|
on Economics of Strategic Management |
|
Issue of 2012‒07‒23
fifteen papers chosen by Joao Jose de Matos Ferreira University of the Beira Interior |
| By: | Mircea Epure; Diego Prior; Christian Serarols |
| Abstract: | Literature highlights the importance of university spin-offs and their assistance mechanisms. However, there is little evidence on how to select and operationalize the appropriate variables for assessing this type of firms. This paper provides tools to estimate and interpret the efficiency of spinoffs embedded in university-based support mechanisms. We thus contribute to the literature in at least two ways. First, we identify the specific inputs and outputs that are required by both the organizational and regional development perspectives. Second, an application considers a unique sample of spin-offs created at Catalan universities within a regional support program. Main descriptive results indicate that many efficient spin-offs have formal technology transfer agreements and emerge from universities with more technological background. Second stage analyses show that higher levels of innovation and specific academic knowledge or experience related with the university of origin are associated with higher efficiency. |
| Keywords: | university spin-off, regional development, efficiency, entrepreneurship, technology transfer, innovation |
| JEL: | M1 R1 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:650&r=cse |
| By: | Giulia Trombini (Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia); Anna Comacchio (Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) |
| Abstract: | The study departs from the traditional view of licensing as a spot market transaction and investigates license integration with R&D partnerships, introducing the concept of licensing combination. Drawing on licensing and R&D partnership literature and adopting the Òtransactional valueÓ approach, we propose two types of antecedents Ð knowledge and dyad features Ð to investigate licensing combination. Using a dataset combining 441 original license agreements with firmsÕ patenting and market activity in the global biopharmaceutical industry, we find a substantial heterogeneity in the ways licensors and licensees jointly exploit markets for knowledge and the specific role of R&D collaboration and minority equity in inter-organizational exchange through licensing. Results show that licensing combination with R&D collaboration is likely when the licensed innovation is embryonic, the licensee is unfamiliar with the licensorÕs technology and partners have different technological backgrounds. Instead, licensing of highly specific knowledge is likely to be supported by minority equity participation on the part of the licensee. Finally, licensing is combined with both forms of partnership in case of competence distance between partners. In the light of the empirical results, four types of licensing combination are proposed for future research. |
| Keywords: | Markets for technology, Licensing combination, R&D collaboration, Minority equity participation, Knowledge transfer, Joint value |
| JEL: | O32 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vnm:wpdman:21&r=cse |
| By: | Crescenzi, Riccardo; Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés; Storper, Michael |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the geography of innovation in China and India. Using a tailor-made panel database for regions in these two countries, we show that both countries exhibit increasingly strong polarisation of innovative capacity in a limited number of urban areas. But the factors behind this polarisation and the strong contrasts in innovative capacity between the provinces and states within both countries are quite different. In China, the concentration of innovation is fundamentally driven by agglomeration forces, linked to population, industrial specialisation and infrastructure endowment. Innovative areas in China, rather than generate knowledge spillovers, seem to produce strong backwash effects. In India, by contrast, innovation is much more dependent on a combination of good local socioeconomic structures and investment in science and technology. Indian innovation hubs also generate positive knowledge spillovers to other regions. |
| Keywords: | China; Geography; India; Innovation; R&D; Regions; Socioeconomic conditions |
| JEL: | O32 O33 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:9038&r=cse |
| By: | Bronwyn H. Hall (University of California, Berkeley); Francesca Lotti (Bank of Italy); Jacques Mairesse (CREST-INSEE) |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates R&D and ICT investment at firm level, assessing their relative importance and the extent to which they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel sample from four consecutive waves of a survey of Italian manufacturing firms, together with a version of the model developed by Crepon et al., 1998, modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs of innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation and ICT for productivity. We explore their possible complementarity in innovation and production but find none, although there is complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation. |
| Keywords: | R&D, ICT, innovation, productivity, complementarity, Italy |
| JEL: | L60 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_874_12&r=cse |
| By: | Byeongwoo KANG; MOTOHASHI Kazuyuki |
| Abstract: | Obtaining essential intellectual property rights (IPRs) is important for innovation competition in the network industry, where technical standardization plays a critical role in development. In this study, we empirically investigate the determinants of essential IPRs for wireless communications standards by using the patent database. More specifically, we use the technological capabilities of both the firm and the patent inventor to explain the probability of its selection as an essential IPR. In addition, we compare manufacturing firms' and non-manufacturing patentees' (NMPs) technology strategies for essential IPRs. Our results indicate that manufacturing firms accumulate their technological capability in specific technology fields, whereas NMPs cover broader technology fields to keep their dominant position in the standardization process. |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:12042&r=cse |
| By: | Michael Fritsch; Michael Wyrwich |
| Abstract: | We investigate the persistence of levels of self-employment and new business formation in different time periods and under different framework conditions. The analysis shows that high levels of regional self-employment and new business formation tend to be persistent for periods as long as 80 years and that such an entrepreneurial culture can even survive abrupt and drastic changes in the politic-economic environment. We thus conclude that regional entrepreneurship cultures do exist and that they have long-lasting effects. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship, self-employment, new business formation, persistence, culture |
| JEL: | L26 R11 O11 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1224&r=cse |
| By: | Thomas Gillier (MTS - Management Technologique et Strategique - Grenoble École de Management (GEM)); Akin Kazakçi (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - Mines ParisTech); Gérald Piat (EDF R&D - EDF) |
| Abstract: | Purpose - Scholars and practitioners have both emphasized the importance of collaboration in innovation context. They have also largely acknowledged that the definition of common purpose is a major driver of successful collaboration, but surprisingly, researchers have put little effort into investigating the process whereby the partners define the common purpose. This research aims to explore the Generation of Common Purpose (GCP) in innovation partnerships. Design/methodology/approach - An action-research approach combined with modeling has been followed. Our research is based on an in-depth qualitative case study of a cross-industry exploratory partnership through which four partners, from very different arenas, aim to collectively define innovation projects based on micro-nanotechnologies. Based on a design reasoning framework, the mechanisms of GCP mechanism are depicted. Findings - Regarding GCP, two main interdependent facets are identified: (1) the determination of existing intersections between the parties' concept and knowledge spaces ('Matching'); (2) an introspective learning process that allows the parties to transforms those spaces ('Building'). Practical implications - The better understanding of the GCP and the specific notion of "C-K profiles", which is an original way to characterize each partner involved in a partnership, should improve the capabilities of organizations to efficiently define collaborative innovation projects. Originality/value - This article explores one of the cornerstones of successful collaboration in innovation: the process whereby several parties define the common purpose of their partnership. |
| Keywords: | Innovation ; Partnership ; Design ; Generation of common purpose ; Innovation partnerships ; Shared objectives ; C-K design theory ; Cross-industry exploratory partnership |
| Date: | 2012–07–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:halshs-00718287&r=cse |
| By: | Garcia Alvarez-Coque, J.M.; Lopez-Garcia Usach, T.; Sanchez Garcia, M. |
| Abstract: | Innovation behaviour of agri-food firms depends on firm structure but also on the characteristics of the territory in which they are established. Spatial considerations are important to determine the propensity of a firm to innovate. Using a database of innovative and non-innovative agro-food firms located in the Autonomous Community of Valencia, the paper assesses the effect of firms’ variables and also the territorial features such as urban/rural areas, percentage of native population, education level of population and distance to technological institutes. Results show that rural areas are not a handicap for innovation but improved access to training services and technological institutes have a significant influence in innovation. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, territory, rural/urban, agri-food firms, Agricultural and Food Policy, Industrial Organization, Land Economics/Use, O18, P25, Q13, Q55, |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa126:126030&r=cse |
| By: | Karlsson, Charlie (Jönköping International Business School); Warda, Peter (Jönköping International Business School); Gråsjö, Urban (University West) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we quantitatively review the empirical literature on spatial knowl¬edge spillovers in Europe by means of meta-analysis to determine the extent to which such spillovers have been empirically documented as well as the spatial reach of these spillovers. In addition, we will apply meta-regression analysis to analyze the determinants of observed heterogeneity across and between publications. To our knowledge this is the first study of its kind. Our results show that if total local R&D expenditure in a European region increases by 1%, then the number of patents in that region, on average, increases by about 0.5%. Spatial knowledge spillovers induce a positive effect on local knowledge production, however, this effect proves to be small around 0.07%. Spatial weighting regime seems to matter. If R&D expenditures in other regions are weighted by distance in kilometers or minutes (instead of a binary contiguity matrix) then the spillover effect on average will be larger. Also, public R&D expenditure is found to have a lower impact on local patent production compared to the private R&D expenditure. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge spillovers; knowledge externalities; meta-analysis; Europe |
| JEL: | O32 O33 R19 |
| Date: | 2012–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0280&r=cse |
| By: | Stadler, Manfred |
| Abstract: | The paper presents a dynamic general-equilibrium model of education, quality and variety innovation, and scale-invariant growth. We consider endogenous humancapital accumulation in an educational sector and quality and variety innovation in two separate R&D sectors. In the balanced growth equilibrium education and innovation appear as in-line engines of growth and government can accelerate growth by subsidizing education or by enhancing the effectiveness of the educational sector. -- |
| Keywords: | education,quality and variety innovation,scale-invariant growth |
| JEL: | O2 O3 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tuewef:40&r=cse |
| By: | Figiel, Szczepan; Kuberska, Dominika; Kufel, Justyna |
| Abstract: | It is quite widely believed that well developed clusters are vehicles for competitiveness and innovation. In the paper we test a hypothesis that occurrence of strong clusters in a country’s agro-food sector is positively related to its international competitiveness. Using the European Cluster Observatory dataset on cluster mapping and WTO data on international trade we have looked for correlation between relative strength of the clusters in the EU countries agro-food sectors and international trade measures of competiveness such as RCA, RMA and RC indices. We found that the EU countries differ in terms of both occurrence and relative strength of the agro-food clusters and levels of comparative advantage in agriculture commodities and food products. However, statistical evidence for relationships between variables under consideration appeared to be weak what leads to some suggestions regarding cluster mapping methodology and further studies in this area which could allow to formulate useful policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | clusters, competitiveness, agro-food sector, international trade, International Relations/Trade, Q17, |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa126:126118&r=cse |
| By: | Tobias Scholl (Schumpeter Center for Clusters, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Frankfurt University); Thomas Brenner (Working Group on Economic Geography and Location Research, Philipps University Marburg) |
| Abstract: | We present a new statistical method that detects industrial clusters at a firm level. The proposed method does not divide space into subunits whereby it is not affected by the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP). Our metric differs both in its calculation and interpretation from existing distanceâ€based metrics and shows four central properties that enable its meaningful usage for cluster analysis. The method fulfills all five criteria for a test of localization proposed by Duranton and Overman (2005). |
| Keywords: | Spatial concentration, localization, clusters, MAUP, distance-based measures |
| JEL: | C40 C60 R12 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pum:wpaper:2012-02&r=cse |
| By: | Khan, Haider A. |
| Abstract: | I provide a quick assessment of the effectiveness and potentialities of National Innovation Systems (NIS) in the Asia-Pacific for deeper economic integration. To this end,I formulate some preliminary policy suggestions aimed at enhancing the region’s overall innovation strategy. My approach focuses particularly on the evolving relationship between China's NIS and the Asia-Pacific region with some references to Japan, Korea, Taiwan, India, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. I argue that while the policy challenges for regional cooperation are far from trivial, strengthening the NIS and the various sub- regional systems with a view to building up a broad-based and inclusive Regional Innovation System(RIS) for the Asia-Pacific can be a substantive area of enhancing economic integration in the Asia-Pacific . Conceptually, the paper presents an enhanced view of NIS for inclusive growth. I call this new model of regional innovation an “Augmented NIS(ANIS)”. The attempt to build ANIS is one conceptually and practically sound approach towards enhancing economic integration in the Asia-Pacific. Three areas of concrete applications are suggested in the concluding part. |
| Keywords: | National Innovation Systems (NIS); Augmented National Innovation Systems (ANIS); China; regional cooperation; Asia-Pacific region |
| JEL: | O53 |
| Date: | 2012–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40118&r=cse |
| By: | Vásquez-Urriago, Ángela Rocío; Barge-Gil, Andrés; Modrego, Aurelia |
| Abstract: | Science and Technology Parks (STPs) are one of the most important regional innovation policy initiatives. Previous studies show that location in a Park promotes cooperation for innovation but have not investigated if they help to achieve better results from cooperation. We extend previous literature by analyzing how STPs influence the results of cooperation of Park firms and how this influence is channelled. We rely on a much larger sample of firms and STPs than previous studies and account for selection bias and endogeneity when these problems arise. Results show that location in a STP increases the likelihood of cooperation for innovation and the intangible results from cooperation with the main innovation partner, mainly due to the higher diversity of the relationship. |
| Keywords: | Science and technology parks; cooperation; innovation; effect; agglomerations |
| JEL: | R10 O30 L50 |
| Date: | 2012–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:39572&r=cse |
| By: | Gesa Sonja Elsa van den Broek |
| Abstract: | Building on an earlier 2008 summary prepared for OECD by Marlene Scardamalia and Carl Bereiter, this paper by Gesa S. E. van den Broek provides a more extensive discussion of approaches described as “research based innovation.” Fostering Communities of Learning is a constructivist approach in which teachers help students discover important curricular concepts. Learning by Design is an inquiry-based science learning programme based on case-based reasoning models. Central Conceptual Structures (CCS) theory describes developmental changes in children’s thinking and what is needed to progress through stages in specific cognitive domains. Web-based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE) is an internet-based adaptive learning environment building on the principles of knowledge integration. Cognitive Tutors and ACT-R theory are intelligent adaptive software programmes that provide students with scaffolded instruction and feedback. Direct Instruction aims to accelerate learning through clear scripted direct instruction by the teacher and scaffolded practice aimed at student involvement and error reduction. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) is for disadvantaged students especially to engage in Socratic dialogues about ideas and strategies to solve computer game-based problems. Knowledge Building is a constructivist teaching approach centred on building knowledge and creating knowledge communities.<BR>S’inspirant d’une synthèse précédente rédigée par Marlene Scardamalia et Carl Bereiter pour l’OCDE en 2008, la présente note, de Gesa S. E. van den Broek, propose une réflexion plus large sur les approches relevant de ce que l’on appelle « l’innovation fondée sur la recherche ». Encourager les communautés apprenantes s’inscrit dans une démarche constructiviste selon laquelle les enseignants aident leurs élèves à découvrir des concepts importants du programme scolaire. Learning by Design est un programme d’apprentissage des sciences à partir d’enquêtes et de modèles de raisonnement fondés sur des études de cas. La théorie des structures conceptuelles centrales décrit l’évolution développementale du raisonnement des enfants et ce qui est nécessaire pour progresser et franchir des étapes dans des domaines cognitifs particuliers. WISE (Web-based Inquiry Science Environment) est un environnement pédagogique adaptatif sur internet qui repose sur les principes de l’intégration des connaissances. Les tuteurs cognitifs et la théorie ACT-R sont des logiciels adaptatifs intelligents qui proposent aux élèves une instruction et des retours d’information étayés. L’instruction directe vise à accélérer l’apprentissage grâce à des cours clairs, structurés et directs prodigués par l’enseignant, ainsi qu’à travers une application pratique et documentée favorisant la participation des élèves et la diminution des erreurs. Le programme HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills), destiné aux élèves de milieux défavorisés, a notamment pour objectif d’organiser des échanges d’idées et de stratégies en vue de résoudre des problèmes à partir de jeux électroniques. Le renforcement des connaissances est une approche pédagogique constructiviste axée sur le développement des connaissances et la création de communautés du savoir. |
| Date: | 2012–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduaab:79-en&r=cse |