|
on Economics of Strategic Management |
|
Issue of 2017‒09‒17
sixteen papers chosen by João José de Matos Ferreira Universidade da Beira Interior |
| By: | Anna Gerke (Audencia Recherche - Audencia Business School); Yan Dalla Pria (CeRSM - Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre) |
| Abstract: | Cluster theory is a well‐established field of research (Greve, 2009; Martin & Sunley, 2003; Porter, 1998, 2008) and has been an enduring element in national economic policies around the globe (Benner, 2012; Ketels, 2015). Also the sport sector has seen political and economic initiatives for cluster development on national and international level (EU4SportsClusters, 2015; EuroSIMA, 2015; Sporaltec, 2016). Shilbury (2000), pioneer in this topic, emphasises that in Australia sport clusters are potentially a new form of the sport delivery system in response to environmental changes, e.g., reduced state subsidies for sport. Until today sport clusters have been viewed as one conceptual category. However, this paper suggests a dual typology of sport clusters depending on the level of heterogeneity of cluster members and the type of interorganizational linkages. This study compares two clusters from the sailing industry to two clusters from the surfing industry. The use of a multiple case study with pairs of similar case studies permits theory development through literal and theoretical replication. Similar results amongst similar cases strengthen theory through literal replication. Differing results across different pairs of cases deepen theory (Miles, Huberman, & Saldaña, 2014; Yin, 2009). This qualitative research uses interviews (n=117) and observations (n=17) as the primary data sources, and organizational information (n=47) and archival data (n=27) as secondary data sources. The results reveal two diametrically opposed models for clusters in the sport industry in terms of socio‐economic proximity (i.e., social proximity affecting economic proximity and vice versa (Gerke, Desbordes, & Dickson, 2015)). These two models represent the fundamental logic of community and society (Dalla Pria & Vicente, 2006; Storper, 2005). The logic of a society like cluster is founded in the paradigm of proximity because of complementarity. The two sailing clusters rely on the logic of society because the boat‐building projects are complex and require a variety of specialised skills that are supplied by small‐and medium‐sized cluster members. The creation of a formal cluster governing body accompanies an existing collective logic between much diversified and specialised local actors. The logic of a community like cluster is founded in the paradigm of cognitive proximity. The two surfing clusters rely on the logic of community because cluster members have similar business models, competencies, and value creation processes. There are few buyer‐ supplier relationships and firms tend to be direct competitors, thus interorganisational linkages tend to be competitive in nature. |
| Keywords: | sport cluster, interorganisational linkages, socio-economic proximity |
| Date: | 2016–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01491163&r=cse |
| By: | Branstetter, Lee; Gandal, Neil; Kunievsky, Nadav |
| Abstract: | A large and growing literature has used patent and patent citation data to measure knowledge spillovers across inventions and organizations, but relatively few papers in this literature have explicitly considered the collaboration networks formed by inventors as a mechanism for shaping and transmitting these knowledge flows. This paper utilizes an approach developed by Fershtman and Gandal (FG 2011) (and applied to Open Source Software) to examine the incidence and nature of knowledge flows mediated by the collaboration networks of inventors active in the information security industry. This is an industry in which a number of nations outside the United States, including Israel, have emerged as important centers of innovation. Israeli prominence in this sector is often attributed, in part, to a dense network of personal collections and collaborations that has its genesis in elite intelligence units in the Israeli Defense Forces, through which many Israeli information security inventors and entrepreneurs receive their first exposure to this domain. Using data from U.S. PTO patent grants in information security, we find that the quality of Israeli information security inventions is systematically linked to the structure of the collaborative network generated by Israeli inventors in this sector. Using the FG (2011) model, this suggests that there are knowledge spillovers from the network. In some other nations, invention quality is less closely linked to the collaboration networks of inventors. This research highlights the importance of direct interaction among inventors as a conduit for flows of frontier scientific knowledge. |
| Keywords: | Information Security; Knowledge Spillovers; patents |
| JEL: | O31 O33 O57 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:12268&r=cse |
| By: | Nan Li (International Monetary Fund); Jie Cai (Shanghai University of Finance and Economics); Ana Maria Santacreu (St. Louis Fed) |
| Abstract: | Countries and sectors interact through knowledge spillovers and international trade flows. These interactions drive differences in income per capita and innovation not only across countries, but also across sectors within a country. We develop and quantify a model of innovation, knowledge diffusion and trade that can explain these differences. Using data on intersectoral patent citations, R&D expenditures and international trade flows, we calibrate the model and perform several counterfactual exercises. Decreases in trade costs or increases in the speed of diffusion reallocate resources across countries and sectors, generating a distributional effect on aggregate innovation and growth. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed017:692&r=cse |
| By: | Clément Gorin (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Etienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Empirical studies on the geography of innovation have established that skilled workers' mobility and collaboration networks shape the diffusion of knowledge across firms and regions. At the same time, the literature on absorptive capacity insisted on the importance of local research capabilities to take advantage of knowledge developed elsewhere. This paper investigates both phenomena in an integrated framework by assuming that mobility and networks provide access to knowledge, but the proportion of accessible knowledge effectively used for innovation depends on absorptive capacity. Such complementaries in regional research efforts are effectively captured using a spatial Durbin model in which the conne ctivity structure stems from mobility and collaboration patterns. Results suggest the relative importance of these two channels in the diffusion of knowledge, and suggests that human capital increases absorptive capacity. These findings have implications for the geography of innovation. While greater accessibility encourages convergence, the notion of absorptive capacity implies a self-reinforcing effect leading to divergence. Abstract Empirical studies on the geography of innovation have established that skilled workers' mo |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Mobility, Network, Absorptive capacity, Spatial Durbin model, Urban areas |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01584111&r=cse |
| By: | Christian Fons-Rosen (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CEPR, and Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Spain); Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan (University of Maryland, CEPR, and NBER, the USA); Bent E. Sorensen (University of Houston and CEPR, the USA); Carolina Villegas-Sanchez (ESADE - Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain); Vadym (V.) Volosovych (Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus Research Institute of Management, the Netherlands; Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on total factor productivity (TFP) of domestic firms using a new, representative firm-level data set spanning six countries. A novel finding is that firm-level spillovers from foreign firms to domestic companies can be significantly positive, non-existent, or even negative, depending on which sectors receive FDI. When foreign firms produce in the same narrow sector as domestic firms, the latter are negatively affected by increasing competition and positively affected by knowledge spillovers. We find that the positive spillovers dominate if foreign firms enter sectors where firms are "technologically close,'' controlling for the endogeneity of their entry decision into such sectors. Positive technology spillovers also affect firms in other sectors, if those sectors are technologically close to the sectors receiving FDI. Increasing FDI in sectors that are technologically close to other sectors boosts TFP of domestic firms by twice as much as increasing FDI by the same amount across all sectors. |
| Keywords: | Multinationals; Competition; Technology; Selection; FDI; TFP |
| JEL: | E32 F15 F36 O16 |
| Date: | 2017–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20170078&r=cse |
| By: | Christian Fons-Rosen; Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan; Bent E. Sørensen; Carolina Villegas-Sánchez; Vadym Volosovych |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on total factor productivity (TFP) of domestic firms using a new, representative firm-level data set spanning six countries. A novel finding is that firm-level spillovers from foreign firms to domestic companies can be significantly positive, non-existent, or even negative, depending on which sectors receive FDI. When foreign firms produce in the same narrow sector as domestic firms, the latter are negatively affected by increasing competition and positively affected by knowledge spillovers. We find that the positive spillovers dominate if foreign firms enter sectors where firms are “technologically close,” controlling for the endogeneity of their entry decision into such sectors. Positive technology spillovers also affect firms in other sectors, if those sectors are technologically close to the sectors receiving FDI. Increasing FDI in sectors that are technologically close to other sectors boosts TFP of domestic firms by twice as much as increasing FDI by the same amount across all sectors. |
| Keywords: | multinationals, competition, technology, selection, FDI, TFP |
| JEL: | E32 F15 F36 O16 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:986&r=cse |
| By: | Miskiewicz, Radoslaw |
| Abstract: | Knowledge and information have now become a major factor of innovation, development and competitiveness of enterprises. Therefore they are of greater and greater interest of the management. Underestimating the role of knowledge and information, and their insufficient use pose a threat to the company and can destroy its competitiveness. Knowledge has also become one of the key motives for conducting mergers and acquisitions. Merging and acquisition processes generate natural challenges and the accompanying risks both for management and shareholders, as shown by numerous publications and studies, indicating low rates of achieving the planned effects of the above-mentioned processes, as well as the very high costs of carrying them out. For many years, one of the basic means of achieving external growth by companies operating in different sectors of the economy is their amalgamation through mergers and acquisitions. As an example, a strong consolidation trend in the US banking sector, dating back to the 1920s, can be presented. Between 1960 and 1965, about 900 commercial banks were consolidated in various forms. According to S. Sudarsanam, it is generally believed that companies are acquiring or want to merge with other companies cannot provide their shareholders with benefits of this process. Similar position is taken by N. Danon-Boileau, arguing that large-scale mergers and acquisitions (over USD 1 billion) led to a decline in the value of consolidated companies, devaluating shareholders’ incomes. The combination of theoretical knowledge with experience gained through a broader economic perspective allows for a deeper insight into the details of the problem. The need to reach the smallest items was noticed by P.M. Senge, a researcher who within system approach suggested that „complex things should be investigated in their complexity”. This wisdom has been used and practically applied by the Author collecting and processing the acquired knowledge into the science and practice of economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge, transfer, metallurgical industry, processes |
| JEL: | O1 O14 Z0 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:81328&r=cse |
| By: | Christian Fons-Rosen; Sebnem Kalemli- Özcan; Bent E. Sørensen; Carolina Villegas-Sanchez; Vadym Volosovych |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on total factor productivity (TFP) of domestic firms using a new, representativ firm-level data set spanning six countries. A novel finding is that firm-level spillovers from foreign firms to domestic companies can be significantly positive, non-existent, or even negative, depending on which sectors receive FDI. When foreign firms produce in the same narrow sector as domestic firms, the latter are negatively affected by increasing competition and positively a ected by knowledge spillovers. We find that the positive spillovers dominate if foreign firms enter sectors where firms are "technologically close," controlling for the endogeneity of their entry decision into such sectors. Positive technology spillovers also affect firms in other sectors, if those sectors are technologically close to the sectors receiving FDI. Increasing FDI in sectors that are technologically close to other sectors boosts TFP of domestic firms by twice as much as increasing FDI by the same amount across all sectors. |
| Keywords: | Multinationals, competition, technology, selection, FDI, TFP. |
| JEL: | E32 F15 F36 O16 |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upf:upfgen:1580&r=cse |
| By: | Jan Hanousek; Evzen Kocenda; Pavla Vozarova |
| Abstract: | We analyze the impact of multinational enterprises (MNEs), via their foreign direct investment (FDI), on domestic firms in 30 European host economies, from 2001 to 2013. We incorporate international industrial and trade linkages into a standard theoretical framework and test them empirically on a unique dataset compiled from the Amadeus, Eurostat, UN Comtrade and BACI data sources. While controlling for horizontal, vertical, and export channels at the upstream and downstream levels, we show that the presence of MNEs significantly affects domestic firms, in terms of both changing the market structure and improving productivity. The impact is not always positive, as domestic firms are often crowded-out. However, those firms that withstand such double competition receive additional benefits stemming from trade (export) spillovers. In our complex model, we did not find significant (positive) interactions of domestic firms with horizontal MNEs which would suggest desirable productivity spillovers. |
| Keywords: | multinational enterprise (MNE); foreign direct investment (FDI); European firms; spillovers; international trade |
| JEL: | C33 F15 F21 F23 O24 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp601&r=cse |
| By: | Wolf-Hendrik Uhlbach; Pierre-Alexandre Balland; Thomas Scherngell |
| Abstract: | It is widely acknowledged that new technological specializations of regions are to a large extent driven by the recombination of existing knowledge and capabilities. Since this process is path-dependant and self-reinforcing, it can easily lead to technological lock-ins. A key issue is therefore to evaluate whether public policy can impact technological trajectories of regions and how it can be more effective. To address this issue, we analyze quantitatively and systematically the relation between R&D subsidies and new technological specializations of European regions from 1999 to 2010. R&D subsidies are identified by using the EU Framework Pro- grammes (FP) from the EUPRO database, and matched with patent documents from the OECD-REGPAT database. Using a fixed-effects linear probability model, our results indicate that FP participations have a positive but relatively small effect on the development of new specializations of regions, and that it can compensate for a lack of local related capabilities. We also find evidence that R&D subsidies have the highest impact if the level of relatedness with the new technology is neither too low (policy can not build a cathedral in the desert) nor too high (if all the capabilities are already present there is no need for policy). |
| Keywords: | Regional Diversification, Technological Change, R&D subsidies, EU Framework Programmes |
| JEL: | O31 O33 O38 O52 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1722&r=cse |
| By: | Franck, Raphael; Galor, Oded |
| Abstract: | This research explores the long-run effect of industrialization on the process of development. In contrast to conventional wisdom that views industrial development as a catalyst for economic growth, the study establishes that while the adoption of industrial technology was conducive to economic development in the short-run, it has had a detrimental effect on standards of living in the long-run. Exploiting exogenous geographic and climatic sources of regional variation in the diffusion and adoption of steam engines during the French industrial revolution, the research establishes that regions in which industrialization was more intensive experienced an increase in literacy rates more swiftly and generated higher income per capita in the subsequent decades. Nevertheless, intensive industrialization has had an adverse effect on income per capita, employment and equality by the turn of the 21st century. This adverse effect reflects neither higher unionization and wage rates nor trade protection, but rather underinvestment in human capital and lower employment in skilled-intensive occupations. These findings suggest that the characteristics that permitted the onset of industrialization, rather than the adoption of industrial technology per se, have been the source of prosperity among the currently developed economies that experienced an early industrialization. Thus, developing economies may benefit from the allocation of resources towards human capital formation rather than towards the promotion of industrial development. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth; Human Capital; Industrialization; Steam Engine |
| JEL: | N33 N34 O14 O33 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:12278&r=cse |
| By: | S M Kabir (Department of Marketing - Rajshahi University); Ahasanul Haque (Department of Business Administration - International Islamic University Malaysia [Kuala Lumpur]); Abdullah Sarwar (Faculty of Management - Multimedia university of Cyberjaya) |
| Abstract: | The current stage of entrepreneurial culture in Bangladesh encourages rethinking about the content and approach of teaching in entrepreneurship education. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying the factors influencing Bangladeshi graduates' intention toward becoming entrepreneurs. A sample of 387 business graduate students was selected randomly from both private and public universities located in Dhaka and Rajshahi. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) has been employed to test the structural relationship among variables that influence respondent's entrepreneurial intention. This study has found that entrepreneurial education will provide skills and knowledge that might help the students to change their typical mind-set from searching job to creating jobs. Hence, focusing on developing entrepreneurial mind through education will have importance for the development of entrepreneurial culture as well as for the sustainable socioeconomic development in Bangladesh. |
| Keywords: | Intention,Entrepreneurial Education,Self-Efficacy,Attitude,Subjective Norm,Bangladesh |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01580857&r=cse |
| By: | Dany Bahar (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Rodrigo Wagner; Ernesto Stein; Samuel Rosenow |
| Abstract: | Export diversification is associated with economic growth and development. Our paper explores competing mechanisms that mediate the emergence and growth of export products based on their economic relatedness to pre-existing exports. Our innovation is to simultaneously consider supply factors like labor, sourcing and technology; as well as demand factors like industry specific customer-linkages in a global setting. We find that, while technology and workforce similarity explain emergence and growth, pre-existing downstream industries remain a robust predictor of diversification, especially for jump starting new exports in developing countries. Our global stylized fact generalizes Javorcik’s (2004) view that spillovers are more likely in backward linkages. |
| Keywords: | comparative advantage, exports, relatedness, spillovers, R&D, patents, labor, upstream, downstream |
| JEL: | O14 O33 F14 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cid:wpfacu:86a&r=cse |
| By: | Laurent Dupont (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Alex Gabriel (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Mauricio Camargo (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Claudine Guidat (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a case study on emerging challenges within collaborative innovation projects engaging open communities. Innovation driven by open communities has proven to have a significant potential, in particular for open source software. However, tools and methodologies enabling the supervision of collaborative innovation involving open communities, in the perspective of creating open hardware to solve societal issues, remains at the early stages. This paper seeks to pinpoint the potentialities and challenges of such projects toward defining methods to better support a multi-stakeholders open source collaboration context. The experimental field of this research concerns the smart electricity distribution, and more precisely a public driven project of the diffusion of smart-meters in France and their appropriation by open source communities, with the involvement of the university and a public industrial company. The project seeks to study how these communities of users develop in a collaborative manner, new products and services using the smart-meter as a support technology. The first results show that the open community makes natural connection on specific environments such as Smart buildings to materialize usages of smart meters. |
| Keywords: | open hardware, collaborative innovation,community of practice, project management, user-driven innovation, co-creation |
| Date: | 2017–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01582548&r=cse |
| By: | Jana Cahlikova; Lubomir Cingl; Ian Levely |
| Abstract: | Since many key career events, such as exams and interviews, involve competition and stress, gender differences in response to these factors could help to explain the labor-market gender gap. In a laboratory experiment, we manipulate psychosocial stress using the Trier Social Stress Test, and confirm that this is effective by measuring salivary cortisol. Subjects perform a real-effort task under both tournament and piece-rate incentives and we elicit willingness to compete. We find that women under heightened stress do worse than women in the control group when compensated with tournament incentives, while there is no treatment difference for performance under piece-rate incentives. For males, stress does not affect output under competition. We also find that stress decreases willingness to compete overall, and for women, this is related to performance. These results help to explain previous findings on gender differences in performance under competition both in and out of the lab. |
| Keywords: | competitiveness; performance in tournaments; psychosocial stress; gender gap; |
| JEL: | C91 D03 J16 J33 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp589&r=cse |
| By: | Huberts, Nick (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Abstract: | This dissertation comprises of two parts. The first part focusses on the optimal investment problem of incumbent firms when they are offered the option to start the production of a new product that yields an innovation compared to the established product. We start with the incumbent-entrant problem in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 looks at incumbent firms that have the option to expand their current production lines by offering a new generation of the existing product. In Chapter 4, we look at the situation where incumbent firms can choose their optimal moment to replace their current technology for a new, better, technology. The second part of this dissertation looks at the optimal investment timing in a setting with a birth-death process. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:6473e1df-9b8d-49ae-99f8-b4749a4dc924&r=cse |