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on Confederation of Independent States |
| By: | Tolulope T. Osinubi (Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of globalization on female economic participation (FEP) in MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria & Turkey) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa) countries between 2004 and 2018. Four measures of globalization are employed and sourced from KOF globalization index, 2018, while the female labour force participation rate is a proxy for FEP. The empirical evidence is based on Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators. The findings of the PMG estimator from the Panel ARDL method reveal that political and overall globalization in MINT and BRICS countries have a positive impact on FEP, whereas social globalization exerts a negative impact on FEP in the long-run. It is observed that economic globalization has no long-run effect on FEP. Contrarily, all the measures of globalization posit no short-run effect on FEP in the short-run. This supports the argument that globalization has no immediate effect on FEP. Thus, it is recommended that both MINT and BRICS countries should find a way of improving the process of globalization generally to empower women to be involved in economic activities. This study complements the extant literature by focusing on how globalization dynamics influence FEP in the MINT and BRICS countries. |
| Keywords: | Globalization; female; gender; labour force participation; MINT and BRICS countries |
| JEL: | E60 F40 F59 D60 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:20/004&r= |
| By: | Valery Dolgov; Mattia Masolletti |
| Abstract: | The authors of the article analyze the policy of the Russian government in the field of family support, paying attention to legal programs at the federal and regional levels. The maternity capital program is considered separately, as well as measures aimed at supporting large families. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.04370&r= |
| By: | Yulia A. Seliverstova (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Within the framework of human capital and rational choice theory the effective formation of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in early childhood attracts both parents and researchers. Besides traditional home-based activities and kindergarten programs, many families in Russia choose extra classes for their children. The increasing inequality in early childhood education (ECE) has become a new problem, since not all parents can afford to pay for such extra activities (EA). This study investigates the interrelation between family income and the educational strategies chosen by parents. Data for the study were drawn from an online survey, conducted among 260 parents of children aged 3–7 years old. This dataset made it possible to estimate how much families with different income pay for EA in ECE and identify the motives of their educational investment practices. The results showed that the gap in spending on education in poor, low- and middle-income families is significant. However, financial constraints lead to increased parental involvement. The results show that parents from poor and low-income families value extra classes for preschoolers. This study emphasizes the need for further research into home-based teaching practices within poor and low-income families. A deeper understanding of this issue could improve the efficiency of ECE for children from disadvantaged families. |
| Keywords: | Russia, preschool education, parental involvement, skill formation, educational expenditure, educational economics |
| JEL: | E32 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:61edu2021&r= |
| By: | Otrachshenko, Vladimir (Justus Liebig University, Giessen); Nikolova, Milena (University of Groningen); Popova, Olga (Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS)) |
| Abstract: | Communism was a two-edged sword for the trustees of the former regime. Communist party members and their relatives enjoyed status and privileges, while secret police informants were often coerced to work clandestinely and gather compromising materials about friends, colleagues, and neighbors. We examine the long-term consequences of such connections to the communist regime for life satisfaction in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. We also calculate a monetary equivalent of those effects and empirically test mechanisms. The findings underscore that past communist regime connections have a persistent but differential effect on life satisfaction. |
| Keywords: | Communist regime, historical legacy, Eastern Europe, former Soviet Union, life satisfaction, elite networks, Communist party, informants |
| JEL: | D60 I31 N00 P26 P36 P52 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14712&r= |
| By: | Borchert, Lea; de Haas, Ralph; Kirschenmann, Karolin; Schultz, Alison |
| Abstract: | Correspondent banks allow local banks in emerging markets to access the international payments system. This helps local banks to make cross-border payments, clear currencies, and provide trade finance. The recent retrenchment of global correspondent banks following the increased costs of financial crime compliance may therefore disrupt international trade. This policy brief shows that the withdrawal of correspondent banks from Emerging Europe has negatively and substantially affected the exports of this region. Exploiting an unexpected change in the U.S. regulator's enforcement of financial crime legislation we compare industry-level bilateral trade flows of countries experiencing a high withdrawal with those that maintain their correspondent bank relationships. We find that the decreased availability of international payment and trade finance services has considerable negative effects on exports. This negative effect is stronger for trading partners that are geographically more distant. A survey of 93 local banks confirms that banks face growing difficulties in performing cross-border payments and in clearing currencies. In particular, access to the U.S. financial system is severely inhibited and local banks can only imperfectly substitute lost correspondent bank relationships with new partners from Russia and Austria. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:62021&r= |
| By: | Larisa Kargina; Mattia Masolletti |
| Abstract: | The authors of the article analyze the content of the Eurasian integration, from the initial initiative to the modern Eurasian Economic Union, paying attention to the factors that led to the transition from the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space to a stronger integration association. The main method of research is historical and legal analysis. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.03644&r= |