|
on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Chetan Ghate; Stephen Wright |
| Abstract: | The ratio of Indian to US per capita output over the past 45 years has displayed a distinctive "V"-shaped pattern. We show that a strikingly similar V-shaped pattern is visible not just in aggregate output .figures, but also as the primary determinant of long-term movements in the cross-sectional distribution within the All-India total, at both sectoral and state output levels. We also carry out preliminary investigations of correlates of the "V-Factor", using a new panel data set for Indian states from 1960 to 2005 that extends and encompasses all previous datasets relevant to macroeconomic analysis of the Indian states. |
| Keywords: | Principal components, divergence, Indian States |
| JEL: | O10 O40 O53 O47 |
| Date: | 2008 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp783&r=cwa |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Butt, Sabihuddin; Aamir, Naveed |
| Abstract: | After long discussions on this hot issue of trade-inequality nexus in the case of a small developing economy like Pakistan; we may conclude this relationship after the employment of advance techniques like FMOLS, ARDL and DOLS for robustness of long relationship and ECM short run dynamics in the case of Pakistan utilizing time series data 1971-2006. All techniques suggested that there exists a stable long run relationship among the concerned variables. Our findings showed that trade openness and income inequality move in the same direction and there exists Leontief Paradox in the case of Pakistan along with occurrence of Laffer curve insignificantly. Economic growth also worsens income distribution and Kuznets’ curve exists in Pakistan. Foreign direct investment, human capital formation and remittances all deteriorate income distribution in a long span of time. Finally, inflation declines income inequality through macro-economic channels. Government spending, modern sector and political instability have also appeared to push income inequality upwards while land per worker improves income distribution in the case of Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Trade; Income Inequality |
| JEL: | B22 |
| Date: | 2007–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8526&r=cwa |
| By: | Akmal, Muhammad Shahbaz |
| Abstract: | According to theory there establishes the relationship between stock market prices and inflation, this study investigates whether this holds for Pakistan, over the period 1971-2006. I examined the concerned relationship taking into account the existence of structural break over the considered time episode. The empirical practice utilizes ARDL, co-integration technique in said conjunction to detect the long run and short run affects between involves variable by Error Correction Approach (ECM). The results supports the hypothesis that stocks hedges against inflation in log run but not in short, while black economy promotes the stock market prices to heave both in long run as well as in short run. |
| Keywords: | Stock Return; Inflation; Pakistan |
| JEL: | G1 G11 |
| Date: | 2007–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:4507&r=cwa |
| By: | Saghaian, Sayed; Ozertan, Gokhan; Spaulding, Aslihan |
| Abstract: | The Atlantic bonito rush experienced in Turkey in the Fall of 2005 coincides with the avian influenza food scare that happened exactly at the same time-period in the country. In this research using time-series techniques, we investigate how the food scare and the excess fish caught jointly influence the demand for meat products in Turkey. |
| JEL: | D12 C22 Q10 |
| Date: | 2008–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8507&r=cwa |
| By: | Mehmet Karaçuka (Department of Economics, Ege University); Recep Kök (Department of Economics, Dokuz Eylul University) |
| Abstract: | (This Paper is in Turkish) Services that are based on telecommunication networks, which are crucial infrastructural elements of the information societies, have been gaining increasing attention as composing higher shares within the economies. However, economies of scale in the supply side and network effects in the demand side prevent these markets to be perfectly competitive, and to reach social welfare maximizing equilibria; therefore making regulation a crucial instrument. Turkish mobile telecommunication services form the most competitive segment of overall telecommunication services in Turkey, where the competition process is dysfunctional in the fixed line services. Literature on network industries points out that incumbent firms may prevent new entrants’ competition via network effects and access/ interconnection charges. Our study emphasizes the importance of ex-ante regulation by analysing the strategic interaction among the entrant and incumbent firms in Turkish mobile telecommunications, as well as regulation problems. |
| Keywords: | Network effects, Competition in telecommunication markets, Regulation, Turkish mobile telecommunication markets, Sebeke etkileri, Telekomünikasyon piyasalarinda rekabet, Regülasyon, Türk mobil telekomünikasyon piyasalari |
| Date: | 2008–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ege:wpaper:0803&r=cwa |
| By: | shahbaz, Mohammad |
| Abstract: | The present endeavor investigated the rapport between economic growth and gross domestic saving by employing new technique for causal relationship between two variables. Utilizing time series data, in the model ARDL Bounds Testing, Johanson Cointegration Approach for long run association, not only Innovation Accounting Techniques but also Toda and Yamamato (1995) for causal friendship between economic growth and domestic saving are applied. Ng-Perron De-trended Test is used for order of integration of running actors. Results of particular study revealed that there exists a long run relationship between economic growth and domestic saving and tier association is robust at least in long span of time. Causal results through innovation accounting technique assert that there is one-way causality running from economic growth to gross domestic savings and very weak from opposite side supporting Sinha (1996) findings regarding Pakistan. Results by Toda and Yamamato’s (1995) also confirm that economic growth leads gross domestic savings in Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Growth; Savings; Causality |
| JEL: | B22 |
| Date: | 2008–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8524&r=cwa |
| By: | Mohammad Shahbaz, Shahbaz |
| Abstract: | The present endeavor investigated the rapport between economic growth and gross domestic saving by employing new technique for causal relationship between two variables. Utilizing time series data, in the model ARDL Bounds Testing, Johanson Cointegration Approach for long run association, not only Innovation Accounting Techniques but also Toda and Yamamato (1995) for causal friendship between economic growth and domestic saving are applied. Ng-Perron De-trended Test is used for order of integration of running actors. Results of particular study revealed that there exists a long run relationship between economic growth and domestic saving and tier association is robust at least in long span of time. Causal results through innovation accounting technique assert that there is one-way causality running from economic growth to gross domestic savings and very weak from opposite side supporting Sinha (1996) findings regarding Pakistan. Results by Toda and Yamamato’s (1995) also confirm that economic growth leads gross domestic savings in Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Growth; Savings; Causality |
| JEL: | C32 O1 E21 |
| Date: | 2007–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8522&r=cwa |
| By: | Shahbaz, Mohammad |
| Abstract: | Devaluation or depreciation of currency can affect economy both either positively or negatively. Beneficial impacts from devaluation are connected with the improvements in trade balance by increasing volume of exports and reducing volume of imports. More expensive imports push inflation to raise that may offset the growth from increasing exports. This would reduce the effectiveness of devaluation in reducing the trade deficit. When inflation severely hits the economy, it would also seize the benefits of devaluation. Moreover, nominal devaluation improves the trade balance when it leads to real devaluation. The present hypothesis would explore the relationship between nominal and real effective exchange rates. The present paper is the first attempt in the case of Pakistan. Devaluation has always been a political sensitive issue in Pakistan. This endeavour would investigate “whether nominal devaluation leads the real devaluation or not” both in long run and in short span of time. Ng-Perron (2001), test utilized to investigate the order of integration while ARDL and DOLS for long run correlations. Results of the study reveal that nominal devaluation not only leads to real devaluation in long run but also in short span of time. This particular effort may open some new directions for policy-making authorities in a small developing economy like Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Devaluation; Unit Roots; Co-integration |
| JEL: | B22 |
| Date: | 2008–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8508&r=cwa |
| By: | Muhammad Shahbaz, Shahbaz; Naveed Aamir, Naveed |
| Abstract: | There is not much research on welfare-economics from human wellbeing (happiness) side, the main reason is that this is qualitative and subjective phenomenon & not so easy to capture for measurement. In the present endvour, we tried to capture it (happiness) from the opposite side of poverty index. We employed modified ARDL technique for long run friendship between Poor’s happiness and some macroeconomic influencing factors; short run dynamic behavior is scrutinized through ECM. The findings about Poor’s happiness and its determinants show that happiness of poor individuals is highly influenced from macroeconomics shocks prevailed in the economy. Economic growth or rise in GDP per capita declines the level of Poor’s happiness due to upper-echelon phenomenon in long span of time in Pakistan. Inflation influences the purchasing power of poor segments of population and definitely affects the happiness negatively in both the periods. Enhancement in remittances seems to push happiness or Poor’s welfare levels upward significantly. Increase in indirect taxes especially sales taxes associated with low levels of happiness of poor individuals in a small developing economy like Pakistan. Trade-openness improves happiness rankings of poor segments of population through its direct & indirect channels. Finally, a low level of happiness is associated with low urbanization in short span of time. |
| Keywords: | Happiness; modified ARDL Co-integration |
| JEL: | I31 C22 |
| Date: | 2007–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8483&r=cwa |
| By: | David Roodman |
| Abstract: | The Commitment to Development Index (CDI) ranks 21 of the world’s richest countries on their dedication to policies that benefit the five billion people living in poorer nations. Moving beyond simple comparisons of foreign aid, the CDI ranks countries on seven themes: quantity and quality of foreign aid, openness to developing-country exports, policies that influence investment, migration policies, stewardship of the global environment, security policies and support for creation and dissemination of new technologies. This year for the first time, CGD research fellow David Roodman extended the environment component of the Index to cover four of the biggest developing countries: Brazil, Russia, India and China, a group Goldman Sachs dubbed the “BRICs.” This working paper explores the indicators that make up the environment component (global climate, sustainable fisheries, and biodiversity and global ecosystems) and explains how the BRIC countries stack up to their right-country counterparts. He finds that the BRICs score remarkably well compared to the 21 rich countries covered by the Index: when thrown in with the usual 21, they rank second, fourth, fifth, and eleventh. They generally perform well on the greenhouse gas emissions, consumption of ozone-depleting substances, and tropical timber imports. And the BRICs have joined important international environmental accords. As a group, their major weakness is low gas taxes. In addition, Amazon deforestation and heavy fossil fuel use pull Brazil and Russia, respectively, below the CDI 21 average on greenhouse emissions per capita. China’s abstention from the U.N. fisheries agreement puts it a half point below the other BRICs. |
| Keywords: | environment, Commitment to Development Index (CDI) |
| Date: | 2007–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:128&r=cwa |
| By: | Alrubaie, falah.K.Ali |
| Abstract: | The topic of study relations sectoral oil states, specifically the relationship between the oil sector and non-oil sectors with particular emphasis on many economists and emerged from theoretical studies and applied, who adopted the hypothesis of Dutch disease, which believes that the rise in oil revenues will have negative effects on the development of sectors Non-oil, especially in the sectors of manufacturing and agriculture. Despite the economic structure characterized by the diversity of Iraq in comparison with the economies of oil-Pure rental nature, but that he shared with them in terms of governing the oil sector in path of changes in relations sectoral result of the continuing situation of imbalance in the structure of production which resulted in the expansion of the oil sector and Economic activities financed by oil revenues, and at the expense of relative neglect of the sectors of the non-oil commodity . To explication the most important developments in the relations sector in the Iraqi economy for the period (1970 -1990) study used a structural analysis, which concerned an analysis of the relative distribution rates and sectoral working relations within the framework of macro-economic system, in order to diagnose the main characteristics of the economic structure in Iraq and the evolving trends Relations in the sector in the Iraqi economy, and determine their impact on the process of structural transformation in Iraqi Economy . To achieve this objective analysis covered both GDP growth and its impact on the development and the sectoral linkages between these sectors , and its impact on the development of relations sector. Finally ,The study found that the Iraqi economy, have witnessed during the eighties of the twentieth century, the worst kinds of sectoral imbalances, which deepened the absence of proportionality between the sectors that are the sources of supply for the domestic output of non-oil commodity, and sectors that operate tributaries of domestic demand, has been reflected, more disruption Between the real production capacities generated in the national economy, reflected in the added value achieved in agriculture and manufacturing, and the large consumer of entry generated in the non-commodity activities, especially activities of public administration and defense. The analysis of the linkages overall productivity (direct and indirect) between different economic activities, the production structure in Iraq biased towards the final production links, and there is no tendency towards engaging in successive stages of production, the absence of the role of intermediary manufacturing productivity, weak effects generated by the incentive, which Explains the weakness of the multiplier effects generated by the exchange sectoral front and rear, and the high volume of leakage from the intermediate flows during the import process for the various intermediate goods production as a result of the weakness of the manufacturing sector's role in bolstering productivity and provide linkages intermediate inputs and productivity of other sectors of national economy and the absence of the role of the leader sector, who achieved high productivity and employment |
| Keywords: | تحليل الهيكل الإنتاجي والعلاقات القطاعية في الاقتصاد العراقي خلال الفترة (1970 -1990) |
| JEL: | A12 |
| Date: | 2000–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8518&r=cwa |
| By: | Zar Rokh, Ehsan |
| Abstract: | The recently (2003) Iranian legislator authorize act about Electronic commerce in Iran and this Law consists of a set of rules and principles to be applied for easy and secure communication of information in electronic intermediaries using state of the art communication systems. Legislator state many phrase in this act that they don't exist before it. So I going to discussing about these terms such as electronic signature, secure electronic record, Means of Telecommunication, Certification Service Provider, Marketing, Data Protection, Trade Secrets & Trade Names, Fraud with computer, Forgery with computer. In this paper I review and criticize this law and its executive by-law and state it's Contradiction with Islamic laws (SHARIA) and then I offer solution for its problems. |
| Keywords: | electronic commerce; Contradiction; criticize; Iranian |
| JEL: | K2 |
| Date: | 2007–08–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8502&r=cwa |
| By: | Derbel, Hatem; Abdelkafi, Rami; Chkir, Ali |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an empirical evidence of the impact of foreign trade on the sectorial productivity for the Tunisian manufacturer sector. The objective is to show that the insufficiency of the traditional theory in the explanation of the impact of the international trade on the labour market can be explained by the presence of an intrasectorel component that results from the reaction of firms facing the competition. Using recent unit root procedures applied to panel data regressions (Im, Pesaran & Shin’s (1997) and coïntegration tests (Pedroni’s (1999)), the results exhibit a positive impact of value added and trade on the productivity of the manufacturer sector. The survey by sector shows that the value added acts positively on all sectors whereas for trade a positive and statistically significant effect exist only for the ICH and IMD sectors. |
| Keywords: | Commerce extérieur; marché du travail; productivité sectorielle. |
| JEL: | C13 F10 F12 F14 |
| Date: | 2007–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8533&r=cwa |
| By: | Nese Kumral (Department of Economics, Ege University) |
| Abstract: | No abstract is available for this document |
| Keywords: | yönetisim, metropol, rekabet gücü |
| Date: | 2008–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ege:wpaper:0804&r=cwa |
| By: | Alrubaie, falah.K.Ali |
| Abstract: | Despite the strategic importance of small projects in the development process in developing countries, including the Libyan economy, but they face many economic problems, administrative and organizational productivity, marketing and other problems related to lack of information, working to reduce their access to formal finance in general and banking in particular. Libyan Development Bank Branch Darna Try to financing small projects, but, faced many problems, most notably, routine and repetition of ideas projects proposed for funding and low lack creativity and marketing management skills of officials to manage projects and lack of coordination between the real and meaningful support institutions for small-scale projects and the lack of correlation Lending to small projects, training programmes, including working on improving their performance and reduce the risk of failure did not succeed, the finance small projects in creating a genuine development, the high incidence of default and lack of seriousness in fulfilling borrowers recruited him, and sought some borrowers to obtain funds through fraud and provide Invoices and forged documents to devise several ways to exploit legal loopholes, lack of safety instruments provided for the payment of installments by borrowers and these problems have led to the erosion of capital for lending led to a change in its funding , To ensure the continuation of the work necessary to support the Bank of Development Bank Branch Darna by granting loans for projects in small elements to raise the level of efficient performance, and forming committees to study the problem of bad loans and to diagnose those responsible for the continuation of this faltering and strengthening the role of the bank and granting greater powers of the branches to resolve such Problem, and recruitment of investment portfolios amounts deposited with commercial banks and investment companies for use in the areas of development and development projects, small and medium enterprises, reduce the cost of obtaining loans to loans, especially new graduates to help them to form projects that fit with the Academy of competences to reduce unemployment, the need to accelerate the establishment of an Credit Guarantee Fund OF Small And Very Small Enterprises To ensure the link between the banks and small projects, in view of the role of this institution in securing access for small enterprises to formal credit, to encourage the entry of small and medium enterprises in partnership with banks and governmental and non-governmental organizations and branches of large enterprises |
| Keywords: | دراسة تحليله لمشكلات تمويل المشروعات الصغيرة مع الإشارة لتجربة مصرف التنمية في درنة |
| JEL: | F36 |
| Date: | 2006–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8494&r=cwa |
| By: | Nese Kumral (Department of Economics, Ege University); Çagaçan Deger (Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University) |
| Abstract: | No abstract is available for this document. |
| Keywords: | Istanbul, competitiveness, cluster |
| Date: | 2008–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ege:wpaper:0805&r=cwa |
| By: | Nese Kumral (Department of Economics, Ege University) |
| Abstract: | No abstract is available for this document |
| Keywords: | bölgesel rekabet gücü, bilgiye göre artan getiri |
| Date: | 2008–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ege:wpaper:0802&r=cwa |
| By: | Devesh Kapur and; Megan Crowley |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes a relatively neglected facet of the complex debate regarding human capital – higher (or tertiary) education. It addresses five broad questions examining higher education in developing countries. One, are the economic effects of higher education on developing countries different from those in industrialized countries, with its links with labor markets of lesser importance than its impact on institutional development? Two, how does the impact of higher education depend on the type of education and its beneficiaries? Three, with the state unable to meet growing demand pressures, what should be the proper role of the state to ensure not just quality but also equity and access? Four, how should countries rethink the provision of higher education in an “open economy” from seeking education abroad or encouraging foreign providers into the country or simply linking domestic institutions with foreign quality assurance mechanisms? And five, do new technologies offer developing countries a new paradigm to expand the provision of high quality but low cost higher education? The aim is not to provide categorical answers to these complex questions, but rather highlight the analytical and empirical lacuna with regard to each of these questions. |
| Keywords: | higher education, human capital |
| Date: | 2008–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:139&r=cwa |