|
on Economics of Strategic Management |
|
Issue of 2026–06–08
sixteen papers chosen by João José de Matos Ferreira, Universidade da Beira Interior |
| By: | Farooq, Nida; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | With the world evolving to a digital environment, pharmaceutical companies in developing markets such as Pakistan are under more pressure to embrace innovative approaches that can bring competitiveness and long-term viability in performance. This paper examines how digital trust affects open innovation and performance of firms in the Pakistani pharmaceutical market. Digital trust is the measurement of the technological preparedness dimensions of innovation, discomfort, and insecurity, which are conceptualised as a major facilitator of open innovation. We contend that digital trust (DT), measured by DT innovation and DT insecurity positively influenced by knowledge processing capabilities measured by Knowledge Acquisition, knowledge Dissemination, and Knowledge utilisation. These capabilities, in turn, positively affect open innovation and ultimately firm performance based on the performance indexes like general operational efficiency, market share expansion, and payback. We also infer that information sharing positively moderates the effect of digital trust on open innovation in a way that higher levels of information sharing will strengthen the effect of digital trust on open innovation. The quantitative research design was used. Data was collected from 201 professionals working in the pharmaceutical industries in Karachi, Pakistan, using a closed-ended questionnaire and analysed using confirmatory factor analysis and partial least square structured equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results demonstrate that digital trust is a major driver of open innovation, which in its turn has a positive impact on the firm's performance. Results also showed that the insecurity dimension showing positive impact, while the innovation dimension showed mixed effects on knowledge processing capabilities. Moreover, there was a partial mediation between digital trust and open innovation by the capabilities of knowledge processing. However, the moderating effect of information sharing remained inconclusive. Overall, the study highlights the critical role of digital trust and knowledge management in fostering innovation performance in the pharmaceutical industry. This study expands the open innovation and digital trust literature into an unstudied, regulated sector of a developing economy. In practice, it provides practical suggestions that pharmaceutical companies and policymakers can use to advance innovation and improvement through digital trust and collaborative knowledge strategies. These results highlight the urgency of digital maturity and an open information space that would allow regulated markets, such as pharmaceuticals, to experience sustainable innovation. |
| Keywords: | Digital trust, Open innovation, Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Dissemination, Knowledge utilisation, Firm performance |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341064 |
| By: | Giulia Fontanelli (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between eco-innovation and firm performance among SMEs operating in Emilia-Romagna using data from the ECOSISTER Project, Spoke 5 – Circular Economy (C.E.) and Blue Economy. Particular attention is devoted to the role of C.E. Investment Intensity and C.E. Human Capital (HC) as complementary dimensions of sustainability-oriented transformation. The findings suggest that firms progressively integrate eco-innovation, C.E. investments, and specialised HC within their development strategies, highlighting their relevance for competitiveness and economic performance. The study contributes to the literature on innovation, sustainability, and C.E. transitions. |
| Keywords: | Eco-Innovation; Circular Economy; Firm Performance; Human Capital; Circular Economy Investments |
| JEL: | O31 O32 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:1126 |
| By: | Dany Bahar (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Shreyas Gadgin Matha; Ricardo Hausmann (Harvard's Growth Lab); Santiago Segovia (Harvard's Growth Lab) |
| Abstract: | Japan remains one of the world’s most technologically sophisticated economies, yet its labor productivity has been stagnant for more than two decades. This paper investigates the apparent contradiction between Japan’s high R&D intensity and its weak productivity performance by examining the allocation, composition, and effectiveness of innovation across industries. Using industry-level data from the OECD, patent-level data linked across technology and industry classifications, and a set of nine technological taxonomies, we document that Japan disproportionately concentrates R&D in mid-technology manufacturing sectors—such as motor vehicles, electrical equipment, and chemicals—that generate relatively low productivity spillovers. High-technology sectors, including ICT, pharmaceuticals, scientific R&D, and advanced digital services, receive a significantly smaller share of investment and exhibit much higher productivity contributions in other countries. We further show that Japan’s indirect, tax-based system of R&D support reinforces this equilibrium by favoring large incumbents and under-supporting SMEs. We conclude by assessing the potential of Japan’s new 17-sector strategy to reorient the innovation system toward frontier technologies. |
| Keywords: | Japan, innovation, industrial policy |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:glh:wpfacu:269 |
| By: | Irfan, Sharjeel; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the role of Procurement 4.0 (P4.0) in enhancing productivity in remanufacturing operations and advancing circular economy (CE) performance within Pakistan's manufacturing sector, drawing on the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory to frame the analysis. This study examines how P4.0 which is measured by procurement strategies, planning, and performance review can enhance circular economy. We proposed P4.0 factors increase Productivity in remanufacturing operations, thereby enhancing circular economy. We also contend that these relationships are moderated by organizational resources, namely talent, managerial capability, and technological infrastructure. Meaning that the successful deployment of these digital tools can enhance the effect of P4.0 on remanufacturing operations, and the onward effect on circular economy. The study employs a quantitative approach, applying Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to analyse survey data from manufacturing firms, thereby validating the above-mentioned relationships. The results of the structural model assessment confirmed that all hypothesized relationships (H1-H8) were statistically significant. For the direct effects, Procurement 4.0 (P4.0) Strategy has a positive impact on productivity, suggesting that adopting digital procurement strategies enhances remanufacturing performance. P4.0 Planning exerts the strongest effect among others. Similarly, P4.0 Review positively influences productivity. Finally, H8 demonstrated a very strong effect of Productivity on Circular Economy (CE) Performance. With regard to moderating effects, the results also provide strong support for the role of Talent, Technological Capability, and Management Support as amplifiers of the direct relationships. For Talent, H4a-H4c demonstrated significant moderation between P4.0 Strategy, Planning, and Review on productivity, while H7a confirmed that Talent strengthens the link between productivity and CE performance. For Technological Capability, H5a-H5c indicated significant moderating roles across strategy, planning, and review on productivity, while H7b showed a positive moderation between productivity and CE performance. Finally, for Management Support, H6a-H6c reported significant moderating effects on the relationships between P4.0 practices and productivity (β = 0.074-0.089, p |
| Keywords: | Procurement 4.0, Industry 4.0, Remanufacturing Operations, Circular Economy (CE), Resource Based View (RBV), Sustainable Supply Chain, Technological Resources, Digital Procurement Strategy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341053 |
| By: | Myungkoo Song (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the evolving innovation climate of South Korea’s manufacturing industry by examining the relationship between perceived innovation barriers and innovation activities. Using firm-level microdata from the Korean Innovation Survey covering the period from 2020 to 2024, the analysis reveals a post-pandemic paradox: a heightened perception of innovation barriers has coexisted with a significant increase in overall innovation activity.<p> However, this aggregate trend masks a critical divergence based on technological intensity. For firms in the low-technology sector, the results support a “revealed barrier” effect, in which heightened barrier perception stems from persistent engagement in innovation.<p> Conversely, for firms in the high-technology sector, barriers act as genuine “Deterrents, ” with financial and market constraints significantly reducing innovation success rates. These findings suggest that a one-size-fits-all policy approach is insufficient. The study concludes that innovation policy must be bifurcated: focusing on de-risking financial and market uncertainties for high-technology sectors, while addressing operational and capability frictions for low-technology sectors. |
| Keywords: | innovation; innovation activities; barriers to innovation; innovation policy; technology; technology adoption; technology policy; research and development; R&D |
| JEL: | L60 O31 O32 O38 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:022557 |
| By: | Alfaro, Laura; Chen, Maggie; Javorcik, Beata S. |
| Abstract: | Multinational corporations (MNCs) are the dominant institutions for creating and distributing knowledge across borders. Their activities generate geopolitical externalities when cross-border knowledge spillovers enhance a rival states strategic capabilities in ways neither internalized by firms nor priced by markets. This review examines MNC-mediated knowledge creation and diffusion and the governance regime that has emerged in response. We distinguish three types of knowledge codified, tacit, and organizational that differ in their transmission channels and governability, and trace how each is created within MNC networks, diffused within and across firm boundaries, and targeted by policy instruments. Evidence shows that controls induce compensating responses, including redirected innovation, supply-chain reconfiguration, and organizational restructuring, with uncertain net effects. Linking the theory of the multinational firm to the economics of geopolitical rivalry, the review highlights the trade-offs that knowledge governance imposes on the global economy. |
| Keywords: | Multinational;Diffusion;Geopolitical externality |
| JEL: | F20 F52 O30 L23 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14608 |
| By: | Latif, Samuel; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This study investigates the role of green supply chain practices (GSCP), green training, collaboration, and innovation in driving sustainable performance within Pakistan's manufacturing sector. The research was undertaken to address a key gap in emerging economies, where sustainability strategies often remain compliance driven and their contribution to innovation and performance is underexplored. A theoretical framework was proposed contending that Internal (IGSCP) and external Green Supply Chain (GSC) Practices (EGSCP), as well as Green Training (GT) would enable GSC Collaboration (GSCC), enhance Sustainable Manufacturing (SM), and Environmental Process Integration (EPI). These will in turn increase Green Innovation (GI) ultimately leading towards a better triple bottom line i.e. Environmental (EP), Economic (ECOP), and Social Performance (SP). We also infer that the effect of GSCC, SM, EPI on GI is moderated by Green Self-Efficacy (GSE) in a way that higher level GSE will strengthen the above mentioned effect. Design/methodology/approach: Using a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 385 supply chain professionals across multiple industries. The research employed a structured questionnaire adapted from prior validated scales, and SmartPLS 4 was used for analysis. Measurement model assessment confirmed reliability and validity, while structural equation modeling (SEM) tested direct, indirect, and moderating effects. Findings: Results reveal that external GSCP, green training, and collaboration significantly influence sustainable manufacturing. Green innovation emerged as the strongest mediator, positively driving environmental (β = 0.826), economic (β = 0.848), and social (β = 0.785) performance outcomes. Conversely, environmental process integration and internal GSCP showed weaker or non-significant effects, underscoring contextual barriers. Results indicate that external GSCP significantly improved environmental process integration and collaboration, while internal GSCP strongly enhanced process integration and sustainable manufacturing. Green training positively influenced collaboration and manufacturing, though it had a negative effect on process integration. Green innovation emerged as the strongest mediator, driving environmental (β = 0.826), economic (β = 0.848), and social (β = 0.785) outcomes. Collaboration and self-efficacy significantly supported innovation, but moderation effects of self-efficacy were non-significant. Sustainable manufacturing showed no direct effect on innovation. Overall, the model highlights innovation and collaboration as key pathways to sustainability. Originality/value: This study contributes by integrating NRBV and DCT to explain sustainability pathways in an underexplored context. It offers theoretical insights, empirical evidence, and practical recommendations for managers and policymakers to strengthen sustainability strategies in emerging economies. |
| Keywords: | Green supply chain practices, green training, green innovation, sustainable performance, PLS-SEM, Pakistan manufacturing |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341051 |
| By: | Tahir, Aliza; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | The research investigates the effects of the dimensions of Green Strategic Leadership Capabilities i.e. 1. foresight, 2. adaptive, and 3. absorptive capabilities on pro-environmental behavior and green innovative behavior in manufacturing firms in Pakistan and then considers the mediating influences of environmental knowledge sharing, green rewards, and green self-efficacy, along with the moderating effect of green training. We infer that foresight capabilities are measured by 1. Green tester (GT), and 2. Green farmer (GF), adaptive capabilities that included 1. Green management system (GMS), 2. Green Markets (GM), and 3. Gren Technology (GTEC), and absorptive capabilities measured by 1. Green Acquisition (GA), 2. Green assimilation (GAS), and 3. Green Transformation (GTRAN), and Green Exploitation (GE), all enhance environmental knowledge sharing, this will in turn increase green rewards and green self-efficacy, ultimately leading to pro-environmental behavior and green innovative behavior. We also contend that the effects of green rewards and green self-efficacy on pro environmental and green innovative behavior are moderated by green training in a way that high levels of training with make these relationships more pronounced. The study has collected 300 responses from the managerial staff of Pakistani manufacturing firms. The results show that Green foresight capability negatively significantly affects environmental knowledge sharing, while green absorptive capability greatly enhances both environmental knowledge sharing and green self-efficacy. Environmental knowledge sharing positively and significantly mediates the relationship between the two green capabilities and green rewards. Moreover, green rewards favor green innovative behavior and pro environmental behavior while green self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on green innovative behavior. Finally, green training moderates the relationship between green rewards and pro-environmental behavior in a negative way because of mediation. The overall conclusion suggests that environmental knowledge sharing acts as an important mediator for a lot of relationships, whereas green training moderates the effect on behavior. Thus, the results show that organizational capabilities with knowledge sharing are important drivers of sustainable behavior and innovation in these manufacturing firms. |
| Keywords: | Pro-Environmental Behavior, Green Leadership, Green Rewards, Green Self-Efficacy, Pakistan, PLS-SEM. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341019 |
| By: | Hussain, Syed Qamber; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | In the global race toward sustainability, the necessity for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially in developing economies, to march towards a Sustainable Net Zero Economy (SNZE), became much more pressing. In particular, the study analyzes the impact of tangible resources, intangible resources, and human skills on the financial, environmental, and social performance of SMEs in Pakistan, considering sustainable manufacturing and circular economy capabilities as mediation variables. The model underlying the research grounded in the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) and Human Capital Theory, and data were quantitatively analysed using input from 309 SMEs. The hypothetical relationships of this model tested using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) based on the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The results suggested that tangible assets, organizational culture, and human capital most critically influence the adoption of SNZE practices. Furthermore, sustainable manufacturing and circular economy capabilities operate as key channels through which the resource inputs translate into better performance outcomes. While sustainable manufacturing enhances efficiency, innovation, and environmental compliance, circular economy capabilities assure cost savings, resource optimization, and engagement with stakeholders. Together with these mediators, it enables SMEs to improve competitiveness and resilience while contributing to environmental and social value. This study contributes to the theory by advancing sustainability research through an empirical examination of the application of the NRBV and human capital perspectives in the context of a developing country. In practice, the study identifies actionable strategies for SME managers and policymakers to help overcome constraints imposed by limited resources, weak provisions for their protection, and low sustainability awareness. |
| Keywords: | Tangible Resources, Human Skills, Intangible Resources, Sustainable Net Zero Economy, Sustainable Manufacturing, Circular Economy Capabilities, Performance Outcomes, Pakistan SMEs, SEM |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341049 |
| By: | Minsung Kang (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes R&D investment and Digital Transformation (DX) technology utilization at South Korean manufacturing and service enterprises during the period from 2017 to 2023 using data extracted from the Survey of Business Activities by the Ministry of Data and Statistics.<p> Overall, R&D activity levels are higher, more consistent, and more intensive in the manufacturing sector than in the service sector, but even as service firms are less likely to engage in R&D, they have pursued digital transformation (DX) at a higher rate, albeit with greater variability and significant size-based polarization.<p> DX contributes more to competitiveness in services than in manufacturing, and small firms lag significantly in both sectors.<p> Based on the results of the analysis, the paper recommends expanding customized integrated support packages, building a full-cycle DX support system with strong human capital development, and shifting the regulatory sandbox toward a more flexible, ex post regulation framework to accelerate adoption and reduce disparities. |
| Keywords: | innovation; innovation activities; research and development; R&D; corporate R&D; R&D investment; digital transformation; DX |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O33 O38 L60 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:022561 |
| By: | Kaitila, Ville; Kuosmanen, Natalia; Maczulskij, Terhi |
| Abstract: | Abstract This brief examines the links between research and development (R&D), innovation, international trade, and the green transition in Finland. The findings are based on a Business Finland-funded research project analyzing export demand shocks, firms’ innovation activities, and the effects of environmental policies on Finnish companies. The studies focusing on international trade show that Finland’s global export market share has declined over recent decades due to weak performance and an unfavorable export product structure. At the same time, positive export demand shocks increase firms’ patenting activity and product innovation, whereas negative shocks reduce innovation activity and exports. These findings underline the importance of international trade for firms’ innovation incentives and long-term economic growth. The studies related to the green transition and climate change objectives demonstrate that firms’ own R&D investments, together with R&D spillover effects within industries, are associated with lower greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) has not significantly weakened firms’ competitiveness; instead, it has increased process and product innovation while improving energy efficiency. The results suggest that well-designed environmental policies can simultaneously support emission reductions and innovation. |
| Keywords: | Innovations, R&D, International trade, Green transition |
| JEL: | F10 F14 O31 Q50 |
| Date: | 2026–05–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:180 |
| By: | Fayyaz, Saniya; Amarra, Umme; Jamshed, Yameena; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | Purpose: The research paper focused on the role of digital human resource management on organizational adaptability and sustainability in emerging economies in Karachi. This scientific study aims at examining null hypothesis which analyzes that there is no relationship between digital HRM and organization ability to be adaptable and sustainable in various organizations in Karachi. Design/Methodology: The research design is descriptive as we establish the association between dependent and independent variables. Our independent variable is Digital HRM which includes digital performance management, digital intensity, and digital transformation that are provided to organizations to improve their performance, adaptation capabilities and employee state optimization. A structured questionnaire is designed to collect approximately 100-sample size samples via online and by organizations visits. A survey forms were distributed using random sampling method among more than six different public and private sectors of Karachi. The research is quantitative in nature and analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation model (SEM) by using smart PLS. Findings: The findings show that digital HRM is positively and significantly correlated with organizational resilience. The study also revealed that adaptation capabilities are a strong mediator between digital HRM and organization resilience. The integration of digitalization's of HRM practices significantly enhances the organization's adaptability and productivity. Originality: The study included both quantitative and qualitative data and examined the relationship of digital HRM influences the organization's resilience from the viewpoint of public and private sector in Karachi city. |
| Keywords: | Digital HRM, adaptability, employee engagement, resilience, sustainability |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341027 |
| By: | Massab, Khizra; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the study is to better understand the relationship between accounting systems and innovation in the banking industry by investigating how MAIS affects the impact of different innovation methods on financial results. The research explores looks at how the Management Accounting Information System (MAIS) affects the link between financial performance (FP) and innovation strategy (IS) in Pakistani banks. Six innovation strategies were included namely 1. Aggressiveness, 2. Analysis, 3. Defensiveness, 4. Futurity, 5. Pro-activeness, and 6. Riskiness and their effect on banks' financial performance are accessed. Performance dimensions included 1. Financial Performance, 2. Customer Performance, 3. Internal Business Processes Performance, and 4. Learning and Growth Performance. We also contend that a better Management Accounting Information System (MAIS) would make the impact of innovation strategies on performance more pronounced. The quality of MAIS is measured by 1. Integration management, 2. Sales Management System, 3. Management Reporting System, 4. Budget Management System, and 5. Timeliness. Purposive sampling was used to choose key personnel from the top ten banks in Pakistan, with an emphasis on those in charge of strategic and financial decision-making. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data, and Smart PLS software was used to evaluate the survey using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). Cross-loadings, reliability, and discriminant validity tests were used to thoroughly verify the IS, MAIS, and FP constructs. The results suggested that the association between innovation strategies and financial performance is considerably moderated by MAIS. In particular, MAIS has a negative moderating effect in riskiness and futurity situations, but it increases the influence of aggressive and proactive innovation tactics on financial results. These findings imply that while MAIS may be helpful in some situations, excessive dependence on analytical or forward-looking approaches may impede flexible decision-making in quickly changing financial environments. Hence, the findings suggested that to promote sustainable development and a competitive edge in the market, banks must strike a balance between strategic innovation and strong accounting processes, as shown by the complex function of MAIS. |
| Keywords: | Management Accounting Information System (MAIS), Innovation Strategy (IS), Financial Performance (FP), Banking Sector, Pakistani Banks, Strategic Moderation |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341014 |
| By: | Jafri, Syeda Rida zehra; Zehra, Qirat; Amin, Tanzeela; Khan, Sadia; Mussa, Saba; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | Purpose The present research looks into the relationship between Green Transformational Leadership (GTL) and Green Employee Performance (GEP) in the manufacturing industry of Pakistan (MIP), and this study also tests the mediating roles of Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior (G-OCB) and Green Work Engagement (GWE), in between of GTL and GEP respectively, and one moderating variable of Green Intellectual Capital (GIC). A cross sectional quantitative research design was utilized using survey data among employees in the manufacturing sector. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were conducted through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 4. The findings validate the positive impact of GTL on GEP, and both G-OCB and GWE emerged as significant mediators. Surprisingly, GIC did not moderate the predictive strength of GTL on GEP. This is one of the pioneer studies to apply Social Learning Theory to explore green leadership in the Pakistani manufacturing industry. It delivers new understandings of the mechanisms of GTL on sustainable performance, highlighting the importance of voluntary employee behavior and psychological engagement with green issues. The findings provide useful insights for managers in creating constructs of leadership toward sustainability. Organizations ought to build up GTL as well as promote G-OCB and GWE to integrate environmental outcomes into employees' roles. Although GIC is a useful tool, its contribution to improving the impact on GTL may need additional strengthening in the Pakistani context. |
| Keywords: | Green Transformational Leadership, Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Green Intellectual Capital, Green Employee Performance |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341028 |
| By: | Salman, Muhammad; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This study explores how strategic resource allocation in human, physical, financial, and information domains impacts Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) enablers i.e. supply chain integration, investment specificity, and innovativeness, and ultimately affects organizational performance in Pakistan's manufacturing sector. Motivated by the scarcity of empirical studies from emerging economies, the research addresses a significant knowledge gap by examining the mediating effects of SSCM capabilities on performance outcomes. Study design/methodology/approach: Adopting a quantitative, cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 385 supply chain professionals in Pakistan using a structured questionnaire. The conceptual model was tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS 4. Findings: The study revealed that resource allocation significantly influences SSCM practices, which in turn drive organizational performance. Information and financial resources showed the strongest positive effects on innovativeness. while human resources most significantly influenced supply chain integration. R² values exceeded 0.65 for all mediating constructs, confirming strong explanatory power. Similarly, the significance of skilled workers in promoting cooperative and integrated supply chains is reflected in Human Resource → SCI. These results emphasize contextual obstacles in Pakistani manufacturing environments and provide some support for the conceptual model. The study also showed that innovativeness and investment specificity have significance impact on SSCM, Originality/value: This research presents a multi-path mediation model grounded in RBV, Relational View, and Stakeholder Theory. It provides actionable insights for policymakers and managers to optimize resource allocation strategies for sustainability performance in resource constrained environments. |
| Keywords: | Resource allocation, SSCM, innovativeness, investment specificity, supply chain integration, organizational performance |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:341048 |
| By: | Enghin Atalay; Ali Hortacsu; Nicole Kimmel; Chad Syverson |
| Abstract: | How do investments in innovation translate into future productivity growth? Empirically answering this question is challenging. R&D spending is an observed input into the innovation process, but mapping it to productivity growth requires assumptions about the depreciation of R&D capital, gestation lags, and how well such expenditures capture true innovative effort (Hall, 2007). Patents, an alternative measure, capture successful innovations but vary widely in novelty (Kelly et al., 2021) and economic value (Kogan et al., 2017). Firms may forgo patenting to preserve secrecy, while others patent strategically to protect existing products even when their underlying innovations are marginal. |
| Keywords: | productivity measurement; innovation |
| JEL: | D24 E31 O31 O47 |
| Date: | 2026–04–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:103326 |