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on Confederation of Independent States |
| By: | Ekaterina Maklasova (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Alexander Tatarko (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the role of the climato-economic characteristics of 85 Russian regions in the formation of collectivism in those territories. Based on the results of previous research, the authors suggested that in regions with harsh climatic conditions, the richer population has a lower level of collectivism, whereas the poorer population has a higher level of collectivism. For testing these theoretical assumptions, we prepared a dataset with statistical data about each Russian region for the climatic demand (based on the temperature characteristics), monetary resources (the gross regional product (GRP)) and collectivism (the population natural growth, multi-generational households, marriages, divorces, etc.). We used correlation and moderation analyses where regional climate and GRP were the predictors of collectivism. The study demonstrated that these factors predicted the level of collectivism in regions. The study also revealed the moderating role of GRP in the relation between regional climatic conditions and the level of collectivist among the population, which allows the identification of the specific and universal relationships of the indicators. |
| Keywords: | collectivism, climatic demand, climate, GRP, gross regional product, Russia, region |
| JEL: | Z |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:109psy2019&r=all |
| By: | Slavinskaite, Neringa; Liucvaitiene, Ausra |
| Abstract: | Fiscal decentralization phenomenon is highly discussed at various levels and aspects, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Eng. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, hereinafter - the OECD) gives it an extreme attention as well as the World Bank. Fiscal decentralization has become an interesting topic until today because researchers about fiscal decentralization are not only considered from the economic perspective, but also from other perspectives such as politic, geographic, other subjects. The articleobject – localgovernmentrevenueautonomyofBalticcountries. The aim of this article is to analyse the theoretical aspect of fiscal decentralization, calculate the index of revenue autonomy in Baltic countries. Three Baltic States similar in their area, number of inhabitants, and governmental peculiarities have been chosen for the analysis. This paper compares the three Baltic countries that formally became independent from the Soviet Union in September 1991: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The research methods employed in preparation of this article are theoretical methods of analysis of scientific literature and sources, SAW method for index, comparative and logical analysis and generalisation. The lowest revenue autonomy index of local government of Baltic countries has Lithuania (0.27), the highest – Latvia (0.49).If the revenue autonomy index is near 1, it is mean that local government has a big power to control own revenue |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae3:296785&r=all |
| By: | Pavel Simashenkov (Samara State University) |
| Abstract: | The article analyzes the phenomenon of ownership in its legal, economic, political and philosophical perspectives. Ownership is considered as an opportunity and as a guarantee of sustainable development. Comparative context is used to identify the specificity of the bourgeois model of owners' power (social state) and the domestic concept of power-ownership (including socialist state). The author draws conclusions about ways to overcome the competition between the state and the market for the human resource and proposes to explore the ideological provision of power-ownership in order to appreciate its progressive potential and predilection in relation to the liberal model of social development. |
| Abstract: | В статье анализируется феномен собственности в его юридическом, экономическом, политическом и философском ракурсах. Собственность рассматривается как возможность и как гарантия поступательного развития. Сравнительный контекст используется для выявления специфики буржуазной модели власти собственников (государство социальное) и отечественной концепции власти-собственности (в т.ч. государство социалистическое). Автором делаются выводы о способах преодоления конкуренции государства и рынка за человеческий ресурс и предлагается исследовать идеологическое обеспечение власти-собственности, дабы по достоинству оценить её прогрессивный потенциал и предпочтительность по отношению к либеральной модели общественного развития |
| Keywords: | Political economy,Russia State,Power-ownership,Philistinism,Liberalism,Socialism,Ownership,Marxism,Relations of production,Lenin,Russian political authorities,Russian economic thought |
| Date: | 2018–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02366667&r=all |
| By: | Pushkareva, Lyudmila |
| Abstract: | В статье рассматривается проблема формирования социально-политического образа представителя среднего класса. Любая революция ведёт к изменениям в социальной сфере. В ходе технологических революционных изменений происходит социальное расслоение общества. Например, в более развитых странах данное различие не так заметно, благодаря сформировавшемуся среднему классу, в отличии от развивающихся странах, где разница между уровнями жизни различных слоев населения весьма значительна и решить эту проблему довольно сложно, но необходимо. Сегодня, в понимании западных социологов, средний класс представляет собой субъект, объединяющий некие профессиональные группы, имеющий средние доходы и соответствующий уровень жизни. В Российской Федерации не существует единого мнения о тех самых ключевых качествах, позволяющих присвоить тому или иному человеку ярлык представителя среднего класса. Россия прошла огромный исторический путь, однако, многие теоретики до сих пор склонны считать, что в стране по-прежнему не сформирован средний класс по ряду существенных признаков. Но именно средний класс обеспечивает стабильное развитие страны как на внутреннем, так и на внешнем уровне. Средний класс в любом государстве принято считать фундаментом социально-экономического развития страны. |
| Keywords: | : Технологическая революция, социальная сфера, расслоение общества, средний класс, социально-экономический портрет, технологический прогресс |
| JEL: | Z13 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97330&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | After a deep economic crisis caused by a difficult external environment, an armed conflict in the East, and delays in the implementation of structural reforms, Ukraine has been showing some signs of recovery. To achieve a more sustainable fiscal consolidation, the Ukrainian authorities have recently adopted a broad Public Financial Management (PFM) System Reform Strategy, paving the way to decisive action in critical areas including medium-term budgeting, analysis and management of fiscal risks, and public investment management (PIM). |
| Date: | 2019–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:19/355&r=all |
| By: | Malkova, Olga (University of Kentucky) |
| Abstract: | This study answers the open question of whether workers respond to financial incentives in a command economy. To do this, I evaluate pension reforms in Soviet Russia in 1964 and 1969 that allowed pensioners to receive a greater share of their pensions if they worked, resulting in a progressive elimination of benefit reduction rates. Variation in group eligibility and variation in benefit reduction rates in eastern and western regions allow for the use of several difference-in-differences frameworks. I collect and digitize novel data from the Soviet archives on pensioner employment, constructing the first database of the Soviet old-age labor market. I find that Soviet pensioners are responsive to financial incentives. By 1969, after the benefit reduction rate fell from an average of 47.8 to 24.1 percent, pensioner employment rates rose by 5.7 percentage points, representing a 47 percent increase. Finally, I provide illustrative estimates of the employment elasticity with respect to the average net-of-tax rate that range from 0.6 to 1.4. |
| Keywords: | pension, retirement, employment, Soviet economy |
| JEL: | J18 J26 H55 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12790&r=all |
| By: | Kaufmane, Dace; Eglite, Aija |
| Abstract: | As project management practiceexpandedin national and nongovernmental organizations in Latvia, the role of various project-related activities increased. Latvia is a Member State of the EU that obtains EU funding and implements a lot of EU co-funded projects in various industries of the national economy, including rural tourism. In Latvia, rural tourism is defined as a kind of tourism aimed at offering tourists opportunities to rest or use tourist accommodation facilities in countryside based on local social, cultural and natural resources. Implementing a project involves potential problems or risks that can affect the pace of the project implementation. Rural tourism projects are exposed to both industry-specific risks and classical financial, technological, administrative, human resource, fraud and legal risks. National institutions, associations and countless private entrepreneurs that have received EU funding for their project proposals under support programsdeal with project implementation. The association PierigasPartneriba, the administrations of Kurzeme planning region and Vidzemeplanning region, the association Rural Traveler etc. could be referred to as one of the largest project implementers in terms of amount of funding involved. Risk management is a component of project management that deals with a successful and effective project implementation pace; therefore, it is important to identify how to minimize every potential risk. The aim of the paper is to identify risk management problems and solutions in rural tourism in Latvia based onananalysis of relevant research investigations. A content analysis revealed main risk management problems and solutions to the problems. A solution could be found to most of the problems with rural tourism projects even if a risk occurs unexpectedly, and a solution is easier to find to a timely identified risk, as well as more time is available for finding the solution. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae3:296784&r=all |
| By: | Pushkareva, Lyudmila |
| Abstract: | Учебное пособие охватывает многообразные аспекты обеспечения экономической безопасности на различных уровнях. Целью является обучение студентов знанию сущности и основного содержания экономической безопасности государства, основных критериев и показателей уровня безопасности, а также умению своевременно обнаруживать возникающие опасности и угрозы, противостоять им и применять полученные знания на практике. |
| Keywords: | экономическая безопасность, государственная политика, регионы, фирмы |
| JEL: | F52 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97326&r=all |
| By: | Eglie, Aija; Kaufmane, Dace |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, enjoying national dishes is considered an essential component of any kind of tourism, as it gives experiences specific to the nation. In tourism, dishes are important to any target audience. There are many nationalities in the world, and they differ from one another in their specific culture and national cuisine. Since ancient times, rye bread has been the main food for Latvians. Today too, rye bread is one of the symbols of Latvian identity and a treat for everyone wishing to get introduced to Latvian culture. Cultural heritage and cultural values are, to some extent, stagnant if not revived and cultivated. Cultural and historical heritage could be learnt through upbringing and education as well as its incorporation in a tourism product. Rye bread, the traditions of baking it, organic and natural foods and the setting – a rural farmstead, a festivity and a bakery where to taste the foods and participate in preparing the foods – could be referred to as the most significant resources with potential for development. Gastronomic tourism is promoted in rural areas, and small enterprises and local governments, considering the economic development of their administrative territories, are particularly interested in the growth of it. The research employed content analysis to analyse the incorporation of bread-baking traditions in rural tourism products in Latvia. An analysis of information available on the websites of municipalities and tourism associations give insight into the awareness and the ways of popularisation of gastronomic tourism. The research aim is to examine the ways how bread-baking traditions are incorporated in rural tourism products in Latvia. Bread baking traditions-related tourism services are created by entrepreneurs, while local governments and the national government and the non-governmental sector are involved in popularising the offers in the Internet environment. Activities of the private and public sectors aimed at popularising gastronomic tourism involve cooperation, as many websites are interlinked. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae3:296783&r=all |