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on Confederation of Independent States |
| By: | Benfica, Rui; Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia |
| Abstract: | Mozambique was one of the fastest-growing countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2009 and 2014, with annual growth averaging about 7 percent (INE 2020; World Bank 2023a). However, adverse economic circumstances resulted in a significant weakening of economic growth, which averaged only 4.6 percent over the period 2014 to 2019 (INE 2020; World Bank 2023a). Restrictive COVID-19 policymeasures introduced in 2020 further stifled the economy, resulting in negative growth in 2020 and low growth in 2021. Like many other countries, Mozambique was adversely affected by global commodity market disruptions resulting from the onset of Russia-Ukraine war in 2022 and the global recession in 2023 (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023). Mozambique’s growth is expected to recover in the coming years, with projections of 5.0 percent growth in 2023 and 8.0 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023b), suggesting the economy is inching back toward its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems, value chains, markets, agriculture, labour productivity, off-farm employment, poverty, diet quality, jobs, development, gross national product, maize, fish, horticulture, livestock, gross domestic product (GDP), |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:afsdcs:10&r=cis |
| By: | Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia |
| Abstract: | Since the secession of South Sudan in 2011, the Sudanese economy has faced an unprecedented economic downturn caused by the loss of around 75 percent of oil revenue, civil strife, and political instability (Alhelo, Siddig, and Kirui 2023), and more recently, by the impacts of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war (Abay et al. 2023). The political conflict between the civilians and military entities after the fall of the Inghaz regime and the ongoing conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) are driving further deterioration of the economy (Abushama et al. 2023). |
| Keywords: | REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, agrifood systems, value chains, markets, agriculture, labour productivity, off-farm employment, poverty, diet quality, jobs, development, gross national product, cereals, cotton, fruits, vegetables, gross domestic product (GDP), |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:afsdcs:17&r=cis |
| By: | Stewart, Susan |
| Abstract: | Climate policy in the European Union (EU) and Germany changed significantly with the adoption of net-zero emissions targets. A key new development is the growing importance of carbon management. The umbrella term includes not only the capture and storage of CO2 (carbon capture and storage, CCS), but also CO2 capture and utilisation (carbon capture and utilisation, CCU) as well as the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere (carbon dioxide removal, CDR). It is important to provide clarity when differentiating between these approaches and identifying their relation to so-called residual emissions and hard-to-abate emissions. This is particularly important because it will determine the overall ambition of climate policy as well as shape future policy designs and their distributional impacts. Current policy and legislative processes should ensure that carbon management does not delay the phase-out of fossil fuels. New policy initiatives present an opportunity to actively shape the interface between ambitious climate and industrial policy.The "Zeitenwende" in international politics implies a need to improve strategic thinking and better prepare for future challenges. Germany is already doing so by drafting strategic documents on national security and relations with China. With respect to Russia, a similar approach suggests itself. First, because Russia's aggression against Ukraine has significantly worsened the situation in Europe and beyond for the foreseeable future. Second, because the conception of a Russia policy based on the principles declared since 2022 offers an opportunity to correct previous mistakes and transform measures that have emerged from a crisis situation into long-term policy. |
| Keywords: | "Zeitenwende", Germany's Russia policy, NATO, Ukraine, European Union (EU), USA, China, "Expanding Cooperation with Civil Society in the Eastern Partnership Countries and Russia" (ÖPR), energy policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:302023&r=cis |
| By: | Isachenko, Daria; Swistek, Göran |
| Abstract: | The Black Sea is a region of tension. It is the arena of the Russia-NATO confrontation while at the same time serving as a projection area for Russian and Turkish visions of regional order. Turkey's special role in the region stems primarily from the implementation of the Montreux Convention, which for much of the last century has meant a reduction in unilateral spheres of influence and dominance. The non-riparian states are supposed to be excluded. For Turkey, the Montreux Convention is a lever of power. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has enabled it to use this lever even more in the service of its own interests. NATO's room for manoeuvre, on the other hand, has been reduced in the current situation. Turkey is an essential element in the Alliance's collective defence. However, since the outbreak of the Russian war against Ukraine, NATO is no longer present in the Black Sea. This means that an important pillar of deterrence and defence is missing. In this respect, there is a dualism regarding the conceptions of order in the Black Sea region at two different levels: the regional and the global. |
| Keywords: | Black Sea, Black Sea Region, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Bosporus, Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, Sea of Azov, Montreux Convention, Active Endeavour, Black Sea Harmony, BlackSeaFor, Tailored Forward Presence, deterrence and dialogue |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:332023&r=cis |
| By: | Krämer-Eis, Helmut; Block, Jörn; Botsari, Antonia; Lang, Frank; Lorenzen, Solvej; Diegel, Walter |
| Abstract: | The EIF VC Survey and the EIF Private Equity Mid-Market Survey (the largest combined regular survey exercises among General Partners on a pan-European level) provide an opportunity to retrieve unique market insights. This publication is based on the results of the 2022 waves of these two surveys and examines how the Russian offensive war against Ukraine that started in 2022 affected VC and PE mid-market fund managers and their portfolio companies. The results show that the war - and the related consequences - had a strong impact on the two investor types and on entrepreneurial finance in Europe, inter alia regarding the challenges faced, investment strategies as well as LPs' reaction to the changed macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. The results have implications for VC and PE investors and for policy-makers due to the importance of the entrepreneurial finance sector for supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in Europe. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:eifwps:202389&r=cis |
| By: | Gilles Pache (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon) |
| Abstract: | The war in Ukraine is a major geopolitical crisis whose first economic repercussions, particularly in terms of inflation, were quickly felt in Europe. Looking further ahead, the resulting disruption in supply systems could give rise to new models of industrial organization. Will the Ukrainian crisis lead to a ‘regionalization' of global value chains? |
| Keywords: | Logistics, Regionalization, Supply systems |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04153442&r=cis |
| By: | Christiane Baumeister |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic as well as the Russian invasion of Ukraine have had profound effects on the global energy landscape, with some of the longer-lasting effects still unfolding. This paper discusses how these events have reshaped the supply side of the global oil market by focusing on structural changes in each of the three main oil-producing countries. The demand side has responded to geopolitical developments by devising a set of policy tools to stabilize oil markets and counter inflationary pressures. In particular, the price cap policy was introduced to supplement the EU embargo on seaborne Russian oil exports, and record volumes of oil were released from government-controlled emergency stockpiles. The sources of oil price fluctuations associated with these events are also discussed, as is their role in the recent surge of inflation, with a particular focus on the heterogeneity in the pass-through of oil supply shocks within the Euro area. |
| JEL: | E31 E58 Q41 Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31496&r=cis |
| By: | James K. Galbraith (The University of Texas at Austin) |
| Abstract: | This essay analyzes a few prominent Western assessments, both official and private, of the effect of sanctions on the Russian economy and war effort. It seeks to understand the main goals of sanctions, alongside bases of fact and causal inference that underpin the consensus view that sanctions have been highly effective so far. Such understanding may then help to clarify the relationship between claims made by economist-observers outside Russia and those emerging from sources inside Russia - notably from economists associated with the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) - which draw sharply different inferences from the same facts. We conclude that when applied to a large, resource-rich, technically proficient economy, after a period of shock and adjustments, sanctions are isomorphic to a strict policy of trade protection, industrial policy, and capital controls. These are policies that the Russian government could not plausibly have implemented, even in 2022, on its own initiative. |
| Keywords: | Sanctions, Russia |
| JEL: | F51 |
| Date: | 2023–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:thk:wpaper:inetwp204&r=cis |
| By: | Zemlyanskii, Dmitriy (Землянский, Дмитрий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Chuzhenkova, Valeria (Чуженькова, Валерия) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Abdullaev, Alexander (Абдуллаев, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Kalinovskiy, Leonid (Калиновский, Леонид) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Medvednikova, Darina (Медведникова, Дарина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The research work presents a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic development of the cities in Russia’s Far Eastern Federal District (DFO) and reflects both the current level of territorial development and the dynamics of key parameters over the period under review. The study is relevant due to the fact that Russian cities in recent years have regularly become the subject of discussion and analysis, both among the scientific community and among government representatives. The cities of the Far East are a priority given the remoteness of the territories and the number of projects implemented here in recent years. The goal of the study is to perform basic diagnostics of the socio-economic development of the regional centers of the Far Eastern Federal District and to identify medium- and long-term trends in the development of regional capitals of the macro region. To achieve this goal, the following objectives are identified: conducting socio-economic diagnostics of the socio-economic situation of the DFO regional capitals; comparing the development context of the DFO regional capitals ; identifying sustainable medium- and long-term trends (the choice of a time slice depends on the availability of data for each indicator). The work relies on open data sources. First of all, these include Rosstat data (data from the Rosstat website, the statistical collections of the department, EMISS (Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistics System) and BDPMO (Municipal Formations Performance Database) databases). For the parts of the work where there are no special links to the data source, Rosstat data is used. In addition, departmental data of the Federal Treasury, the Federal Tax Service, the Federal Air Transport Agency, etc. was used for individual sections. The key research methods used were: statistical analysis, economic analysis, mapping and GIS analysis, infographic construction methods and comparative analysis. The results of the study showed a significant differentiation between the DFO regional capitals in terms of the socio-economic development level and its dynamics in recent years. The best situation is observed in the capitals of extractive regions (due to high salaries and tax revenues of mining companies), as well as the key macro-regional centers, the largest in terms of population, Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, although the latter is noticeably inferior in terms of the residents’ personal income and local budget indicators. The situation is the worst in other regional centers along the Southern border of the Far Eastern Federal District, where low income compared to the national level fails to stimulate the development of market service industries, the share of "shadow" employment is high, and the real sectors of the urban economy are characterized by extended depression and low investment appeal, despite the potential of extractive industry development and trans-border opportunities. The research materials will be useful to the executive authorities at different levels, urban stakeholders and a broad range of experts and analysts. |
| Keywords: | Urban agglomerations, Far Eastern Federal District, regional centers of the Far East, regional development factors, socio-economic development, cities of Russia, urban districts of the Russian Federation, urban development |
| JEL: | R12 R23 R51 O18 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022079&r=cis |
| By: | Kartseva Marina A. (Карцева Марина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Florinskaya Julia F. (Флоринская Юлия) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Millions of international migrants are living in Russia today. This paper, based on Rosstat’s “Selective Observation of Migrant Labor” survey conducted in 2019, provides an econometric comparative analysis of the labor market situation for migrants arriving to Russia since 1992 vs. the local population. The migrants’ situation is compared by multiple indicators, depending on the duration of their residence in Russia – less than one year; one to five years; 5 years or more. It is demonstrated that the migration has no statistically significant effect on the availability of paid employment. At the same time, the sectoral structure of employment, as well as the structure of employment in terms of occupational groups, show significant differences depending on the period of migrants’ stay in Russia. Recent migrants, living in Russia for less than 5 years, are significantly more likely to work in construction and trade, and much less likely to go into healthcare, education, or public administration, compared to those who have been living in Russia for more than 5 years. At the same time, old-timer migrants are much more likely to be middle or top-level specialists, or to hold managerial positions. The most notable differences between the situations of recent and old-timer migrants, as well as the locals, can be observed in labor relations between the employee and the employer. All other things being equal, recent migrants are significantly more likely to have no formal employment contract, as opposed to old-timer migrants or the locals. The longer the migrants stay in Russia, the more they adapt to the Russian labor market, and with a sufficiently long period of residence, the labor market shows almost no difference between the situations of migrants and the locals. |
| Keywords: | migrants, labor market, employment structure, duration of stay |
| JEL: | J61 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022078&r=cis |
| By: | Pokida A.N. (Покида Андрей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Gazieva I.A. (Газиева Инна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Zybunovskaya N.V. (Зыбуновская Наталья) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | This scientific report presents a study conducted by the Research Center for Social and Political Monitoring of the RANEPA Institute for Social Sciences. The relevance of research. Protecting the public health is a priority of state policy. The quality of life of citizens, their labor potential, and the health of future generations depend on the state of health. The pandemic has changed the habitual way of life for the Russians, as it affected their ideas on how to maintain their health, exacerbated the contradiction between the values of a healthy lifestyle and the actual behavior of the citizens. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly diagnose the current situation in the sphere of self-preservation behavior of Russians. The goal of the study is to identify, analyze and evaluate changes in the key behavioral practices of various social and demographic groups of the Russian population aimed at improving the state of health; to assess the priority areas of state policy for the formation of a healthy lifestyle of the population. The object of the study is the behavioral practices of various social and demographic groups of the Russian population related to healthy lifestyles. The main research method is an all-Russian sociological survey based on a sample representing the territorial distribution of the Russian population, the ratio of residents in different types of settlements, as well as the main socio-demographic groups, and comparing the results with the results of earlier surveys. Based on the results of the study, this paper presents an analysis of changes in the main behavioral practices of various social and demographic groups of the Russian population, aimed at improving the state of public health. The study allows us to draw the following conclusions. Despite an increase in the demand for qualified medical care in case of a discomfort or illness, self-treatment remains a common practice. There is still a significant number of citizens who are deprived of necessary medical services and medicines due to a lack of money or the unavailability of suitable medical professionals in their area of residence. Most of the respondents believe that they have a healthy lifestyle, but over the past year, the proportion of citizens with this point of view does not show positive dynamics. Meanwhile, these statements by the respondents tend to differ from the actual behavior practice. Some of them, despite classifying themselves as leading a healthy lifestyle, continue smoking or using alcohol regularly. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that it seeks to obtain up-to-date sociological information about the health condition of citizens in a changing epidemiological and socio-economic situation, the impact of various behavioral practices on their physical and social well-being. Recommendations based on the results of the study are related to the need to adjust management decisions related to promoting a healthy lifestyle of the population based on the findings of the study. |
| Keywords: | behavioral practices, physical health, psychological well-being, healthy lifestyle, medical care, bad habits, rational nutrition, public sociological survey |
| JEL: | I12 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022074&r=cis |
| By: | Dobrolyubova, Elena (Добролюбова, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Starostina, Aleksandra (Старостина, Александра) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The need for systemic efforts to improve governance quality at the regional level makes the subject of the study highly relevant to the policy agenda. The goal of the study is to develop and test a methodological approach to measuring the quality of governance at the regional level. The subject of the study includes governance performance at the regional level in Russia. The authors apply general analytical scientific methods such as quantitative, qualitative, and comparative analysis. The study is based on a review of statistical, administrative data, as well as regulatory documents, regional strategic documents, and related implementation performance reports. The study results include a review of existing approaches to measuring governance quality at the regional level, a methodological approach to evaluating the quality of governance and the results of its application. The study concludes that there is significant variation in terms of governance quality both within one region (i.e., over various quality parameters) and among regions. The dynamics of governance quality indicators also varies among regions, with some territories demonstrating improvements and others deterioration. The interregional variation cannot be explained exclusively by difference in the resources available. The regions with better governance quality demonstrate better social and economic performance. Improving quality of public governance would call for adapting reform approaches to specific regional needs. The novelty of the paper is related, first of all, to adaptation of governance performance indicators and testing the system based on the regional data, undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the justification, effectiveness, and efficiency of the governance in Russian regions. It is recommended to use the methodology proposed in the paper for preparing and implementing governance improvement programs at the regional level. |
| Keywords: | Governance, public services, governance justification, evaluation of effectiveness, evaluation of efficiency, subject of the Russian Federation |
| JEL: | H11 H43 H83 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022082&r=cis |
| By: | Bogatyreva, Tatiana (Богатырева, Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Martynova, Svetlana (Мартынова, Светлана) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Lavrova, Tatiana (Лаврова, Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Evarovich, Svetlana (Еварович, Светлана) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Gotovshchikova, Natalia (Готовщикова, Наталья) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Yaroshenko, Alexey (Ярошенко, Алексей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The object of the research is the functions, structure and elements of civil servants’ professional culture system. It is undergoing transformation, following the changes that public administration undergoes under the influence of a service/client-centric development trend that meets current societal transformations and the possibilities of the technological revolution. The goal of the study is to systematize the range of mechanisms for developing a modern professional culture of civil service, primarily from the standpoint of client-centricity. The objectives are to identify the client-centered governance values, highlighting the main characteristics of the modern professional civil service culture, which can be treated as the fundamental basis for its development; analyze modern tools for the formation and development of key values of civil servants, including, first of all, the values of the client-centered state. The research method is the review of scientific and professional sources from the standpoint of their reflecting the conceptual and instrumental aspects of the formation of the professional civil service culture. As a result, numerous characteristics of the modern professional civil service culture are identified, which can be attributed to the fundamental basis for the development of a client-centered culture and are based on the generalization of foreign and Russian experience. An ecosystem approach to the formation and development of components of a client-centered professional civil service culture is proposed. The novelty of this research work is determined by the lack of Russian or foreign scientific studies of tools that would be directly focused on the development of a client-centered professional culture, as well as the technologies through which these tools are to be used. The prospects are related to the relevance of the introduction of client-centricity in the Russian government agencies, in accordance with the testing of respective tools, which began in 2022. They are also related to the need to update the scientific agenda of the professional culture formation with the issue of the productivity of introducing the values of client-centricity into the activities of government authorities. |
| Keywords: | Civil service, values, professional culture, public administration, client-centricity, competencies, research, partnerships with civil society, "service" state |
| JEL: | H83 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022081&r=cis |
| By: | Diao, Xinshen; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia |
| Abstract: | Malawi experienced modest growth from 2009 to 2019, with average annual GDP growth of 4.7 percent. The global COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant slowdown in 2020 and 2021, and the economy has not yet rebounded to pre-pandemic levels (World Bank 2023). At the time of writing, GDP is projected to grow at 2.4 percent in 2023, which in combination with population growth of 2.7 percent would result in a 0.3 percent contraction of GDP per capita (IMF 2023). At the core of the failure to resume pre-pandemic economic growth rates are a worsening debt crisis, a balance of payment crisis, an acute shortage of foreign exchange reserves, and several external shocks (World Bank 2022). The latter include the effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the devastation caused by cyclone Freddy in 2023 (De Weerdt and Duchoslav 2022; Diao et al. 2022). |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, SOUTHERN AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, agrifood systems, value chains, markets, agriculture, labour productivity, off-farm employment, poverty, diet quality, jobs, development, gross national product, cattle, maize, oilseeds, tobacco, gross domestic product (GDP), |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:afsdcs:8&r=cis |
| By: | Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Pradesha, Angga; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James |
| Abstract: | Bangladesh experienced strong annual economic growth of 6.6 percent between 2009 and 2019 (BBS 2021). While the global COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant growth slowdown in 2020, growth started to recover in 2021. However, the recovery was hampered by global commodity market disruptions related to the war in Ukraine beginning in 2022 and the global recession in 2023 (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023). The World Bank (2023) projects growth of 5.2 percent for 2023 and 6.2 percent for 2024, which is slower than the country’s pre-pandemic growth rate. Rapid growth in the past has already led to significant structural shifts in Bangladesh’s economy along with a transformation within the agrifood system (AFS). In this brief, we unpack these trends and future projections further to understand how Bangladesh’s AFS is contributing to growth and transformation in the country. |
| Keywords: | BANGLADESH, SOUTH ASIA, ASIA, agrifood systems, value chains, markets, agriculture, labour productivity, off-farm employment, poverty, diet quality, jobs, development, gross national product, maize, cattle, gross domestic product (GDP), |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:afsdcs:1&r=cis |
| By: | Yuzhakov, Vladimir (Южаков, Владимир) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Dobrolyubova, Elena (Добролюбова, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Pokida, Andrei (Покида, Андрей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Zybunovskaya, Natalia (Зыбуновская, Наталья) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Evaluating the outcomes of the large-scale reforms of regulatory policies and enforcement and inspection practices conducted in Russia requires a business perspective, making this study highly relevant to the current governance agenda. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the private businesses’ perceptions regarding the quality of state regulatory enforcement and inspection activities and the regulatory burden on businesses. The subject of the study is the quality of state regulatory enforcement and inspection activities, including its justification, effectiveness, and efficiency, and the regulatory burden. The key method of the study is a representative sociological survey of private business entities. The results presented in the paper include the analysis of private business perceptions regarding all parameters of state regulatory enforcement and inspection quality (justification, effectiveness, and efficiency) as well as evaluations of regulatory burden. The study concludes that the perceptions of justified nature and efficiency of state regulatory enforcement activities have improved, compared to the outcomes of previous surveys conducted in 2017, 2020, and 2021. The business perceptions of adequacy of the regulatory requirements and the ease of compliance have also improved. However, the perceived impact of state regulatory enforcement on reducing risks of damage to the public values still remains low. No significant changes have been recorded in the perception of regulatory burden. The novelty of the study is related to collection and analysis of new empirical data on how businesses perceive the quality of regulatory enforcement and inspection activities and regulatory burden. The recommendations made based on the study results suggest the need for further improvement of both regulatory enforcement and regulation itself. Both regulation and regulatory enforcement activities should be more oriented at minimizing the risks of damage to public values and strengthening the positive impact of inspection activity on the safety of business facilities, processes and products. |
| Keywords: | Evaluating effectiveness and efficiency, governance, justified government interference, public values, regulatory burden, sociological survey, state regulatory enforcement and inspections activity. |
| JEL: | H11 H41 H83 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022084&r=cis |
| By: | Oleg Nivievskyi; Pavlo Iavorskyi; Oleksandr Donchenko |
| Abstract: | The Ministry of Economy has an interest and demand in exploring how to increase the set of [legally registered] small family farmers in Ukraine and to examine more in details measures that could reduce the scale of the shadow agricultural market in Ukraine. Building upon the above political economy background and demand, we will be undertaking the analysis along the two separate but not totally independents streams of analysis, i.e. sustainable small scale (family) farming development and exploring the scale and measures for reducing the shadow agricultural market in Ukraine |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2307.11683&r=cis |
| By: | Rusche, Christian |
| Abstract: | Spätestens seit den steigenden Energiepreisen in Folge des Angriffs Russlands auf die Ukraine wird eine Deindustrialisierung befürchtet. Eine Analyse auf Basis von Direktinvestitionsströmen zeigt, dass zunehmend Kapital aus Deutschland abfließt. Diese Entwicklung begann schon vor der Corona Pandemie. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:432023&r=cis |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The government-driven growth model remains a challenge for sustainable and inclusive growth in Lesotho, displacing resources from the private sector. Growth and inflation are subject to the impact of the war in Ukraine, sluggish regional performance, climate shocks, and longstanding structural issues including governance and corruption vulnerabilities, limited financial access, and fragile public financial management. The recently-elected government is prioritizing fiscal consolidation on the back of windfall transfers from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) that have helped alleviate pressures on both financing and reserves. |
| Date: | 2023–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/268&r=cis |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Burundi is a fragile state with a history of political tensions and weak institutions. The country fell into a political and security crisis following late President Nkurunziza’s decision to run for a third term in 2015. The economic recovery that was underway in 2019 was slowed by the COVID-19 pandemic. More recently, the country’s economy has been weakened by spillovers of the war in Ukraine, with a double-digit inflation, and domestic shocks, including delayed rainfall and outbreaks of livestock fevers. Burundi has benefited from debt relief under the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust (SDR 17.96 million), a disbursement under the Rapid Credit Facility (SDR 53.9 million, 35 percent of quota), and the 2021 SDR allocation (SDR 147.6 million). The 2022 Article IV Consultation was completed in July 2022, the first Article IV since 2014. |
| Date: | 2023–07–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/270&r=cis |
| By: | Heiduk, Felix; Wirth, Christian |
| Abstract: | According to official statements, the main purpose of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ("Quad") is to intensify cooperation between the four partner countries - Australia, India, Japan and the United States - in tackling urgent challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. These include climate protection, health policy and maritime security. However, it is primarily the rise of China and the associated challenge to US hegemony in the region that brings together the four partners. In this context minilateral cooperation formats such as the Quad are gaining global importance. But more than 15 years after the start of formal meetings, and despite increased cooperation, the security dialogue between the four unequal partners appears more a symptom of regional instability than a remedy for it. |
| Keywords: | Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Australia, India, Japan, United States), China, Russia, Ukraine, Indo-Pacific region, G7 Summit, climate change, critical and emerging technologies, cyber security, infrastructure, regional health security, maritime and space security, counter-terrorism, humanitarian and disaster relief, European Union (EU), ASEAN |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:312023&r=cis |
| By: | Blinov, Vladimir (Блинов, Владимир) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Satdykov, Ayrat (Сатдыков, Айрат) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Esenina, Ekaterina (Есенина, Екатерина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Dulaeva, Zalina (Дулаева, Залина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Professional and teaching personnel training and the staffing of the secondary vocational education (SVE) system is one of the most important tasks both in the Russian education state policy and in scientific research. The problem of the SVE digital transformation and building the corresponding teachers’ competencies, the legislative requirements for educational activities, the new requirements for SVE teachers in the framework of the federal project "Professionality" are tasks that require balanced decisions at the federal and regional levels. Significant events of the last three years (the COVID-19 pandemic, global economic crisis, challenging foreign policy situation) result in the need to focus on updating the SVE teaching staff competencies. Equally pressing are the “eternal” problems, including the aging of teaching staff and the predominance of female teachers in the secondary vocational education system, ways to rejuvenate teaching staff in the SVE institutions and ways to obtain pedagogical qualifications in secondary vocational education, ensuring targeting and personalization of the teachers’ educational trajectories through additional professional education. The purpose of the preprint is to present the analysis of staffing models for the secondary vocational education system, taking into account domestic and foreign approaches, and to develop proposals for building a perspective model for staffing the secondary vocational education system. The study is based on the methodology of system analysis, uses the methods of comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature and educational practice, the modeling method. As a result of the study, the characteristics of the staffing models of the vocational education system were presented based on the analysis of foreign and domestic experience in building and developing staffing requirements for the vocational education and training system. The novelty is connected to the development of proposals for building a future-oriented model of secondary vocational education system staffing. The results of the study can be applied in making decisions on the formation and development of staffing system for secondary vocational education at the federal and regional levels. |
| Keywords: | secondary vocational education, staffing model of secondary vocational education. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022080&r=cis |
| By: | David G. Blanchflower; Alex Bryson |
| Abstract: | We show individuals’ reports of subjective well being in Europe did decline in the Great Recession and during the Covid pandemic on most measures and on four bordering countries to Ukraine after the Russian invasion in 2022. However, the movements are not large and are not apparent everywhere. We also used data from the European Commission's Business and Consumer Surveys on people’s expectations of life in general, their financial situation and the economic and employment situation in the country, all of which dropped markedly in the Great Recession and during Covid, but bounced back quickly, as did firms’ expectations of the economy and the labor market. Neither the UN’s Human Development Index (HDI) nor data used in the World Happiness Report from the Gallup World Poll shifted much in response to negative shocks. The HDI has been rising in the last decade or so reflecting overall improvements in economic and social wellbeing, captured in part by real earnings growth, although it fell slightly after 2020 as life expectancy dipped. This secular improvement is mirrored in life satisfaction which has been rising in the last decade. However, so too have negative affect in Europe and despair in the USA |
| JEL: | I31 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31497&r=cis |
| By: | Maleva Tatiana M. (Малева Т.М.) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Kartseva Marina A. (Карцева М.А.) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Kuznetsova Polina O. (Кузнецова П.О.) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Public health is the most important component of human capital of any country, of its human capacity. The health of the population determines the success of economic and social development of the country at present and in the future, determines demographic trends and many other aspects of social life. Understanding the health factors of the adult population is key to designing an effective public health policy. The main focus of this work is to study the influence of a person's starting opportunities on his health in adulthood. In this case, starting opportunities are understood as the conditions in which that person was born and grew up. The paper presents the results of a review of modern Russian and foreign literature on the inequality of opportunities in the health of the adult population. The study analyzes and classifies the main theoretical and empirical approaches to determining the contribution of inequality of opportunities to inequality in the health of the adult population. The results of the study provide the basis for developing a methodology for econometric assessment of the contribution of inequality of opportunity to inequality in the health of the adult population of the Russian Federation. An additional result of the work is the formation of a database of results of a quantitative assessment of inequality of opportunities in health, which can be used for comparative analysis. |
| Keywords: | health, adults, inequality of opportunity |
| JEL: | I1 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022075&r=cis |
| By: | Kosyakova, Yuliya (IAB ; Univ. Bamberg); Brücker, Herbert (IAB ; Humboldt-Univ.); Gatskova, Kseniia; Schwanhäuser, Silvia (IAB) |
| Abstract: | "With more than one million people, Germany stands as the primary destination country for Ukrainian refugees, second only to Poland, since the onset of the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine. Facilitating the successful integration of these individuals into the labor market and fostering their active participation in various societal aspects poses a significant challenge. This study examines development of the labor market integration of Ukrainian refugees who arrived in Germany after February 2022." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| Date: | 2023–08–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabkbe:202314&r=cis |
| By: | Ro, Yoon Jae (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Park, Jiwon (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Cho, Seung Jin (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Minhee (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 인도는 2023년 세계 1위의 인구 대국이 될 것으로 전망되고 있고 중국을 대체할 글로벌 생산기지로 제시되는 가운데, 본 연구는 인도의 인구구조와 그 영향에 대한 분석을 하였다. 본 연구에서는 인도의 인구구조 변화와 전망, 변화의 배경이 되는 인구 관련 정책, 인도의 노동시장 특성 및 추이에 대해 자세히 분석하고, 인구구조의 변화가 경제성장, 산업별 부가가치, 산업별 고용구조에 미치는 영향에 대해서 실증적으로 분석하였다.(As geopolitical conflicts escalate, such as the US-China conflict and the Russia-Ukraine war, friction arises in various fields such as supply chain, technology, and energy. These frictions can pose a threat to the economic growth and security of a country, so the fields that need to be analyzed from the perspective of economic security are gradually expanding. Therefore, this report introduces various economic security issues in major sectors such as supply chain, technology, energy, and food. It also examines the downside risks to the Korean economy due to the deterioration of stability in the North Korean regime and space. Finally, it suggests ways to respond and cooperate. Chapter 2 examines economic security issues and cooperation directions in the supply chain sector by analyzing GVC (Global Value Chain) and major countries’ policies for managing supply chain risks. Some of the major economic security issues in the supply chain are △the reorganization of supply chains due to the pandemic and geopolitical conflicts △the deterioration of the domestic industrial base due to increased dependence on the US and China for supply chains △the increased importance of emerging countries such as India, Mexico and Vietnam in the global supply chain. The main findings of the GVC analysis by 2021 show that the roles of the US and China in the global supply chain of major countries are continuously increasing, and that emerging countries such as India, Mexico, Vietnam and Brazil have become more important in the global supply chain. Moreover, as a result of reviewing the supply chain policies of major countries, it was found that they commonly pursued legislation to foster high value-added industries and support investment in core minerals. Therefore, Korea needs to strengthen bilateral consultations with the US and China through regular agreements, while enhancing supply chain connectivity with emerging countries whose importance in the supply chain is gradually increasing. In particular, it is necessary to actively participate in the formation of supply chain solidarity through multilateral/bilateral cooperation in order to prevent the fragmentation of the supply chain due to disputes between the US and China and geopolitical conflicts.(the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | Labor market; economic development; demographic changes by state in India; labor market and employment structure by industry |
| Date: | 2022–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2022_018&r=cis |
| By: | Choi, Wonseok (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kwak, Sungil (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Moon, Jin-Young (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Choi, Jangho (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Han, Hyoungmin (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Park, Youngseok (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Rhee, Jung-Kyun (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Eunmi (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Hong, Jin Hee (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Bumhwan (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Jong In (The Korea Rural Economic Institute(KREI)); Yoon, Junghyun (Institute for National Security Strategy (INSS)) |
| Abstract: | 본 보고서에서는 공급망·기술·에너지·식량 등 주요 분야뿐만 아니라 우주와 북한 체제의 안정성 악화에 의한 한국 경제의 하방 리스크 등 다양한 경제안보 이슈를 소개하고 이에 관한 대응 및 협력 방향을 모색하였다. As geopolitical conflicts escalate, such as the US-China conflict and the Russia-Ukraine war, friction arises in various fields such as supply chain, technology, and energy. These frictions can pose a threat to the economic growth and security of a country, so the fields that need to be analyzed from the perspective of economic security are gradually expanding. Therefore, this report introduces various economic security issues in major sectors such as supply chain, technology, energy, and food. It also examines the downside risks to the Korean economy due to the deterioration of stability in the North Korean regime and space. Finally, it suggests ways to respond and cooperate. Chapter 2 examines economic security issues and cooperation directions in the supply chain sector by analyzing GVC (Global Value Chain) and major countries’ policies for managing supply chain risks. Some of the major economic security issues in the supply chain are △the reorganization of supply chains due to the pandemic and geopolitical conflicts △the deterioration of the domestic industrial base due to increased dependence on the US and China for supply chains △the increased importance of emerging countries such as India, Mexico and Vietnam in the global supply chain. The main findings of the GVC analysis by 2021 show that the roles of the US and China in the global supply chain of major countries are continuously increasing, and that emerging countries such as India, Mexico, Vietnam and Brazil have become more important in the global supply chain. Moreover, as a result of reviewing the supply chain policies of major countries, it was found that they commonly pursued legislation to foster high value-added industries and support investment in core minerals. Therefore, Korea needs to strengthen bilateral consultations with the US and China through regular agreements, while enhancing supply chain connectivity with emerging countries whose importance in the supply chain is gradually increasing. In particular, it is necessary to actively participate in the formation of supply chain solidarity through multilateral/bilateral cooperation in order to prevent the fragmentation of the supply chain due to disputes between the US and China and geopolitical conflicts.(the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | Economic Security; Economic Cooperation; Economic Security; Energy Security; Food Security; Digital Security; Supply Chain Security; Technology Sovereignty |
| Date: | 2022–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2022_028&r=cis |
| By: | Brücker, Herbert (IAB ; Humboldt-Univ.); Jaschke, Philipp (IAB); Kosyakova, Yuliya (IAB ; Univ. Bamberg); Vallizadeh, Ehsan (IAB) |
| Abstract: | "At the end of 2022, there were about 2.2 million people living in Germany (not counting the Ukrainian citizens who have fled since the start of the Russian war of aggression) who have come as refugees and asylum seekers. The vast majority have recognized protection status and intend to stay in Germany. The successful integration of these refugees is highly relevant for the labor market, the welfare state, the society and politics. We investigate how labor market integration, benefit receipt and educational attainment of refugees who arrived until 2019 have developed in order to draw conclusions for the further employment trajectories of this group and also of refugee groups who arrived later. 756k| Titel:Untertitel auf Englisch: Development of labor market integration since arrival in Germany: Employment and wages of refugees have significantly increased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| Date: | 2023–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabkbe:202313&r=cis |
| By: | Pokida, Andrei (Покида, Андрей) (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Gazieva, Indira (Газиева, Индира) (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Zybunovskaya, Natalia (Зыбуновская, Наталья) (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | This scientific report presents a study conducted by the Research Center for Social and Political Monitoring of the RANEPA Institute of Social Sciences. The relevance of research. A significant part of the able-bodied population in the country is engaged in in the shadow economy, with a significant amount of funds remaining unaccounted for. There is an obvious need to resolve the conflict of interest between the state and the citizens involved in the shadow economy, to stimulate official employment and limit non-criminal shadow economic activity while maintaining a balance of interests of all economic actors. The goal of the study is to analyze and evaluate the dynamics of the involvement of various groups of the employed population in the shadow labor market, to find optimal solutions stimulating official employment and limiting non-criminal shadow economic activity. The subject of the study is the state and dynamics of the formation of the shadow labor market in modern conditions. The main research method is an all-Russian sociological survey of the employed Russian population and a comparison of the results obtained with earlier surveys. Based on the results of the study, this paper presents an analysis and assessment of the dynamics of the involvement of various groups of the employed population in various forms of shadow relations in the labor market. The study allows us to draw the following conclusions. The results of the study show that over the past two years there has been an increase in the participation of the public in the shadow economy. The largest proportion of informal workers is still noted among those employed in private practice as their main job. Among the hired workers, the share of those without formal registration remains unchanged and even increased slightly over the past year. In general, a significant share of the employed population continues to be quite loyal to various manifestations of non-criminal shadow economic activity. This situation creates the prerequisites for maintaining the involvement of the population in the shadow labor market. Among the measures contributing to the reduction of informal employment, the respondents primarily note a reduction in tax payments, a decrease in social inequality and an increase in the role of social guarantees and social protection for workers in the formal economy. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that it seeks to obtain up-to-date sociological information about the main processes taking place in the shadow labor market, their development trends in a changing epidemiological and socio-economic situation. The recommendations based on the results of the study are related to the need to adjust management decisions in the field of stimulating official employment and limiting the participation of the population in the shadow labor market. |
| Keywords: | shadow labor market, pandemic, private practice, hired workers, informal wages, consumers of goods and services of the shadow market, restrictive measures, sociological survey of the employed population |
| JEL: | J46 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022073&r=cis |
| By: | Dobrolyubova, Elena (Добролюбова, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Yuzhakov, Vladimir (Южаков, Владимир) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Pokida, Andrei (Покида, Андрей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Zybunovskaya, Natalia (Зыбуновская, Наталья) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Digital transformation is one of Russia’s national goals and development objectives. Therefore, monitoring sociological studies aimed at collecting public perceptions of effectiveness and risks of government digitalization are highly relevant. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effects of government digitalization from the public perspective. The subject of the study is the interaction between the state (public authorities and state institutions) and citizens with the use of digital technologies during the performance of publicly relevant government functions. The primary method of the study is a representative sociological public survey. The results presented in the paper contain an evaluation of the effectiveness of government digitalization from the citizens’ perspective, an analysis of the public readiness to engage in digital interaction with the public authorities as well as an evaluation of the risks associated with government digitalization, as perceived by the public. The paper demonstrates that a vast majority of Russians (88.2 percent) have engaged in digital interaction with the state over the past year. The study concludes that while overall evaluation of government digitalization effectiveness in terms of improving governance quality is positive, some areas are more problematic. For instance, less than a quarter of the respondents feels that the use of digital technology has improved the quality of education. Despite significant experience in digital interaction with the state, most respondents are not always ready to choose the digital channel for every issue. The choice of digital channel over other possible interaction means mostly depends on digital skills. The respondents evaluate the risks associated with government digitalization as high. Better educated respondents with higher digital skills are more likely to note that government digitalization risks are substantial, compared to other citizens. The novelty of the study is related to developing and implementing sociological instruments for measuring effectiveness and risks of government digitalization as perceived by the public. The paper recommends to account for the public evaluation of digital government effectiveness and risks while planning and implementing the government’s digital transformation initiatives at the federal and at the regional level. |
| Keywords: | Digital transformation, digitalization effectiveness, governance, public sociological survey, risk evaluation. |
| JEL: | H11 H41 H83 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022083&r=cis |
| By: | Nick James; Max Menzies |
| Abstract: | In this paper we contrast the dynamics of the 2022 Ukraine invasion financial crisis with notable financial crises of recent years - the dot-com bubble, global financial crisis and COVID-19. We study the similarity in market dynamics and associated implications for equity investors between various financial market crises and we introduce new mathematical techniques to do so. First, we study the strength of collective dynamics during different market crises, and compare suitable portfolio diversification strategies with respect to the unique number of sectors and stocks for optimal systematic risk reduction. Next, we introduce a new linear operator method to quantify distributional distance between equity returns during various crises. Our method allows us to fairly compare underlying stock and sector performance during different time periods, normalising for those collective dynamics driven by the overall market. Finally, we introduce a new combinatorial portfolio optimisation framework driven by random sampling to investigate whether particular equities and equity sectors are more effective in maximising investor risk-adjusted returns during market crises. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2307.15402&r=cis |
| By: | Tsatsura Elena A. (Цацура Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Grishina Elena E. (Гришина Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The challenges for the socio-economic situation in the country have been growing since 2020. The issues of prompt, accessible and sufficient state support for different population groups affected by the current crisis come to the fore, which emphasizes the relevance of this work. The goal of the study is to analyze the prevalence of employment in the informal economy, the financial situation of workers employed in the informal economy, their social support coverage and the need for additional social assistance. The objectives of the study are to analyze the prevalence of informal employment and employment in the informal sector, including among various socio-demographic groups of workers, as well as to analyze the financial situation, social support coverage and the need for additional social assistance for informally employed workers and workers in the informal sector. The methods used include the analysis of data from the Rosstat Labor Force Survey for 2019, 2020 and 2021, as well as the analysis of data from RANEPA surveys conducted in December 2021 and September 2022. The object of the study is those employed in the informal economy in Russia. The subject of the study is the prevalence of employment in the informal economy, the financial situation of workers employed in the informal economy, the social support coverage and the need for additional social assistance. The results of the study show that the share of people working in the informal economy as their main place of work in 2019-2020 amounted to 18-19% of the total number of employees. Among those employed in the informal economy, there is a higher share of men, young workers, people with a lower level of education, employed as blue-collar workers, in the service sector, trade, agriculture and construction. Informally employed employees face increased risks of monetary and deprivation poverty, are more likely to be forced to spend savings, and have high risks of losing their jobs and reducing labor incomes. At the same time, individual entrepreneurs and the self-employed are in a better position than the working population as a whole. The results obtained contribute to the development of ideas about the financial situation of the workers employed in the informal economy. |
| Keywords: | informal economy, informal workers, social support, support measures, economic crisis, needy, poor |
| JEL: | I31 I38 J46 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w2022076&r=cis |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk |
| Abstract: | Economic integration among West African member states was the original mandate of ECOWAS. Threats to development, peace and security led the community to expand its mandate to include conflict management. ECOWAS has established a commendable record in peacekeeping. Its intervention in Liberia ended the conflict. In Sierra Leone, it provided the necessary support to the legitimate government, but in Guinea Bissau, it failed to stop the violence. In 2004, ECOMOG was replaced by the ECOWAS Standby Force (ESF), made up of military, police and civilian personnel. As part of its missions, ECOWAS has implemented conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms outlined in its Conflict Prevention Framework (ECPF). However, the organisation relies on its member states to achieve its objectives. Unfortunately, the latter are mostly characterised by a lack of political and financial commitment. In recent years, ECOWAS has focused on counter-terrorism strategies. However, these too have been hampered by capacity constraints, the persistence of a socio-economic environment increasingly conducive to religious fundamentalism and extremism, and varying levels of political will and commitment. The ECOWAS institution's conflict prevention tools are currently stronger than its conflict management tools. At present, the ESF lacks the logistical and financial capacity for military deployment. Nigeria, the main troop and financial contributor, was supposed to provide more than half of the pledged ESF troops. But it has internal security challenges of its own. It is therefore doubtful that it could spare its pledged troops for an ESF mission. All this suggests that ECOWAS, once a force to be reckoned with in West Africa, has been reduced to a paper tiger. It's warning to intervene, by military force if necessary, in the current conflict in Niger, where a coup has overthrown the legitimate government, was reckoned as an empty threat. Especially since the coup leaders in Mali, Niger and Guinea have been backed by Russia. |
| Keywords: | CEDEAO; Force en attente de la CEDEAO; coup d'État; gouvernance; développement durable: post-colonialisme; secteur informel; APD; Afrique subsaharienne; Afrique de l'Ouest; Mali; Niger; Guinée; Nigeria; Études africaines; |
| JEL: | F15 F35 F51 F52 F54 H12 H56 K42 N47 Z13 |
| Date: | 2023–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118192&r=cis |
| By: | Yermone Sargsyan (Charles University, Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic); Salim Turdaliev (Charles University, Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic); Silvester van Koten (UJEP, Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Usti nad Labem & CERGE-EI Prague, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effectiveness of "nudges" through monthly peer comparison reports on household energy consumption in Yerevan, Armenia. We collected data from 300 households for a total of 8 months. While monthly peer comparison reports show no significant effect on energy consumption, we find strong and statistically significant heterogeneous treatment effects. Specifically, we find that households utilizing electricity as their primary heating source, households where the respondent is an educated female, and households with respondents aged 56 and above experienced a decrease in electricity usage as a result of the peer comparison reports. Moreover, we discover that high electricity consumers reduce their consumption significantly after receiving the reports. However, we also observe a small "boomerang" effect, whereby households in the lower quartile of electricity consumption slightly increase their usage in response to the reports. Furthermore, we find that the bulk of the reduction in electricity consumption comes from daytime consumption when the marginal cost of electricity is higher. Additionally, we explore the heterogeneous treatment effects of nudges on the investment in the physical stock of appliances. |
| Keywords: | demand side management, nudges, household energy consumption, peer comparison, developing country, heterogeneous treatment effects, electrical appliances |
| JEL: | Q4 Q53 Q48 Q58 C93 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2023_23&r=cis |
| By: | Antoine Fontaine (EVS - Environnement, Ville, Société - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Laurence Rocher (EVS - Environnement, Ville, Société - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The sharp increase in and volatility of fossil fuel prices, due in particular to the Russian–Ukrainian conflict, is a powerful incentive for cities to accelerate their energy transition. Yet urban authorities have limited power over the construction of energy policies and the management of networks, and they remain dependent on remote and mainly carbon-intensive imported sources of energy. The recovery of waste heat from waste incineration or industrial emissions and its use in heating networks represents a solution for cities to control part of their energy supply, to develop their own capacities for action and to implement local transition strategies, in addition to the development of renewable energies. Based on the analysis of four case studies in France between 2019 and 2022, in the context preceding the current energy crisis, this article examines how cities are trying to develop waste heat recovery and the role this energy resource plays in the decarbonisation of urban energy systems. The analysis highlights that the emergence of these projects is more broadly part of the renegotiation dynamics of energy, ecological and economic relationships between cities and industries, and that their implementation results in the construction of new urban energy nexuses. The use of waste heat makes it possible to improve the energy efficiency of industrial and urban energy systems, sometimes significantly, but it must be seen as a transitional solution because it can temporarily increase cities' dependency on high-carbon and energy-inefficient industrial activities. |
| Keywords: | Urban nexus, Waste heat, Energy transition, Infrastructure, Public policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04156338&r=cis |