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on Cultural Economics |
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Issue of 2024‒03‒11
three papers chosen by Roberto Zanola, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale |
| By: | Joshua S. Gans |
| Abstract: | New generative artificial intelligence (AI) models, including large language models and image generators, have created new challenges for copyright policy as such models may be trained on data that includes copy-protected content. This paper examines this issue from an economics perspective and analyses how different copyright regimes for generative AI will impact the quality of content generated as well as the quality of AI training. A key factor is whether generative AI models are small (with content providers capable of negotiations with AI providers) or large (where negotiations are prohibitive). For small AI models, it is found that giving original content providers copyright protection leads to superior social welfare outcomes compared to having no copyright protection. For large AI models, this comparison is ambiguous and depends on the level of potential harm to original content providers and the importance of content for AI training quality. However, it is demonstrated that an ex-post `fair use' type mechanism can lead to higher expected social welfare than traditional copyright regimes. |
| JEL: | K20 O34 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32106&r=cul |
| By: | Heejae Kim (River Dell High School, United States of America); Daniel Kurz (Middlesex County College, Edison, NJ, United States of America) |
| Abstract: | For both visitors and natives, the geography of New York City can be challenging to navigate. Literally divided into dozens of islands, with its only mainland connection via The Bronx, the Five Boroughs present different kinds of landmasses that millions experience daily—living in, visiting, escaping from, transiting, and utilizing them. Not only has the Subway System become a key aspect and symbol of New York’s culture, but it has also become infamous on a national scale. Uniting all since the early 1900s has been the Subway System, which continues to inspire, frustrate, challenge, alienate and envelop modern artists of every kind to his day. Through various sources and the thoughts/words of postwar artists Yoko Ono, Ellie Kayu Ng, Keith Haring, and James Yang, we have explored the New York Subway and its openness for interpretation. Out of countless post-war artists who have included the Subway in their artwork, we have chosen to compare and contrast a few artists who have utilized the subway in differing ways in their art. The Subway System has been depicted and interpreted in countless ways to communicate its promise, aesthetic, democratic spirit, kinetics and, of course, connectivity. Ultimately, we have come to the conclusion that Subway can be interpreted in endless ways, allowing artists to form differing views, feelings, and meanings from the same subject, in this case, the Subway. |
| Keywords: | art, artist, interpretation, post-war, subway |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0344&r=cul |
| By: | Ariel Kalil; Susan Mayer; Philip Oreopoulos; Rohen Shah |
| Abstract: | Programs that engage young children in movement and song to help them learn are popular but experimental evidence on their impact is sparse. We use an RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of Big Word Club (BWC), a classroom program that uses music and dance videos for 3-5 minutes per day to increase vocabulary. We conducted a field experiment with 818 preschool and kindergarten students in 47 schools in three U.S. states. We find that treated students scored higher on a test of words targeted by the program (0.30 SD) after four months of use and this effect persisted for two months. |
| JEL: | D91 I20 J10 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32132&r=cul |