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on Central and Western Asia |
| By: | Altan Aldan; Esma Gaygisiz |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:0609&r=cwa |
| By: | Halil Ibrahim Aydin; Cafer Kaplan; Mehtap Kesriyeli; Erdal Ozmen; Cihan Yalcin; Serkan Yigit |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:0607&r=cwa |
| By: | Cafer Kaplan; Erdal Ozmen; Cihan Yalcin |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:0606&r=cwa |
| By: | Mishra, SK |
| Abstract: | In 1991 India chose to open her economy and formulated the New Economic Policy (NEP). Under the structural adjustment and reform programmes, the NEP aimed at promoting growth by eliminating supply bottlenecks that hinder competitiveness, efficiency and dynamism in the economic system This study investigates into the structural changes in the manufacturing sector of India brought about by liberalization and globalization of the economy. Structural changes in terms of employment of labour and capital, indicated by replacement of the former by the latter, and changes in returns-to-scale have been examined by estimating CES, Zellner-Revankar, Transcendental, Diewert and Bruno's production functions. State-wise data for 1990-91 and 2003-04 have been analyzed. The findings have indicated that the rise in industrial output during the reference period is accountable to substitution of capital for labour in almost all states. The elasticity of substitution has declined for most of the states. In the pre-globalization period the industries experienced increasing returns to scale. Globalization has given way to diminishing returns to scale. Along with a rise in industrial output, globalization has led to a decline in regional disparities in terms of population-deflated indices of employment of manpower and capital, and the resultant output. |
| Keywords: | India; Manufacturing sector; industry; globalization; liberalization; production function; returns to scale; variable elasticity of substitution; Bruno's production function; labour; capital; Zellner-Revankar; CES; VES; CMS; Transcendental; Diewert; nonlinear; optimization; Differential evolution; LAD; Least Absolute Deviation estimation |
| JEL: | O47 D24 L60 O53 C22 |
| Date: | 2006–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1231&r=cwa |
| By: | Avni Onder Hanedar (Department of Economics, Faculty of Business, Dokuz Eylül University); Elmas Yaldiz (Department of Economics, Izmir University of Economics); Ozgul Bilici (Department of Economics, Izmir University of Economics); Onur Akkaya |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this research is to investigate whether the long-run relationship implied by profit maximization is valid for the Turkish manufacturing industry for the period of 1950-2001. During this period, the Turkish economy has experienced important policy changes, for example the implementation of liberalization policies after the 1980s. Thus, the possible effects of economic policy implementations over the profit maximization in the Turkish manufacturing sector will also be studied by using advanced time series techniques such as the Zivot and Andrews (1992) unit root test and the Gregory and Hansen (1996) co-integration test. The results of the study show that rationalization mechanism does not appear to work in Turkey. Because most of the previous studies on this issue are concentrated in developed countries and also, there has been little research into the Turkish manufacturing sector, the contribution of this study is important. |
| Keywords: | Long run equilibrium, co-integration, elasticity of substitution, structural breaks |
| JEL: | J23 C32 |
| Date: | 2006–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:deu:dpaper:0602&r=cwa |
| By: | Nazif Catik (Department of Economics, Ege University) |
| Abstract: | (This paper is in Turkish) In this paper we have empirically investigated the validity of the contractionary devaluation hypothesis in Turkey by using the Structural VAR methodology developed by Bernanke (1986). The model used in this study shows that, contrary to conventional wisdom, real depreciations have contractionary effects on output. Persistent devaluations have led to high inflation and economic contraction in Turkey. For that reason we have reached the conclusion that foreign trade policy based on the persistent devaluation of real exchange rate will not be efficient to increase export potential of Turkey. Evidences obtained from variance decompositions and impulse response functions imply that there is a very strong pass-through from real exchange rate to inflation. This finding also point out the substantial risks to keep the exchange rate at a competitive level. As a result permanent real devaluation may not be successful unless it is accompanied by appropriate monetary and fiscal policies. |
| Keywords: | Contractionary Devaluation, Growth, Stuctural VAR, Daraltici Devalüasyon, Büyüme, Yapisal VAR |
| JEL: | F41 F31 |
| Date: | 2006–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ege:wpaper:0609&r=cwa |
| By: | Metin Ozaslan; Bulent Dincer; Huseyin Ozgur |
| Abstract: | This aim of this article is to examine the problem of regional disparities in Turkey applying to the economic and social development indicators. One of the main problems encountered in the field of regional development in Turkey is the difficulties in having access to qualified data as is the case in other countries. Therefore, it is of great importance to improve the information gathering and evaluation systems in Turkey. Social and economic development index (SEDI) rankings have contributed to the filling of the gap in this field by providing a considerable data input to development and planning initiatives conducted in Turkey on the basis of territories of various scales (districts, provinces, geographical regions, NUTS I, II, III regions). “The Socio-Economic Development Ranking Survey of Provinces and Regions (2003)â€, the main findings of which will be presented in this paper covers 81 provinces according to the existing administrative structure of Turkey and includes 58 variables selected from social (demographic, employment, education, health, infrastructure, other welfare) and economic (manufacturing, construction, agriculture, financial) spheres. The survey has applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a developed multi-variable statistical technique which allows the use of interdependent variables. The paper is composed of the following sections: The first section outlines the regional development trends in Turkey and evaluates the increasing importance of territorial development policies, applying to the relevant Turkish and international literature. The second section gives a brief summary of major regional development policies and practices that have been implemented in Turkey and the various problems of regional disparities.. The fourth section includes the methodology of SEDI studies. The fifth section evaluates and summarizes major findings of the survey and briefly lays down the results of SEDI Rankings of 81 provinces, geographical regions and NUTS II regions included in the survey. This section also includes a ranking of the industrial, health and education sectors. The fifth section presents the general conclusion and major recommendations to lessen territorial disparities in Turkey in the light of national and international discussions on the topic. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p858&r=cwa |
| By: | Nazif Catik (Department of Economics, Ege University) |
| Abstract: | (This paper is in Turkish) This study investigates the stability of the relationship between demand for real money, real income, and interest rates in Turkey using quarterly data for the period from 1988:I to 2005: IV. According to conventional stability tests the demand for money is subject to serious parameter instabilities, especially during the periods of economic crises. Zivot and Andrews (1992) unit root tests show the existence of structural breaks in the variables, but the existence of breaks do not change the results obtained from the conventional ADF tests. Although the standard multivariate cointegration analysis reveals a longrun relationship between variables, the evidence of cointegration is not present when a structural break is found in the relationship using Gregory and Hansen (1996) methodology. These findings show that Central Bank of Turkey must be cautious in using monetary aggregates as a potential indicator of monetary policy. |
| Keywords: | Money Demand, Structural Break, Zivot-Andrews Unit Root Test, Gregory-Hansen Cointegration Test, Para Talebi, Yapisal Kirilma, Zivot-Andrews Birim Kök Testi, Gregory-Hansen Esbütünlesme Testi |
| JEL: | C32 C41 C52 E41 |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ege:wpaper:0611&r=cwa |
| By: | Ayse Nilay Evcil; Gulay Basarir Kiroplu; Vedia Dokmeci |
| Abstract: | 46th European Congress of the Regional Science Association August 30th -September 3rd 2006 Volos-Greece Regional Migration in Turkey: Its Directions and Determinants A.Nilay Evcil, Vedia Dökmeci, Gülay Baþarýr Kýroðlu Istanbul-Turkey Abstract It is clear that urbanization is a natural outgrowth of industrialization. But, in developing countries industrialization lag behind the rate of urbanization which involves much more rapid migration. In the case of Turkey, urbanization is mostly related with huge population growth in cities. So, it is worth to understand migration flows to benefit from population’s spatial distribution. Thus, this paper aims to show the attributes of regional migration in Turkey. First, geographic regions are compared with each other according to different migration directions with the help of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results show that, when four different migration directions are considered (from urban-to- urban, urban-to-rural, rural-to-urban and rural-to-rural) the seven regions possess different attributes such as geographic conditions, its working population distribution, job opportunities etc. It is also worth that as a common characteristic (except the Black Sea Region): migration direction mostly takes place from urban-to-urban (even in least urbanized regions) which points to a more advanced stage of urbanization. It must also be paid attention to the migration direction occurring from urban-to-rural areas in all regions (except the Black Sea Region) which has been stimulated by the economic crisis in 2001 and the investment in the rural areas. Second, multiple regression analysis is performed in order to determine the factors most related to net migration rate. In the near future, the Marmara and Aegean regions will still receive more migrants if other regions have poor socioeconomic conditions and inadequate job opportunities. Added to this, informal economy will continue to augment, since most of migrants are unskilled for manufacturing or service sectors. As a result, the government may not be able to collect taxes. So, migration on one hand bring vitality to an area, but, on the other hand , it creates some socio-economic problems. This paper also aims to compare migration directions between 1990 and 2000. It is found that migration direction still takes place from urban to urban. Keywords: Regional migration, Turkey, regional differences, statistical analyses |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p320&r=cwa |
| By: | Nese Kumral; Sedef Agüngör; Aykut Lenger (Department of Economics, Ege University) |
| Abstract: | Industry clusters in a region represent a material basis for an innovation-based economy. The paper aims to explore the Turkish industry clusters by examining the inter-industry selling and purchasing relationships. The 1990 Turkish input-output table is used to identify the similarities between selling and purchasing patterns of 60 manufacturing industries and derive a matrix that describes the relative linkage between them. Principle component factor analysis reveals the presence of 12 distinct industry clusters. The largest cluster is the petroleum cluster, followed by vehicle and food and agricultural clusters. The firms within the identified clusters provide a potential to share technical information and knowledge transfer through formal or informal interactions. |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ege:wpaper:0612&r=cwa |
| By: | Sirin Saracoglu; Murat G. Kirdar |
| Abstract: | In this study, using econometric methods, we examine whether internal migration in the last 30 years in Turkey has had any effect on the speed of convergence across Turkish provinces. According to standard neoclassical theory, migration across regions is conducive to faster convergence in income per capita: migration occurs from regions with low per capita income towards regions with higher per capita income, thus per capita income in in-migration regions would fall while that in out-migration regions would tend to rise, holding all else constant. In this study, we first test for absolute convergence across 67 Turkish provinces for 1975-2000 using non-linear least squares method. We find that there occurs no absolute convergence, meaning that provinces with initial-low-income per capita had no tendency to grow at a faster rate than provinces with initial-higher-income per capita. This result may be due to the fact that there are significant structural differences among provinces. To test this likelihood, regional dummies and sectoral shares in gross provincial product variables (agriculture, industry and services) are added to the convergence regressions. As expected, when we control for regional and sectoral differences across provinces, convergence across provinces occurs. Lastly, in order to assess the contribution of migration to convergence, we include net migration rates as explanatory variables to convergence regressions. We use the Instrumental Variables method in order to control for endogeneity between growth in per capita income and migration. According to our preliminary results, contrary to the predictions of the standard neoclassical theory, for 1975-2000, internal migration is not conducive to faster per capita income convergence across provinces in Turkey. One probable reason is that the marginal returns to capital in most net out-migration provinces and regions are relatively lower than those in the net in-migration provinces and regions in Turkey. Accordingly, the incentives to invest in capital in net-out migration regions may well be less than those in the net in-migration regions. Faced with lower investment in gross capital formation, and thus lower economic growth, net out-migration provinces and regions may not benefit from out-migration in terms of convergence in per capita income. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p784&r=cwa |
| By: | M. Oguz Sinemillioglu; Nurtekin Ozen |
| Abstract: | The study will be deal with migration, which is a very important phenomenon in urbanization process and mostly has negative effects and brings lots of problems to urban life. Migration could be describe as a movement that contains demand for a better life, i.e. demand for housing, demand for job, demand for school, etc… This demand, however, puts out of order urban life and disintegrates the urban system. In Turkey, especially after 1950ies, there is migration and sometimes this migration has been containing very big numbers in terms of population. Besides, after 1990ies, Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey has given out migration, especially via the city of Diyarbakir. The migration, from the city and the region to west side of Turkey, like Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, used Diyarbakir as a stopover. In addition of being a stopover point, Diyarbakir not only gives out migration but also get in migration. Thus makes Diyarbakir a city that has no history in social life and in urban culture. Shortly, The study will try to question migration and its effects to Turkey’s urbanization process in Diyarbakir case. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p493&r=cwa |
| By: | Huseyin Ozgur |
| Abstract: | The main objectives of this paper are to question the criteria and establishment process of granting greater municipality status and to develop comprehensive and precise criteria and procedures for major Turkish urban regions. Currently, 16 greater (metropolitan) municipalities exist in Turkey in addition to 3200 other municipalities. All these greater municipalities were established by the Turkish Parliament based on the previous Act of 1984, which stayed in force until 2004. According to 1984 Greater Municipalities Act, major criteria were economic and social development level, which were to be assessed by the Government. However, social and economic development indicators were never established for such an assessment and decision for granting all current greater municipalities were made by the general political considerations and rough assumptions about the need and suitability of those urban areas. Only 5 of the greater municipalities’ population exceed 1 million, and still 5 of them are under 500.000 according to 2000 Census. Considering the lack of certain reasonable criteria for gaining greater municipality status, almost 15 other major (populous) municipalities with the population of around 500.000, have searched various ways and made several attempts to be granted greater municipality status by the Turkish Parliament. However, with the exception of Adapazarý (in 2000), all the greater municipalities were granted their status between 1984 and 1993. The exception for Adapazarý urban area was done due to major earthquakes in the Marmara Region in 1999. Yet, those other major urban areas having metropolitan characteristics are still waiting for being granted greater municipality status. The 2004 Act brings a new criterion, which requires settlements in a 10km diameter to have a minimum of 750.000 populations, which not based on academic and practical arguments. Ambiguously, economic and social development criteria are still effective in 2004 Act. However, middle-sized urban areas whose populations are around 500.000 and struggling for greater municipality status left administratively fragmented, and continue their existence being deprived of status, prestige, power, strong financial resources, administrative structure which greater municipality status may provide. Thus, determining precise criteria and processes for granting greater municipality status is an urgent and vital policy area in Turkish local government system. After summarizing the evolution of Turkish greater municipality system, this paper discusses establishing alternative and comprehensive criteria for granting greater municipalities in Turkey in a wider context of international literature and similar cases in European urban regions. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p873&r=cwa |
| By: | Ferhan Gezici; Ayfer Yazgan Gul; Elif Alkay |
| Abstract: | The coastal concentration of tourism activities has been the main characteristics of the Mediterranean Countries. However, they are working on new approaches and solutions for the problems of coastal areas since they have faced a decrease in their high shares of the world tourism market. Although Turkey, as one of the Mediterranean Countries, is endowed with a variety of tourist attractions, it still does not receive the expected revenue from the tourism industry. Since the beginning of tourism planning in Turkey, the coastal regions have taken priority for tourism investments and not only the spatial pattern but also the socio-economic life of these regions have been transformed. According to the studies of the State Planning Organization (SPO) on socio-economic development level, coastal provinces along the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, which have concentrated on tourism activities, indicate positive socio-economic development index values. In this paper, coastal-led development pattern of tourism is analyzed in Turkey based on the main indicators (tourism and economic development indicators). However, it seems that coastal tourism development pattern is similar for all the provinces, it will be examined if there are some clusters and typologies among them in terms of tourism development. After putting forward a historical perspective and descriptive frame for the coastal provinces and districts, the principal component analysis will be conducted in order to see the main components. The relationship between the trends of supply and demand side of tourism and the development level will be put forward in order to realize the significance of economic sustainability of tourism areas. Furthermore, the results will be evaluated considering tourism policy of Turkey and experiences of other Mediterranean Countries. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p494&r=cwa |
| By: | Mustafizur Rahman; Wasel Bin Shadat; Narayan Chandra Das |
| Abstract: | The present paper investigates the trade creation and trade diversion effects of a number of RTAs, with special focus on the SAFTA, by using a gravity model. Apart from the traditional gravity variables, the model is augmented by some other import variables (e.g. bilateral exchange rate, bilateral free trade agreement). To capture the individual country effect, along with the impact of overall RTA, a set of additional dummy variable has been introduced. The model developed in this paper is estimated by using panel data approach with country-pair specific as well as year specific fixed effects. Two stages estimation technique is deployed to arrive at the estimates. The first stage is estimated using Tobit Model, while OLS is applied in the second stage. The study finds significant intra-bloc export creation in SAPTA; however, at the same time there is evidence of net export diversion in the SAPTA. Bangladesh, India and Pakistan are expected to gain from joining the RTA, while Nepal, Maldives and Sri Lanka are likely to be negatively affected. Among the other RTAs covered under the present study, AFTA, NAFTA, SADC, MERCOSUR, CAN, EAC are associated with intra-bloc export creation and net export diversion. EU and Bangkok agreement (APTA) are found to be intra-bloc export diverting and net export diverting. BIMSTEC is found to be intra-bloc export diverting but there is no evidence of net export creation or diversion. Although none of the RTAs covered by the study was found to be net export creating, more than one third of the members of these RTAs are found to be positively affected by joining the RTAs. |
| Keywords: | Trade potential, SAFTA, RTA, Gravity Model, Bangladesh, India, Pakisthan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:opaper:61&r=cwa |
| By: | Metin Ozaslan |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyse the changing macro-economic policies and their spatial impacts on the economic geography of Turkey after 1980’s. The first section of the chapter is focused on the two main macro-economic policies namely inward-oriented development strategy prior to the year of 1980 and the outward-oriented development strategy after 1980. In the second section of the article regional disparities and the regional development policies in Turkey are briefly discussed. In the next section spatial effects of the outward oriented policies are analysed focusing on the spatial distribution of industry. Industrial shifts indicate that there are mainly four spatial development tendencies in Turkey namely, the rise of metropolitan cities as service centres, the industrial growth of hinterland provinces that are neighbouring cities around metropolitan cities on the basis of decentralising industry, the decline of economic activities in the provinces in which state economic enterprises are common, and the emergence of the new industrial districts/ cities on the basis of SMEs’ networks and sectoral specialisation. The last section of the paper analyses the emergence of new industrial districts in Turkey focusing on the main features of five territorial cities namely Denizli, Gaziantep, Çorum, Kayseri and Kahramanmaraþ. It is concluded that the new industrial districts developed on the basis of SME clusters have crushed the spatial development trends in Turkey based on metropolitan cities and they have conveyed the development dynamics to small and medium sized Anatolian cities. The districts that have followed a development path within the framework of their own endogenous potentials have succeeded in becoming a centre of attraction and have started to serve a significant function in the transfer of development to the less developed Anatolia. By disrupting the unbalanced development tendencies on the national level, emerging around a few growth poles, they have yielded an alternative development tendency against the polarised development tendencies. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p834&r=cwa |
| By: | Elif Tunali; Bilge Terzioglu (Department of Economics, Ege University) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on technology and competition policies in the emerging countries. We present an analysis of interrelationship between technology and competition within evolutionary approach in three dimensions: (1) International Division of Labor, (2) Global Market System, (3) Dependency. Government intervention in the technology and competition processes is vital for developing countries. Moreover, national policies are not adequate, common acts applied by inter and supra national institutions are necessary. Through this aspect, documenting the common science and technology policies applied and results achieved in European Union and Turkey, we compare Turkey with new member states of EU. |
| Keywords: | Technology, International Division of Labor, Competition Policies. |
| JEL: | O34 O38 |
| Date: | 2006–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ege:wpaper:0608&r=cwa |
| By: | Esin Ince Kompil; Adile Arslan Avar |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to examine the inner city decline in Turkey, by drawing on a field research, which was conducted in Izmir, Tuzcu District, in 2005. The paper places the inner city decline within the context of uneven development. Although inner city decline backgrounded by uneven and dual structure is very common for all capitalist cities in developed countries, this phenomenon incarnated as segregated and neglected areas, which become both socially and spatially declining parts of the city, is relatively new for Turkey. In order to explore this phenomenon in Turkey and to compare it to those in other countries, we had to consider the level and nature of segregation and deprivation indicators that have already been developed by the existing works elaborating on inner city decline. One of the mostly used tools for examining the declining inner-city residential areas is “deprivation index†formed by Townsend in 1990s. The general deprivation index comprises two fundamental sections: social deprivation and material deprivation. Social deprivation includes the indicators such as employment, family activity, integration, participation to social institutions, recreation, and education. Material deprivation consists of the indicators such as dietary, clothing, housing, home facilities, environment, location, and working conditions. The analysis of the data coming from 2005 field survey in the Tuzcu district of Izmir showed that some indicators such as poverty, unemployment, decline of physical environment, disinvestments and economic decline arise as having similar features with developed countries, and that segregation is visible when our research area, Tuzcu district, is compared to other parts of Izmir. However, regarding segregation within the district itself, it is not so acceptable feature. Moreover, findings of the survey indicated that segregation in Tuzcu District, as being different from the developed countries, is fundamentally defined by class or income structure, rather than ethnic or regional origins. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p450&r=cwa |
| By: | M. Oguz Sinemillioglu; Mine Baran |
| Abstract: | Since the beginning of 1950’s the migration of population from countryside to cities constitutes a subject as an important part of demographic changing on its own. Since the second half of 1970’s, especially domestic migration from the small and medium size cities to big cities, by turning into family migration became dense in the three big metropolises in west. (Ãstanbul, Ankara, Ãzmir). In 1990’s both the migration from east and Southeast Anatolia to other regions and the obligatory migration inside the region have been added to elements which effect movement of population. While this changing, which occurs in the dynamics of domestic migration during the time, does not exist in most of present researches, one of the other absence is social sex viewpoint. In the studies about migration, the lack of social sex viewpoint is not peculiar only to Turkey but also it seems limited in international literature. Present studies show there are important differences between women and men in the point of migration causes, participation to migration process, experiences during this process and effects of migration, attitudes and reactions of immigrants. In the core of these differences there are, collaboration inside the family between woman and man and parallel to this, social roles of woman and man, which described by customs and traditions. Women’ life relating to migration is generally closely related to their situations in family as a wife, a mother or a young girl about to marry. The relations between them and both the places they left and they just came is formed in this base. Consequently, in a migration process, which includes a social and place changing, identity of sex has an important role as much as socio-economic class, culture, ethnic or national identity. G.A.P. Region which is in the Southeast of our developing country has a village-city appearance by the effects of both many side social, physiological, economic and urban destruction which created by terror and fight and generally the feudal structure in the region, extreme poverty, lack of top and underground structure and the political and economic choices which does not mind about neighborhood values. This work has aimed at examine to migration which is one of the most important social fact in the world we live in the context of woman and urbanization and to expose the appearance of women in extent of G.A.P. region in domestic immigration… |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p754&r=cwa |
| By: | Gulden Erkut; Mete Basar Baypinar |
| Abstract: | The political change in the 1980’es and 1990’es in the Black Sea Region has introduced many questions regarding its future as the region faces massive problems like conflicts on territory, drop of production levels in the 1990’es and related poverty, and last but not the least, environmental problems. The size of the region also blurs the picture. However, briefly there are three major influences that mark the future development of the region: globalization, regionalization and Euro-Asian integration. We propose that under these three influences, a new global integration zone, consisting of multiple networks between cities of the Black Sea Region is emerging. Our proposition that a new global integration zone is emerging within the Black Sea Region depends on three assumptions: Our first assumption is that neo-liberal globalization and regionalization (and particularly Euro-Asian integration) lead to development of similar political changes in the region. Our second assumption is that neo-liberal globalization and regionalization lead to development of similar spatial socio-economic developments within the Black Sea Region which brings some cities to the fore to gain power in the national and global organization of production. Our third assumption is that there is increasing trans-national integration between subject cities. Emergence of such a zone is perhaps most important for policy makers at the local level who have to face either positive or negative on-site effects of globalization and regionalization. Increasing socio-economic inequalities, excessive agglomeration of economic activities and population, diversification of population and increasing complexity of problems cripple traditional city management and planning practices in these countries which have a strong central planning and administration background. Due to practical reasons, we limit our study to integration of two sub-national regions, the province of Istanbul, and the province of Odessa which are also sister cities. Province of Istanbul may be recalled as Greater Istanbul, or Istanbul Metropolitan City since at 2004 due to change in the administrative legislation. Province of Odessa includes the city of Odessa as well as other cities within the province. We may conclude that there is progressive convergence in the political grounds between Turkey-Ukraine and Istanbul-Odessa, mainly in the framework of the global structures that are predominantly part of the Euro-Atlantic supra-structure. Though there is not much evidence of similarity in spatial development of Istanbul and Odessa, particularly due to political inclarity and problems of administrative decentralization in Ukraine, there is evidence of economic and social integration, between Turkey-Ukraine and Istanbul-Odessa, which experiences slow development, and negative side effects like informal activities. As a conclusion we may argue that integration of two regions might heavily depend on the Ukrainian foreign and domestic policies, and the decisions of supra-national structures like the World Trade Organization and EU. We may expect a progress in economic integration by the removal of trade barriers, where Istanbul and Odessa would be direct beneficiaries as both production and transfer centres. Further administrative decentralization in Ukraine might lead to a re-population in Odessa Region, as happened in Istanbul after the 1980 period. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p466&r=cwa |
| By: | Berk Minez; Nevnihal Erdogan |
| Abstract: | Abstract Kütahya has been the crade of many cultures throughout the history. Especially, its population grew after Turkish occupation and the city expanded beyond the walls of the city. Traditional life characteristics and tradational production stiles survived till how such as ceramics, textile, leather, carpets and handcrafts. Thus, Centre Business District (CBD) continue to preservative the business vitality together with religious, social and civil architecture examples and its conservative people. So, if the preservation aims the participation of public (owners/users), the social pattern of the area becomes so important in the process. With determining the relation between the social and physical attitudes towards the preservation of the area, suitable solution can be formed which fits with the situation. A social survey was conducted to the offices. The results of the survey related with ownership patterns, the functions, the employee and customers of the shop, the consciousness and tendencies to repair activities. Thus, the results of the study can be useful for policy makers, urban planners and inverts. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p815&r=cwa |
| By: | Ebru Kerimoglu; Hale Ciraci |
| Abstract: | Urban tourism study is a research involving the change in the economic base of cities, in the land use of the urban places as well as in the social life’s of the residents. The most important issues for the cities taking place within the developing tourism sector are managing the change and the people influenced by such change successfully. The cities, the final spatial products of the activities of the mankind do have a considerable importance on tourism. The cities are the places where cultural inheritance is intense and gathered. Cities are the biggest touristic resources and are themselves among the important destinations. The importance of city destinations has increased with the efforts to ensure tourism variation in Turkey and with the new strategies to extend tourism season to the whole year. These developments increased the expectations of Turkish tourism from Istanbul substantially. The primary goal for Istanbul is looking after its historical, cultural and natural resources and providing the city with a global status, a development in compliance with that of the country and the region, taking place within the other metropols in the global economic development process, making use of the regional opportunities within the economic structures of the world and region and assuming a lead role in this structuring and establishing a protection and development balance as a metropolis with historical, cultural, scientific, artistic, politic, commercial and service backgrounds. For Istanbul’s being a global city, its commercial and touristic characteristics should be emphasized and the service sector for that purpose should be developed with planning strategy. This study assumes that the tourism function, considered to be the most efficient means to introduce Istanbul to the rest of the world, should be developed in a planned and strategic manner and intends to analyze the demographic profiles of international visitors visiting Istanbul make strategies to tourism development of Istanbul as well as consider to necessity very detailed studies on the subject. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p237&r=cwa |
| By: | Peter Nijkamp; Tuzin Baycan Levent; Aliye Ahu Gulumser |
| Abstract: | The future of Europe’s rural peripheries as well as the future of rural societies is one of the most important development and planning issues of the EU. Several typologies of rural areas and different rural development indicators have been developed by researchers and international organizations such as OECD and EU to better understand the dynamics of rural areas and to develop relevant policies for these areas. The typologies of rural areas are based on sub-national territories and administrative or statistical units (i.e. local, regional, NUTS3, NUTS5), whereas rural development indicators include a wide range of indicators from population and migration to economic structure and performance and from social well-being and equity to environment and sustainability. Against this background, the aim of this paper is to compare and evaluate Turkey’s rurality with the EU-25 countries on the basis of rural development indicators. The data and information used for comparison and evaluation are based on EUROSTAT data. A multicriteria analysis technique, factor analysis is deployed to define Turkey’s rurality in the European context. To map out the characteristics and dynamics of Turkey’s rurality may also help to develop relevant policies for rural development of the country. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p641&r=cwa |
| By: | Pelin Ocal; Gulden Erkut |
| Abstract: | Industrial clusters are important tools for regional growth all over the world. Firms develop different kind of cooperations in different fields with their subcontractors and their competitors against competition caused by globalization and liberalization. Competition conditions force firms to be innovative at technology, design and organisation. Information flow among the firms within clusters is also necessary for innovation. Spatial concentration of firms in a specific locality is not enough but collaboration among them is also necessary in order for the firms coming together physically work as a cluster. From the theoretical point of view, industrial firms tend to move from core regions to peripherial regions. Firms which need bigger land and cheaper labour diffuse towards small towns. Size of cities is another reason of relocation of industries.In other words, firms producing more standart products decide to settle in places where they can make cheaper production. Industry located in Istanbul Metropolitan area started to move towards Thrace region after 1970’s. Metropolitan city plans produced in 1970’s and governments’ decentralisation policies for them were the main reasons of this relocation process. In this paper, firstly, industrialization dynamics of Thrace region are described. Secondly, industry clusters and structure of industries in Corlu, which is a small industry town growing rapidly and having nearly 350 industrial firms in Thrace region, is focused upon. The results of a survey on firms were presented in this paper. The main locational determinant of firms and their main characteristics, the kind of cooperation they develop in the competition condition, main information channels between them, their innovation activities and impact on region’s economy are investigated. The main research question is, whether these firms only concentrate physically or they work as a real cluster as well. From this point, it could be possible to prospect about future of the region and to find out to what extent these firms may sustain at this locality? |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p685&r=cwa |
| By: | Ahmet Kivanc Kutluca |
| Abstract: | Turkey has many geological disadvantages such as sitting on top of active tectonic plate boundaries, and why having avalanche, flood, and landslide and drought prone areas. However, this natural structure is inevitable; the only way to survive in such a harsh geography is to be aware of importance of these natural events and to take political and physical measures. Natural hazards are generally forgotten shortly after a while. Many projects that are planned to mitigate future hazards are suspended soon after natural hazards happened. Instead of taking pre- disaster measures and precautions, only emergency measures for recovery and post- disaster aid to the victims of a calamity are applied. Izmir which is the third biggest city in Turkey survived as a big city throughout its history of 5000 years and has been frequently renovated under geopolitical and geological influences. Izmir has been greatly affected by some disasters such as earthquakes, fires, epidemics and etc. Thus many edifices that would reflect historical background of the city did not survive until today and present remains are generally few and known only by experts and the neighboring people (Towards Agenda 21 in Izmir, 1998). Population increases and its development pressures on rural areas are inevitable problems for Izmir. Urban housing supply could not meet the demand, the housing policies could not be integrated with that of urban land and the housing subsidies could not help to serve low-income groups. Natural environmental features of Izmir increase its natural hazard risks. Izmir has sloppy topography that surrounds the city shape. Further more, soil geology is unsuitable for to settle down in built up area. On the other hand natural hazard risks increase because of the spread of the illegal urban settlements and because of the feeble building types. The major aim of this research is to bring up the magnitude of natural hazard risks in Izmir built-up zone, not being taken into consideration adequately. Because the dimensions of the peril are not taken seriously enough, the natural hazard risks, which are commonly well known, are not considered important or they are being forgotten after some time passes. Within this research, the magnitude of natural hazard risks for Izmir is being presented in the scope of concrete and local researches over Izmir risky areas. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p377&r=cwa |
| By: | Yakup Egercioglu |
| Abstract: | The concept of property, since the beginning of its existence, has played a fundamental role in social life both in physical and moral aspects. That is the point where the issue becomes that much important. In Turkey especially for the last 40 years there has been a massive migration from the rural areas to the urban ones. In parallel with this rapid urbanization, it has been reported by the DIE (State Statistics Institution) that Turkey’s population increase rates are expected to decrease gradually and by the 2050’s the total population is expected to reach and stabilize as 100 million people. This projection of a stable population structure, government policies aligned with this projection, for example issues taken into the agenda like the renewal of the “gecekondu†areas within the next 10 years; these are all some certain clues for the forthcoming stabilization of the urban improvement and future significance of the concept “urban renewalâ€. For this reason the research will focus on the concept “property†which is an effective factor in the urban renewal projects. Property ownership is the most important parameter we face while working on urban renewal projects. Readjustment of property relations imposes certain responsibilities upon the planner. However within the planned period, Development Acts do not envisage an obligation for the planner regarding the matter of property during the preparation of development plans. Furthermore, legislation creates unequal states and makes it extremely hard to readjustment of the property relations and to implement development plans. Preparation process and implementation stage of the development plans are executed in the same manner traditionally. In brief, this proposal, assuming that the preparation and implementation processes of the plans will stay same, studies the effects of urban renewal projects on the property relations and makes suggestions. In brief, for the last 40 years there has been a development plan challenge in Turkey. Plans made without taking the social requirements and demands into consideration are continuously amended via revising localized development plans and results are strange even to the planner himself. Enacted construction pardons have increased the density on the urban areas and invalidated the prepared plans. In such an environment some immovable owners are rewarded while others are fined in a way. For that reason following measures shall be taken: •Concepts of permanent or temporary utilization right and habitation right shall be discussed with a new property definition perspective. Besides regulations must be issued concerning the prevention of land value increases through development plans. •Turkey’s development acts shall be revised and legislation creating unequal status regarding the property rights shall be abrogated. •A new development plan technique, urban design projects and semi public sphere concepts shall be adopted. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p34&r=cwa |
| By: | Ozge Akinci; Burcu Gurcihan; Refet Gurkaynak; Ozgur Ozel |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:0608&r=cwa |
| By: | Sevkiye Sence Turk; Lale Berkoz |
| Abstract: | In the context of economic globalization, there has been considerable academic interest on the understanding of location behavior of FDI firms. Generally while studies on FDI firm location focus mainly at the national and regional levels, those of the intra-urban level are limited, especially for developing countries. This article investigates how FDI firms are distributed at the intra-urban level and how intra-urban FDI firms location can explain using Istanbul as a case study. The study is based on a sample of 100 companies that were surveyed in in Istanbul in 2003. Locational determinants of foreign investment firms in Istanbul have been analyzed by using factor analyzing and logit regression model. Keywords: Foreign direct investment, Istanbul, determinants, zones |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p576&r=cwa |
| By: | Sennur Akansel; Berk Minez |
| Abstract: | Over a long history, the city of Edirne has been developing as an important settlement centre due to its geopolitical location. The importance of Edirne increased especially after it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks and served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire for a long period of time. It is city of a peculiar character and identy with its many monuments and samples of civil architecture. Kaleiçi, as the first settlement nucleus of Edirne, has still many historic houses which could manage to survive, reflecting the social and cultural life of the city around the end of 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. The dwellings those reached up to the present in Kaleiçi neigborhood, which can be considered as the center of settlement in Edirne, are very few in number. The conditions that expedited the deformed look of present Edirne are as follows: the regulations which led way to the new reconstruction after the earthquakes and fires, the illegal practises in the area, the dense commerce in Saraçlar Avenue, in turn, the deterioration of the characteristics of the plan and facade of the area and problems resuled from changes in the dwelling owners. Following a brief history of Edirne Kaleiçi, the objectives of this study are to determine and classify the characteristic of the plansand facades of traditional dwellings and to develop suggestions for the preservation of these houses and the spatial qualities of whole fabric of the area. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p665&r=cwa |
| By: | Yucel, Eray M. |
| Abstract: | The effects of a specific religious tradition on the food prices establish the central theme of this paper. In specific, I investigate whether the month Ramadan has any effect on food prices. I perform the analysis under two alternative calendar conventions, namely the Gregorian and Hijri calendars. Under both conventions, the paper reveals the effects of Ramadan, yet these effects are better captured when the latter is used. This highlights the importance of the calendar choice on econometric analysis, on the basis of a simple-yet-genuine socio-economic exercise. Possible benefits from this exercise in pedagogical terms as well as in inflation forecasting are also addressed. |
| Keywords: | Seasonality; Ramadan; Food prices; Calendar effects |
| JEL: | C51 C22 |
| Date: | 2005–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1141&r=cwa |
| By: | Burcin Yazgi; Vedia Dokmeci |
| Abstract: | Istanbul has a very rich urban structure due to its historical background as being the capital of three empires. Since urban design has a long tradition of emanating from the past, it can be very stimulating to investigate the urban structure of Istanbul in different locations with different locational, historical and socia-economic background. With this respect Istanbul presents a rich urban structure to reweal the relationships among the different urban characteristics for the urban designers. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate building density with respect to population density, road surface ratio, urban block areas, distance to central business district, to the subcenters and to the sea shores in Istanbul. Multiple regression analysis is used as the research method. Building density is taken the dependent variable and the others independent variables of the analysis. According to the results of the analysis, building density of the neighborhoods is a function of distance to central business district, road surface ratio, urban block area and distance to the sea shore. There is no relationship between the building density and distance to subcenters. Thus, the distribution of density has a wide spectrum within the city depending on the changing life styles, income, history and amenities. The results of the study can be useful for urban planners, urban designers, policy makers, and transportation planners. For further research, it is suggested to investigate the relationship between building density and environmental control. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p72&r=cwa |
| By: | E. Umran (Mrs.) Topcu |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the spatial and temporal characteristics of periodic markets ( pazar ) in Ãstanbul, by means of analyzing the behavioral patterns of sellers and buyers. Periodic markets have their own products, their own ways of marketing, their own architecture and their own olfactory characteristics. All these factors together create a local culture. some periodic markets have been operating in the same place since the ottoman times. Others have sprung up both in squatter ( gecekondu ) neighborhoods and newly planned urban neighborhoods. So, they can be classified as traditional and modern. Neighborhood markets and the term "going to the market" is part of a traditional life style both in Turkey and Ãstanbul. Periodic markets range from farmers' markets that open up in a relatively more central empty location, on certain days of the week, to periodic markets that open up in central locations in the city, on certain days of the week. So, they happen to be representations of spatial cultural differences. besides providing basic needs for consumption ( food,clothing etc.), they also provide an environment of social interactions. Ãstanbul is a city that provides, anything and everything that can be bought, to her inhabitants. Like elsewhere in the world, new shopping trends are forcing the periodic markets for structural changes. Even in the most traditional neighborhoods, periodic markets are surviving the changes and no decline has been observed in the "going to the market" habits of Ãstanbul inhabitants. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p366&r=cwa |
| By: | SRINIVASAN, S.; BEDI, A.S. |
| Keywords: | dowry; marriage; women; violence against women; women's status; men; social status; social implications; gender equality; India; |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iss:wpaper:429&r=cwa |
| By: | Singh, Nirvikar; Srinivasan, T.N. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines India’s federal system in the context of prospects for India’s future economic growth and development. After a brief review of India’s recent policy reforms and economic development outcomes, and of the country’s federal institutions, the analysis focuses on the major issues with respect to India’s federal system in terms of their developmental consequences. We examine the impacts of tax assignments, expenditure authority and the intergovernmental transfer system on the following aspects of India’s economy and economic performance: the quality of governance and government expenditure, the efficiency of the tax system, the fiscal health of different tiers of government, and the impacts on growth and on regional inequality. In each case, we discuss recent and possible policy reforms. We make comparisons with China’s federal system where this is instructive for analyzing the Indian case. Finally, we provide a discussion of potential reforms of aspects of India’s federal institutions. |
| JEL: | H1 H77 |
| Date: | 2006–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1273&r=cwa |
| By: | Mishra, Garima; Goyal, Rashi |
| Abstract: | The Indian banking industry is presently in a situation of great flux. There are various developments, changes within the Indian economy and deregulations occurring that have the potential to drastically change the way this industry functions in the future. As per the changes envisaged by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), a roadmap has been laid down to gradually deregulate this sector to the foreign banks. This paper discusses related issues that Indian banks might face in the future and tries to draw uopn the experiences of other developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Indian; Banking; RBI; risk; savings; deregulation |
| JEL: | F01 |
| Date: | 2006–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1266&r=cwa |
| By: | Rao, M. Govinda; Singh, Nirvikar |
| Abstract: | This article examines recent and potential reforms in India’s fiscal federal system. We summarize key federal institutions in India, including tax and expenditure assignments, and mechanisms for Center-state transfers. We discuss the institutional process by which reforms can and do take place, including the role of academics, political influences, and especially institutions such as the Finance Commission. In contrast to the past, recent commissions have played a greater role in articulating an agenda for fiscal federal reform, which then proceeds through political bargaining. This change has taken place in the context of, and been influenced by, broader economic reform in India. |
| Keywords: | intergovernmental transfers; economic reform; federalism; regional inequalities |
| JEL: | H1 P35 H7 P26 |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1279&r=cwa |
| By: | Singh, Nirvikar |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an integrated analysis of the role of the service sector in recent Indian economic development. It discusses the nature of services, their distinction from products, and their categorization. It provides an overview of India’s overall growth experience, and a detailed examination of the contribution of the service sector to growth. It includes an examination of the potential for spillovers from IT, ITES and other service sectors such as financial services, to the rest of the economy, drawing on econometric work, as well as input-output analysis of linkages to understand these possible spillovers and growth potentials. Based on this evidence, it appears that India’s manufacturing sector development may have been constrained in part by weaknesses in key service sectors such as transportation and electricity. The paper also considers the particular role of international trade in services, which is of growing importance. It discusses the consequences for employment of different growth paths, the challenges of education and manpower training to support and sustain India’s development path, and social and environmental issues, including regional inequality issues. The Indian experience is related to recent discussions of industrial policy, and development policy more generally. |
| Keywords: | Services; industrialization; India; economic development; industrial policy |
| JEL: | L88 L8 O53 O14 |
| Date: | 2006–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1276&r=cwa |
| By: | Sachin Chaturvedi (Research and Information System for Developing Countries) |
| Abstract: | India has introduced several trade facilitation related measures in the last couple of years. The pro-active strategy adopted by the Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) has helped in introducing several policy measures which have not only streamlined the role of the customs department but has also helped industry in a major way without compromising collection of revenue. |
| Keywords: | Trade Facilitation, Customs Valuation, India |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esc:wpaper:2506&r=cwa |
| By: | Singh, Nirvikar |
| Abstract: | This monograph compares the methodologies and progress of the different existing models of information and communication technology (ICT) use for broad-based development and economic growth in India. It will examine the role of complementary reforms in government administration and policies. The focus is chiefly on the rural economy, where the developmental needs are the greatest, and the use of ICTs presents the most challenges. It examines the nature of benefits in areas such as education, health, market efficiency, and democratic participation, the channels through which impacts can be realized, and the practical means for realizing potential benefits, including organizational innovations and government policy as well as structural changes |
| Keywords: | India; ICTs; Internet; development |
| JEL: | L31 P20 O30 O12 |
| Date: | 2006–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1274&r=cwa |
| By: | Singh, Nirvikar |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a self-contained overview of the present problems of state finances in India. It begins with an overview of historical evolution and current institutional structures, including economic, political, administrative and fiscal aspects of India’s federal system. The paper then reviews the current situation of India’s state government finances, going on to consider various developments that have shaped the states’ current fiscal situation, including the roles of national economic reform, the intergovernmental transfer system, tax reform, and local government reform. Policy options for reforming institutions of fiscal federalism system, borrowing mechanisms for the states, and governance are then discussed, with an emphasis on the principle that states should have appropriate incentives for fiscal discipline at the margins of revenue and expenditure. |
| Keywords: | fiscal policy; intergovernmental transfers; incentives; institutional reform |
| JEL: | P2 H1 H7 |
| Date: | 2006–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1281&r=cwa |
| By: | Sudeshna Maitra (Department of Economics, York University) |
| Abstract: | India has experienced a much-documented dowry inflation since the 1950s, which has been attributed to a spurt in population growth post-World War II. Will recent declines in fertility lead to a reversal of this trend and a regime of bride price? My paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model of marriage markets, sex-ratio choice and population growth that is used to characterize the long-run relationship between population dynamics and marriage payments in India. I show that in the absence of exogenous sex preferences for offspring, and with no asymmetries between men and women except in desired ages of marriage (of self and spouse), any long run equilibrium will be characterized by an excess supply of brides, dowry payments and a masculine sex ratio.The result holds for parameters consistent with marriage market indicators in India. |
| Keywords: | Dowry, Marriage squeeze, Population growth |
| JEL: | J11 J12 J16 D10 |
| Date: | 2006–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yca:wpaper:2006_9&r=cwa |
| By: | Sudeshna Maitra (Department of Economics, York University) |
| Abstract: | The empirical evidence on the role of a demographic marriage squeeze in the Indian dowry inflation of the last century has been mixed. Moreover, Anderson (2005) argues in a theoretical setting, that a population growth-led marriage squeeze must cause dowry deflation if the spousal age gap is to narrow over time. In this paper, I show that the apparently contradictory findings of the economic literature are perfectly consistent with each other. I demonstrate, using Anderson’s theoretical framework, that a demographic squeeze may lead to higher dowries in the periods of the squeeze compared with periods of no squeeze. Furthermore, I show that data drawn from such a dowry path can replicate the results obtained in the empirical literature on the Indian dowry inflation. I conclude that a demographic marriage squeeze remains a plausible explanation for the Indian dowry inflation. |
| Keywords: | Dowry, Marriage squeeze, Population growth |
| JEL: | J11 J12 J16 D10 |
| Date: | 2006–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yca:wpaper:2006_10&r=cwa |
| By: | Mohey-ud-din, Ghulam |
| Abstract: | The Two-Gap Model suggests that the Poor countries have to rely on the foreign resources to fill the two Gaps: Import-Export Gap and the Savings-Investment Gap. There are many forms of the foreign resources like FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), External loans & Credit, technical assistance, Project & non-project aid etc. But UDC’s (including Pakistan) don’t have the investment friendly policies. So, they have to rely on the Foreign aid and Debt rather than FDI and portfolio investments. The role of these external resources always remains questionable. This paper analyzes the trends and structure of the foreign aid in Pakistan during 1960-2002 and its role and effectiveness in the economic development in Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Foreign capital inflows (FCI); Foreign Aid; Economic Development; Foreign Economic Assistance; Official Development Assistance (ODA); Foreign Debt Burden; Aid and Growth; Trends and Structure of Aid; Aid Effectiveness |
| JEL: | O11 O1 O19 |
| Date: | 2005–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1211&r=cwa |
| By: | Mohey-ud-din, Ghulam |
| Abstract: | The Two-Gap Model suggests that the Poor countries have to rely on the foreign capital inflows (FCI) to fill the two Gaps: Import-Export Gap and the Savings-Investment Gap. There are many forms of the foreign capital inflows like FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), External loans & Credit, technical assistance, Project & non-project aid etc. So, UDC’s (including Pakistan) have to rely on the Foreign aid, Debt FDI and portfolio investments. The role of these external resources (FCI) always remains questionable. This paper analyzes the impact of the foreign capital inflow on GDP Growth in Pakistan during 1975-2004. |
| Keywords: | Foreign capital inflows (FCI); Foreign Investment; Economic Growth; Foreign Economic Assistance; Official Development Assistance (ODA); Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Foreign Debt Burden; Aid and Growth; FCI Effectiveness. |
| JEL: | O19 O11 O1 |
| Date: | 2006–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1233&r=cwa |
| By: | Feridun, Mete |
| Abstract: | This study attempts to outline the practical steps which need to be undertaken to use autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series models for forecasting Pakistan’s inflation. A framework for ARIMA forecasting is drawn up. On the basis of insample and out-of-sample forecast it can be concluded that the model has sufficient predictive powers and the findings are well in line with those of other studies. Further, in this study, the main focus is to forecast the monthly inflation on short-term basis, for this purpose, different ARIMA models are used and the candid model is proposed. On the basis of various diagnostic and selection & evaluation criteria the best and accurate model is selected for the short term forecasting of inflation. |
| Keywords: | Forecasting inflation; ARIMA |
| JEL: | E10 |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:1024&r=cwa |
| By: | Amnon Frenkel; Eran Leck |
| Abstract: | Universities and academic research institutions play an important role in contributing to the economic growth of countries, mainly through the diffusion of scientific knowledge, new methods, and technologies. This study investigates the relationship between investments in higher education and the economic performance of developed countries. Cross-sectional data, relating to higher education, workforce composition, and macro-economic indicators, were analyzed. The empirical analysis was based on data gathered from international datasets: World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank, OECD Statistics Portal, and UNSECO for the 30 OECD member states. The main research hypothesis was that a positive and significant linkage exists between investment in higher education and economic growth. The examination was carried out by employing two models. The first model (a two-stage model) assumed that an indirect link existed between higher education and economic growth. The instrumental indicator used in the analysis was the country’s labor force composition (specifically, the percentage of employees in scientific and engineering fields). The second model employed a multivariate regression model to directly test the relationship between higher education and growth indicators. The research findings show that higher education inputs translate into human capital outputs (a trained workforce in the computing, science, and engineering fields), and these transform back into the inputs that explain the economic performance of OECD countries. Smaller European countries, such as Finland, the Netherlands, and Denmark, are more efficient in translating their educational investments into a high-quality labor force. The two main activities of universities - teaching and research - were found to be connected to enhancing the per capita GDP of OECD countries. The research findings also support evidence from other studies that show decreasing returns to scale in education. The elasticity of per capita GDP with respect to R&D expenditure per student and the expenditure on teaching in research universities were found to be fairly large, with a constant elasticity of 0.78% and point elasticities (when expenditure on teaching is held constant) ranging from 0.04% (Turkey) to 0.84% (Sweden). Point elasticities for the majority of OECD countries were found to be at the 0.2%-0.5% level. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p153&r=cwa |
| By: | Maria Del Mar Salinas-Jimenez; Javier Salinas-Jimenez |
| Abstract: | The study of corruption is attracting lot of attention in recent years. Focusing on the economic consequences of corruption, the empirical evidence points to a positive relation between institutional integrity, or absence of corruption, and economic growth. Although most developed countries tend to have lower corruption than less developed ones, there exists significant variation within OECD countries. As an example, it may be observed that the gap in perceived corruption between the Nordic countries and southern Europe is larger than the gap between southern Europe and the average of the emerging economies. In this context, the objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of corruption on economic performance in a sample of OECD countries during the period 1980-2000. Specifically, we study the effect of corruption on productivity and efficiency change, trying to determine whether productivity growth is greater in countries with lower corruption. To this end, different productivity measures are compared by considering both output per worker and Total Factor Productivity (TFP). Furthermore, TFP change is decomposed into efficiency change and technological progress by means of Malmquist productivity indices. On the basis of this of this decomposition we will analyze whether corruption affect TFP growth via efficiency gains or technological change, thus gaining insight into the channels through which corruption influence economic growth. |
| Date: | 2006–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa06p99&r=cwa |
| By: | Pashev, Konstantin |
| Abstract: | Measures of corruption are based on the concept of bribes as extra business costs. Drawing evidence from corruption surveys of business and tax service in Bulgaria, this paper looks at the bribe as a price paid by the taxpayer in exchange for income-maximizing services supplied by corrupt tax officials. It distinguishes between corruption for tax evasion and corruption related to excessive voluntary compliance costs. The latter is closer to the concept of bribes as costs imposed on business, but is limited in scale relative to the former. It is in this framework that the study analyses the drivers of the demand and supply of corruption “services” and proposes an indicator framework for “sizing up” the problem, evaluating the strength of the underlying factors and formulating anti-corruption policies whose effect can be monitored and evaluated using that framework. |
| Keywords: | tax corruption |
| JEL: | H26 |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:974&r=cwa |
| By: | Ducker, C.L. |
| Keywords: | Jews; Arabs; identity; political aspects; reproduction; fertility rate; Israel; |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iss:wpaper:421&r=cwa |