&D spillovers, catch-up to the technology frontier and policy reforms. The empirical results show that the growth in India over the past five decades has been significantly driven by research intensity following the predictions of Schumpeterian growth theory. |
| Keywords: | Schumpeterian growth; semi-endogenous growth; R&D. |
| JEL: | O3 O4 |
| Date: | 2009–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2009-03&r=cwa |
| By: | Abhijit Banerjee |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the role played by caste, education and other social and economic attributes in arranged marriages among middle-class Indians. A unique data set on individuals who placed matrimonial advertisements in a major newspaper, the responses they received, how they ranked them, and the eventual matches is used. The preferences for caste, education, beauty, and other attributes are estimated. A set of stable matches is computed, which is compared to the actual matches that are observed in the data. |
| Keywords: | caste, marriages, India, middle-class, Indians, education, caste, data |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2144&r=cwa |
| By: | Inoue, Takeshi; Hamori, Shigeyuki |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically analyzes India’s monetary policy reaction function by applying the Taylor (1993) rule and its open-economy version which employs dynamic OLS. The analysis uses monthly data from the period of April 1998 to December 2007. When the simple Taylor rule was estimated for India, the output gap coefficient was statistically significant, and its sign condition was found to be consistent with theoretical rationale; however, the same was not true of the inflation coefficient. When the Taylor rule with exchange rate was estimated, the coefficients of output gap and exchange rate had statistical significance with the expected signs, whereas the results of inflation remained the same as before. Therefore, the inflation rate has not played a role in the conduct of India’s monetary policy, and it is inappropriate for India to adopt an inflation-target type policy framework. |
| Keywords: | DOLS, India, Monetary policy, Reaction function, Taylor rule |
| JEL: | E52 |
| Date: | 2009–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper200&r=cwa |
| By: | Subhasis Bera |
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to compare the characteristics of South-South FDI versus North-South FDI in the context of India. The analysis is carried at two levels. First t the overall trends of FDI flows (both inward & outward) is looked at region wise (North versus South), country wise and sector wise. Econometric analysis at the sectoral /industry level for inward FDI from the North and from the South to examine the difference in the characters (if any) of FDI from the two sources was carried out. [WP no. 238]. |
| Keywords: | FDI inflows and outflows, North-South FDI, globalization,, South-South FDI, econometric analysis, |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2143&r=cwa |
| By: | Tsujita, Yuko |
| Abstract: | This paper showed the basic educational status of slum children between 5 and 14 years old. The attendance ratio of slum children is much lower than that of children in Delhi as a whole. Parental perception of education and financing education are the major constraints. Even if children are attending schools, the majority of them are over-aged. There are both demand and supply side reasons for discouraging slum children from attending schooling. As opposed to school-based surveys in previous literature, children in slums are more likely to go to government schools rather than low-fee paying private schools. Some policies are suggested. |
| Keywords: | Education, Slum, India, Children, Poverty |
| JEL: | I20 I21 |
| Date: | 2009–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper199&r=cwa |
| By: | Reetika Khera |
| Abstract: | The paper takes a closer look at an experiment of NREGA training mates (worksite supervisors) in Rajasthan to improve worksite management. It is based on a four-day field visit (11-14 February, 2008) to Jalore district where this experiment is said to have been a success. A team of three researchers visited nine ongoing worksites from two blocks of Jalore (Raniwara and Jalore) and two completed worksites. [CDE WP 180]. |
| Keywords: | NREGA, Gram Panchayats (GPs), wage payment system, Rajasthan, Jalore district, researchers, worksite management, minimum wage, labourers, Government, Productivity, India |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2152&r=cwa |
| By: | Qazi Muhammad Adnan Hye (AERCK, University of Karachi, Pakistan); Asghar Ali (AERCK, University of Karachi, Pakistan) |
| Abstract: | This pioneer research for Pakistan uses monthly time series data for the period of 1997-1 to 2008-4 to determine the causal relationship between the money supply, food prices and manufactured product prices in developing country like Pakistan. Empirical analysis is performed by using the ARDL and Toda Yamamoto causality test. The results show that the bidirectional causality between the food prices and money supply and unidirectional causality from money supply to manufactured product prices. On the other hand there is no causal relationship between the food prices and manufactured product prices. The important finding of this study is that food prices response faster then the manufactured product prices to a change in money supply in the Pakistan. |
| Date: | 2009–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aiu:abewps:78&r=cwa |
| By: | Sumanjeet Singh (Sobhasaria Engineering College, India) |
| Abstract: | The Indian currency has depreciated by more than 20 per cent since April 2008 and breached its crucial 50-level against the greenback on sustained dollar purchases by foreign banks and stronger dollar overseas. The fall in the value of Indian rupee has several consequences which could have mixed effects on Indian economy. But, mainly, there are four expected implications of falling rupee. First, it should boost exports; second, it will lead to higher cost of imported goods and make some of the capital intensive projects more expensive to execute; third, it will increase the cost of dollar loans taken by companies and increase the foreign debt and fourth, it will slow-down the overall economic growth by increasing the interest rate and dissuade flow of FIIs. This paper studies the real implications of the depreciation of the rupee on the Indian economy and shows that in the long run, the Indian economy has more to lose and less to gain with weaker rupee. |
| Date: | 2009–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aiu:abewps:79&r=cwa |
| By: | Milanovic, Branko |
| Abstract: | The results of new direct price level comparisons across 146 countries in 2005 have led to large revisions of PPP (purchasing power parity) exchanges rates, particularly for China and India. The recalculation of international and global inequalities, using the new PPPs, shows that inequalities are substantially higher than previously thought. Inequality between global citizens is estimated at 70 Gini points rather than 65 as before. The richest decile receives 57 percent of global income rather than 50 percent. |
| Keywords: | Global inequality; Purchasing power parity |
| JEL: | D31 I3 O57 |
| Date: | 2009–07–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:16538&r=cwa |
| By: | Nayreen Daruwalla |
| Abstract: | Many victims of domestic violence go to hospitals, but interaction with doctors and nurses tended to stop at treatment for injuries. Engaging with the wider issues—emotional, psychiatric, social, and legal—requires confidence, time, training, protocols, and resources, all of which are in short supply. The Centre for Vulnerable Women and Children is running in Dharavi, Mumbai. The Centre was conceived as a means to address this gap through a partnership between the Municipal Corporation and a non-government organisation (NGO). |
| Keywords: | Mumbai, India, Dharavi, women, children, victims, family, emotional, psychiatric, social, legal, resources, NGO, vulnerable, domestic, violence, |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2147&r=cwa |
| By: | Sule Akkoyunlu (KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | I investigated whether migration is interrelated with trade, aid and remittances so that any policies that consider trade, aid and remittances also affect the decision to migrate. We developed and estimated an empirical model of Turkish migration to Germany and tested the model for the 1969-2004, using the cointegration technique. A single cointegrating vector is found among the gross migration inflows and the following explanatory variables: the relative income ratio between Germany and Turkey, the unemployment rates in Germany and Turkey, aid, the trade intensity variable and the ratio of manufacturing exports with Germany to total exports with Germany and remittances as a ratio of Turkish GDP. The results of this study show that migration, trade, aid and remittances are interrelated, however, migration will be better managed when the dynamic gains from trade and aid are considered. Hence, the broad-based and rapid economic development with increase in income is the only effective means of reducing migration pressures in a labour-surplus country. This is mainly because the income differential is the most significant factor in determining migration flows. |
| Keywords: | Trade, Aid, Remittances, Migration, Cointegration |
| JEL: | C22 F16 F22 F24 F35 |
| Date: | 2009–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kof:wpskof:09-229&r=cwa |
| By: | Shishir Saxena |
| Abstract: | This paper finds that technology stocks and spillovers, have significantly affected the output of Indian manufacturing firms, over the period 1994 to 2006. The technology of a firm is measured, as embodied in its recent stock of plant & machinery, as well as generated through its own R&D. Moreover, investments in both these types of capital by a firm, also generate learning and level of development effects, for all other firms in that industry. |
| Keywords: | Indian manufacturing, equipment, R&D, spillovers |
| JEL: | L6 E22 D24 D62 O30 |
| Date: | 2009–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2007-27&r=cwa |
| By: | ARABINDA MISHRA |
| Abstract: | This study examines household behaviour related to fuelwood collection and use. The focus is on identifying the behavioral transition of fuelwood-using households from collection to purchase. The study examines the theory linking households’ labour allocation decisions to choice of fuel and models household decision using a three-stage least squares probit specification. Household fuelwood choice (purchase/collection) is predicted based on an endogenously determined wage income that depends on the opportunity cost of fuelwood collection. |
| Keywords: | fuelwood, wage income, energy transition, rural orissa, reverse switch, India, households, labour allocation, wage, energy transition, least square probit, opportunity cost |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2145&r=cwa |
| By: | Narayanan, Badri; Hertel, Thomas; Horridge, Mark |
| Abstract: | Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are now routinely utilized for the evaluation of trade policy reforms, yet they are typically quite highly aggregated, which limits their usefulness to trade negotiators who are often interested in impacts at the tariff line. On the other hand, Partial Equilibrium (PE) models, which are typically used for analysis at disaggregate levels, deprive the researcher of the benefits of an economy-wide analysis, which is required to examine the overall impact of broad-based trade policy reforms. Therefore, a PE-GE, nested modeling framework has the prospect of offering an ideal tool for trade policy analysis. In this paper, we develop a PE model that captures international trade, domestic consumption and output, using Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) and Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) structures, market clearing conditions and price linkages, nested within the standard GTAP Model. In particular, we extend the welfare decomposition of Huff and Hertel (2001) to this PE-GE model in order to contrast the sources of welfare gain in PE and GE analyses. To illustrate the usefulness of this model, we examine the contentious issue of tariff liberalization in the Indian auto sector, using PE, GE and PE-GE models. Both the PE and PE-GE models show that the imports of Motorcycles and Automobiles change drastically with both unilateral and bilateral tariff liberalization by India, but the PE model does a poor job predicting the overall size and price level in the industry, post-liberalization. On the other hand, the GE model overestimates substitution between regional suppliers due to false competition and underestimates the welfare gain, due to the problem of tariff averaging in the aggregated model. These findings are shown to be robust to wide variation in model parameters. We conclude that the linked model is superior to both the GE and PE counterparts. |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gta:workpp:3162&r=cwa |
| By: | Oda, Hisaya |
| Abstract: | The 9-11 attack on the US brought a set of changes in overseas migration from Pakistan. One such change is the sharp increase in remittances sent from the United States. The paper argues that the characteristics of remittances from the United States differ from those originating in the Middle East. Just as the overseas Pakistani communities are diversified, the nature and characteristics of remittances are heterogeneous, depending on where they come from and who sends them. While the importance of remittance flows from the United States is rising, not much academic attention has been paid to this issue because of a lack of data. To better understand the reasons behind the increase in US remittances, and in order to evaluate their sustainability, household surveys are necessary. |
| Keywords: | Labor migration, Remittances, Pakistan, United States, Emigrant remittances, Migration, Migrant labor |
| JEL: | J61 O15 O53 |
| Date: | 2009–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper196&r=cwa |
| By: | Karmakar K G |
| Abstract: | The article describes the important role played by Marine fishereis in the Indian economy. It elaborates the issues associated with value addition of this sector with special reference to optimum capacity utilisation of processing industries, product diversification and adherence to quality control regulations. The article suggests a time bound, well defined investment programme backed up by appropriate policy framework and technology infusion programme for the development of Marine Fisheries sector. |
| Keywords: | fisheries sector, Indian economy, investment, processing industries, technology infusion, marine |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2141&r=cwa |
| By: | Murakami, Kaoru |
| Abstract: | This paper examines people’s everyday acts, decisions, and narratives about livelihood and poverty. By doing so, it elucidates the way that family norms produce these acts, decisions, and narratives, and how female subjects are constructed as the result of the effects of family norms, focusing on norms of sexual honor. It shows that people’s sense of belonging is deeply grounded on kinship and it does not just disappear, even if monetary exchange declines and/or conjugal love is idealized. In fact, the value of sexual honor seems to be embedded within the concept of love. Agreeing with the current argument for the necessity of reorganizing the social security system based on citizenship, in order to respond to the changing nature of poverty, this paper argues nonetheless that it would be misleading to suppose that these formal legal institutions would directly shape the citizen subject. |
| Keywords: | Poverty, Sense of belonging, Kinship, Female subject, Turkey, Family, Women |
| Date: | 2009–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper198&r=cwa |
| By: | Arindam Banerjee |
| Abstract: | The paper attempts to appraise the extent of the constraint of credit relations on agricultural production and its differential impact across peasant classes. Additionally, the analysis of the structure of rural indebtedness across peasant classes and size-class groups reveal the significance of a debt-relief policy in the current context and also brings out some of the shortcomings of the ADWDRS announced recently by the government. For this purpose, household-level farm production data is used which was collected in 2006 through a primary field enquiry in three regions, one in West Bengal and two in Andhra Pradesh. [WP 410]. |
| Keywords: | data, production, rural indebtedness, government, vulnerable, price stabilization, credit market, Indian agriculture, Agricultural Policy, Farm Households, House Hold Farm Production, west bengal, andhra pradesh, debt relief, Price Policy |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2150&r=cwa |
| By: | Paresh Kumar Narayan; Russell Smyth |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of military expenditure and income on external debt for a panel of six Middle Eastern countries; namely, Oman, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Iran, and Jordan, over the period 1988 to 2002. Using Pedroni's (2004) test for panel cointegration, we find that there is a long-run relationship between external debt, military expenditure and income. The estimated long-run elasticities suggest that an increase in military expenditure contributes to a rise in external debt, while an increase in income helps the Middle Eastern countries to pay off their external debt. |
| Date: | 2009–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2007-17&r=cwa |
| By: | Yamada, Toshikazu |
| Abstract: | This essay reexamines the great contributions made by Dr. Ali Al-Gritly to Egypt. He was the finance minister for a short period at the beginning of the 1950s and later was appointed as chairman of the Bank of Alexandria. In 1966, he completed a book (Al-Gritly [1966 (1974)]) on the economic history of Egypt. However, the book was banned from publication due to irresistible circumstances. At that time, with Arab Socialism on the ascendance, his views on certain policies were not welcomed by the top political hierarchy. In 1974, the book was finally allowed to be published, and he wrote and published another book in 1977 (Al-Gritly [1977]) on the development of the Open Door Policy and the new economic policies accompanying it. |
| Keywords: | Egypt, Economic history, Economic policy, Socialism, Al-Grity, Ali, Socialist transformation, Family planning, Democratic socialism |
| JEL: | P27 B31 E5 H1 O2 O3 P21 |
| Date: | 2009–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper190&r=cwa |
| By: | Attia, Sayed Moawad |
| Abstract: | This paper discuses the role of USAID in the development process in Egypt. It discusses the USAID role in Egypt in some sectors with more focus on USAID/Egypt economic growth, more specifically the Technical Assistance for policy Reform II (TAPRII). I will discuss the items of the program that made the environment conducive to trade and investment. |
| Keywords: | Policy Reform; Trade; Investment; Development; Economic Growth |
| JEL: | O1 F4 F35 O24 O2 F3 O19 F43 |
| Date: | 2009–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:16578&r=cwa |
| By: | Parliamentary Research Service PRS |
| Abstract: | A bill to provide for free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years. |
| Keywords: | parents, guardian, elementary, compulsory, education, children, school, government, |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:2140&r=cwa |
| By: | A A Rushdi (American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)) |
| Abstract: | The performance evaluation of business has taken high profile in the climate of micro-economic reform in the recent past. The real wealth of Bangladesh can be increased by increasing the inputs available to the country. That is by discovering new resources and using the existing resources more efficiently. Efficiency gains in the banking sector of the country will make the country domestically and internationally more competitive and capable of generating more income and employment opportunities in the country. An adequate assessment of efficiency gains requires a range of financial, operational and economic indicators to be applied including Partial Factor Productivity (PFP) and Total Factor Productivity (TFP). Productivity growth is considered to be the best way to measure international competitiveness and economic growth. Estimates of TFP measures will provide rates of growth in the productive efficiency of labour and capital. Relative growth rates will suggest whether TFP growth was predominantly biased towards saving labour or saving capital and other inputs. To date there has not been any serious study on TFP in the Banking sector of Bangladesh. The present study is an attempt to bridge this gap. |
| Date: | 2009–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aiu:abewps:76&r=cwa |
| By: | Oka, Natsuko |
| Abstract: | Despite the ethnicisation of power since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has managed to maintain political stability without experiencing large-scale mobilisation to oppose Kazakh domination. This paper examines government strategy to avoid ethnic voting in an attempt to explain why ethnic divisions were rarely reflected in the struggle for power in the republic. While the arbitrary use of legal provisions considerably limited participation in elections by ethnic leaders, powerful pro-president parties that exhibited a cross-ethnic character were created to curtail ethnically based movements. The control strategy in elections aimed not simply at ethnicising the parliament in favour of Kazakhs, but at having loyal Russians and other minorities represented in the legislature through nomination by the president and catch-all pro-regime parties, or through the presidential consultative body—Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. This well-controlled representation of minorities served not only to placate non-Kazakhs but also to provide legitimacy for the Kazakh-dominated leadership by projecting the image of cross-ethnic support for the president and some degree of power-sharing. |
| Keywords: | Ethnic minority, Election, Kazakhstan, Minority Ethnic group, Politics |
| Date: | 2009–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper194&r=cwa |