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on Confederation of Independent States |
| By: | Zinchenko, Aleksey |
| Abstract: | The textbook was prepared with regard to the publication of the preliminary results of 2016 Russian Agricultural Census as at 1 July 2016. They reflect the current state of multistructural agriculture in Russia, which resulted from the transformation after 1990, the development of market relations and the implementation of the state agrarian policy for the period after 2006 Russian Agricultural Census. The manual briefly examines the general state of agricultural resources in Russia as a whole and their changes during the period of the implementation of state programs in 2006-2016, and some methodological approaches to analyzing the results of the census were proposed. The goal was to draw the attention of researchers, teachers, graduate students and students of agricultural universities to these results for scientific research and in educational process in the development of the staff of the agroindustrial complex. The textbook is intended for master degree students of the direction 38.04.01 - "Economics", the program "Business Analytics in the Agroindustrial Complex" and 09.04.02 - "Information Systems and Technologies", the program "Information Systems and Technologies in Business Intelligence". It can also be used by bachelors and masters of other directions, graduate students and teachers of agricultural universities. The textbook was prepared by A.P. Zinchenko Professor of the Department of Statistics and Econometrics of the RSAU-MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, member of the Scientific and Methodological Council of FSSS. |
| Keywords: | Сельское хозяйство, сельскохозяйственная перепись, ресурсы, государственные программы |
| JEL: | A20 Q10 Q18 |
| Date: | 2017–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:82341&r=cis |
| By: | Iwasaki, Ichiro |
| Abstract: | Using a unique firm-level dataset obtained from a large-scale questionnaire survey conducted in late 2015, we examined the generality and heterogeneity of corporate governance systems between the eastern and western regions of Russia. The survey results strongly suggest that various characteristics of corporate governance systems observed in industrial firms and listed companies are, in fact, common and long-term trends that are seen across all Russian business sectors. At the same time, however, we also found pronounced regional heterogeneity between the eastern and western regions, with companies in the east being more reluctant than those in the west to introduce a governance system to monitor and supervise top management. Regression analysis shows that this finding is robust, even after a series of firm-level attributes are simultaneously controlled for. |
| Keywords: | corporate governance system, legal form of incorporation, board of directors, audit system, regional heterogeneity, Russia |
| JEL: | D22 G34 L22 M42 P25 P31 |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:rrcwps:72&r=cis |
| By: | Blagov, Yury E.; Aray, Yulia N. |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the national peculiarities of social entrepreneurship in Russian Federation. It is shown that the current developments of social entrepreneurship models are mainly affected and driven by the State and the corporations. Leading by these drivers, social entrepreneurship in modern Russia is developing as a particular kind of business operating in ܳemiofficialÝ way, where the ܳocio-entrepreneurialÝ mission can be used by different legal forms of both individual entrepreneurs/commercial organizations and NGOÙ³. |
| Keywords: | social entrepreneurship, Russia, entrepreneurship models, NGOÙ³, typology of social entrepreneurship, Russian business, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8605&r=cis |
| By: | Garanina, Olga L. |
| Abstract: | The intended contribution of this research is to outline the role of domestic constraints for companiesÙ internationalization strategies in natural gas industry. The paper is focused on Russian case. Special emphasis is made on internal natural gas market organization model, its evolution and impacts for natural gas business strategies implemented by Russian National Oil Companies (NOCs). Research is based on case method. The argumentation is structured in three stages which are (i) comparative analysis of Gazprom and Rosneft as NOCs; (ii) study of the evolution of the natural gas industry organizational model in Russia and (iii) the case of Power of Siberia project. |
| Keywords: | national oil companies, natural gas industry, liberalization of natural gas market, Russia, organizational model, NOCs, Gazprom, Rosneft, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8622&r=cis |
| By: | Lankina, Tomila V.; Libman, Alexander; Obydenkova, Anastassia |
| Abstract: | Twenty-five years after the collapse of communism in Europe, few scholars disagree that the past continues to shape the democratic trajectories of postcommunist states. Precommunist education has featured prominently in this literature’s bundle of “good” legacies because it ostensibly helped foster resistance to communism. The authors propose a different causal mechanism—appropriation and subversion—that challenges the linearity of the above assumptions by analyzing the effects of precommunist literacy on patterns of Communist Party recruitment in Russia’s regions. Rather than regarding precommunist education as a source of latent resistance to communism, the authors highlight the Leninist regime’s successful appropriation of the more literate strata of the precommunist orders, in the process subverting the past democratic edge of the hitherto comparatively more developed areas. The linear regression analysis of author-assembled statistics from the first Russian imperial census of 1897 supports prior research: precommunist literacy has a strong positive association with postcommunist democratic outcomes. Nevertheless, in pursuing causal mediation analysis, the authors find, in addition, that the above effect is mediated by Communist Party saturation in Russia’s regions. Party functionaries were likely to be drawn from areas that had been comparatively more literate in tsarist times, and party saturation in turn had a dampening effect on the otherwise positive effects of precommunist education on postcommunist democracy. |
| JEL: | B14 B24 P2 P3 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:63833&r=cis |
| By: | Novokmet, Filip; Piketty, Thomas; Zucman, Gabriel |
| Abstract: | This paper combines national accounts, survey, wealth and fiscal data (including recently released tax data on high-income taxpayers) in order to provide consistent series on the accumulation and distribution of income and wealth in Russia from the Soviet period until the present day. We find that official survey-based measures vastly under-estimate the rise of inequality since 1990. According to our benchmark estimates, top income shares are now similar to (or higher than) the levels observed in the United States. We also find that inequality has increased substantially more in Russia than in China and other ex-communist countries in Eastern Europe. We relate this finding to the specific transition strategy followed in Russia. According to our benchmark estimates, the wealth held offshore by rich Russians is about three times larger than official net foreign reserves, and is comparable in magnitude to total household financial assets held in Russia. |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:12411&r=cis |
| By: | Golovacheva, Ksenia S.; Smirnova, Maria M. |
| Abstract: | The study aims to identify how consumer sentiment toward marketing relates to consumer behaviors at different stages of buying process. Based on the survey of Russian consumers the study measures the index of consumer sentiment toward marketing and reports the preliminary results regarding the effect of consumer sentiment toward marketing on different consumer behavior tendencies, including information seeking, reliance on firm-related information sources, purchase and complaining behavior, and supportiveness of government regulation of marketing practices. |
| Keywords: | consumer sentiment, marketing, consumer behavior, Russia, purchase behavior, marketing practices, government regulation, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8666&r=cis |
| By: | Gavrilova, Tatiana A.; Kudryavtsev, Dmitry V.; Menshikova, Anna V. |
| Abstract: | The paper presents some results of INNOVARRA project (Innovations in Company Knowledge Management: Typology, Methodology and Recommendations) that is supported by Russian Science Foundation for 2015-2017. This project suggests and develops the idea of differentiation of knowledge management (KM) methods and tools depending on domain and type of knowledge. The paper describes generalized knowledge map for structuring typical knowledge domains of the company, typology of knowledge and taxonomy of KM tools. The description of interrelations between knowledge domains, types/properties and KM methods and tools is also suggested. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8665&r=cis |
| By: | Blagov, Yury E. |
| Abstract: | Creating social value through philanthropy continues to be the most favorable goal of the corporate social performance of leading Russian companies due to the implicit social contract that was created in the mid of 1990s. Nevertheless, since the mid 2010Ù³ some companies have started to reorient their philanthropic support into the innovative creation of Ü´rueÝ shared value. The above mentioned social contract is not violating but rather developing towards more rational business choices. From the prospective of well known CarrollÙ³ pyramid of CSR it is suggested that the relative priority of philanthropy is likely to be changing. |
| Keywords: | responsible innovations, value creation, shared value, implicit social contract, philanthropy, Russia, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8604&r=cis |
| By: | Grinberg, Elvira |
| Abstract: | Considering that high proficiency of individuals can lower production cost, executives are interested in being acquainted with corporate education innovations. They should understand specifics of adult education, adhere concepts of learning organization, and consider cutting-edge IT technologies for learning. This interdisciplinary study investigates the question ؈ow can one define the most suitable configuration of corporate education system?٠with the focus on Russian business environment. Unstructured face-to-face interviews, literature search and ontological analysis of secondary data allowed creating list of concepts, which lay in the nodes of the decision-making process. |
| Keywords: | corporate education, business education, corporate university, training, coaching, learning platform, personnel development, adult learning, innovation in education, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8668&r=cis |
| By: | Kokoulina, Liudmila O. |
| Abstract: | The research aims to identify the knowledge sharing mechanisms underlying the export promotion program (EPP) for Russian IT companies. Particularly, the research studies the processes and effects of EPP organized by non-commercial organization RUSSOFT. This program was conducted in 2014-2015 for approx. one hundred Russian high-tech companies and included participation in several global trade fairs, exhibitions and conferences, as well as series of seminars and webinars on legal, financial and marketing aspects of internationalization. The research aims to uncover knowledge sharing mechanisms that took place during these events. |
| Keywords: | knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, Russia, export promotion program, IT industry, case study, high-tech companies, export promotion program, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8675&r=cis |
| By: | Kokoulina, Liudmila O.; Ermolaeva, Liubov A. |
| Abstract: | We combine championing and industrial symbiosis perspectives with an ultimate goal to uncover the underlying mechanisms of industrial symbiosis. To study this emergent topic, we conduct single in-depth case study of industrial symbiosis between Russian company, Yandex, and local district heating provider in MĮtsĬĬ Finland. Growing concerns about the environment and rising demand for IT services add to this research practical importance. That is the fact because there is lack of research on how data center creators could decrease an environmental footprint through collaboration with other organizations such as municipalities, NGO, and other commercial firms. We rely on existing (yet sparse) theoretical understanding of industrial symbiosis and championing processes and conduct semi-structured and in-depth interviews of championing of industrial symbiosis on both organizational and individual levels. Overall 15 interviews were conducted with representatives of 5 organizations. |
| Keywords: | industrial symbiosis, championing, regional development, champion, Finland, Yandex, IT services, Russia, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8673&r=cis |
| By: | Kucherov, Dmitry G.; Zamulin, Andrey L. |
| Abstract: | The paper considers the contemporary Russian experience of IT companies in building the employer brand to attract and retain young talent. Focusing on employer branding perspective and generation theory, we identify the major working expectations, values and preferences of young IT-professionals and examine the efficient employer branding practices used by 3 IT companies to cooperate with them in the conditions of Ø·ar for talentÙ® |
| Keywords: | employer branding, employment values, IT companies, young talents, IT-professionals, Russia, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8678&r=cis |
| By: | Bukhvalov, Alexander V.; Nikulin, Egor D. |
| Abstract: | The goal of the paper is to develop an approach to assessing the fundamental (intrinsic) value of Russian traded and non-traded companies and in doing so to contribute to the private equity market formation. To obtain a measure for fundamental value a modified Ohlson model is proposed and then tested using regression analysis on a sample of Russian traded companies for the period 2002-2013. The results of our study enable to derive a formula for a particular accounting year that can be used in order to assess the value of companies of different industries. |
| Keywords: | market capitalization, Ohlson model, fundamental valuation, intrinsic value, companies' value, trade companies, non-trade companies, Russia, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8610&r=cis |
| By: | Berezinets, Irina V.; Ilina, Yulia B.; Shorokhova, Ekaterina |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship of dividend policy and ownership structure of Russian dual-class stock companies. The results allow to conclude on the link of a wide range of factors of ownership structure and concentration in Russian companies with their dividend policy, as well as to trace the differences in dividend policy for common and preferred shares. The findings point to a growing level of ownership concentration on the Russian market, indicate the severity of agency problem and abuse of minority shareholdersÙ rights, and may be helpful for improving dividend policy of Russian companies and increasing their investment attractiveness. |
| Keywords: | dividend policy, dual-class stock companies, ownership structure, ownership concentration, agency problem, private benefits of control, Russia, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8602&r=cis |
| By: | Kuznetsova, Svetlana; Morozova, Daria; Morozova, Tatiana; Muravskii, Daniil V.; Mironova, Daria |
| Abstract: | In the article, the drivers and forms of university-corporation partnerships are analyzed, and the role of joint R&D centers formation with universities as a strategic direction of development for MNEs is discussed. As a result, a classification of universitycorporation partnerships drivers for MNEs was established, forms of such partnerships are distinguished and compared, and joint R&D centers have been classified by openness and level of involvement of the MNE in order to simplify and spill light on the choices related to internationalization of R&D for MNEs on the Russian market. |
| Keywords: | research and development, R&D, collaboration platforms, MNEs, knowledge sharing, IT market, Russia, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8679&r=cis |
| By: | Cherenkov, Vitaliy I.; Cherenkova, Natalia |
| Abstract: | This paper highlights that the Ü„rama in TeachingÝ method is today not so often applied in Russian economic higher schools than abroad. The said method permits to increase a formal in-class learning time budget due to out-class networking student. Besides, the method could be considered as a very perspective one not only for developing communication skills in English but for improving learning professional disciplines. |
| Keywords: | business case, drama in teaching, intensive methods, multichannel communication effect, out-class networking, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8617&r=cis |
| By: | Morozova, Daria |
| Abstract: | The present paper studies knowledge management practices implementation in small IT-enterprises in Russia in relation to organizational factors. The study demonstrates the relationship between the knowledge management, creativity and communication practices. The results of the study had shown that previously existing social and communicative factors in the teams of small IT-enterprises affect knowledge management practices implementation. Additionally, the study highlights the lack of valuation of creativity and knowledge as intangible assets. Based on the results of the analysis, implications are discussed and recommendations for improvement are suggested. |
| Keywords: | knowledge management, creativity, communications, IT-enterprises, Russia, organizational factors, team work, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8682&r=cis |
| By: | Bordunos, Aleksandra K.; Kosheleva, Sofia V. |
| Abstract: | This qualitative research aims to explore reasons behind banksÙ revealed preference of High Performance Work System (HPWS). Theoretical base form Institutional and Self-Determination theories. The data was analysed using theoretical thematic analysis on a latent level method, voluntary disclosure index, correlation analyses, DEA. The paper provides insights on possible reasons preventing companies from applying more suitable HPWS, showcases good case practices of how companies overcome institutional sophistication, and the role of employersÙ engagement in overcoming institutional voids. High Productivity Work System is more beneficial for voluntary disclosure, although banks' technical efficiency is associated with more advanced HPWS types. |
| Keywords: | High Performance Work System, HPWS, banks, institutional theories, technical efficiency, self determination theory, institutional voids, Russia, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8607&r=cis |
| By: | Kachura, Egor; Garanina, Tatiana A. |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the empirical research is to determine the existence of relationship between social capital of board of directors expressed through the presence of directors with experience in governmental institutions and companiesÙ financial performance. In order to achieve the goal information about the structure of board of directors and financial performance results of 134 public Russian companies in 2012 and 2013 was collected from open sources. The results of the research revealed the existence of positive relationship between the presence at board of directors who are former public servants and market capitalization of Russian companies. Significant models, however, were found only for the market capitalization as the dependent variable, not for such accounting variable as return on assets (ROA). |
| Keywords: | board of directors, social capital, government cooperation, return on assets, ROA, empirical research, board of directors, governmental institutions, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8670&r=cis |
| By: | Panibratov, Andrei Yu.; Dikova, Desislava; Veselova, Anna S. |
| Abstract: | We apply the OLI framework to examine investment motives and internalization preferences of Russian multinationals in 2007-2013. To examine investment motives we use panel data of 322 observations; to test internalization choice we use cross-sectional data of 318 M&A deals. Our analysis shows that classic investment motives Ó market, resource, asset-seeking Ó provide a limited explanation of what attracts Russian acquirers abroad. We extend the OLI-model to include institutional distance and find that it plays a critical role in explaining Russian M&A activity. We employ a specific ownership advantage, government ownership, and discover that partial government ownership discourages Russian firms from pursuing full ownership in M&As. Further, Russian multinationals benefit from internalization advantages in tandem with location advantages derived from natural-resource endowments. |
| Keywords: | internationalization, foreign direct investments, FDI, invesments, Russia, OLI, OLI-model, M&A, M&A activity, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8686&r=cis |
| By: | Kazantcev, Anatoly K.; Logacheva, Anna V.; Veselova, Anna S. |
| Abstract: | Following the logic of resource-based view and dynamic capabilities, exploration and exploitation concepts the present study addresses the concept of firmÙ³ innovation resources and innovation capabilities. Empirical testing of measurement model conducted on the sample of 55 Russian industrial enterprises identified a set of six components of innovation capabilities: financial, technological, informational (exploration and exploitation), human and organizational. Information exploration component is found to be the most important for firmÙ³ innovation capabilities formation, while financial component is found to be critical to form firmÙ³ innovation resources. |
| Keywords: | innovation capabilities, innovation measurement, information exploration, resource-based view, dynamic capabilities, innovation resources, innovative firm, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8671&r=cis |
| By: | Ivakina, Anastasiia A.; Silaeva, Nataliia; Zenkevich, Nikolay A. |
| Abstract: | Financial supply chain management and working capital management are increasingly recognized as important means to increase profitability in a supply chain. The physical product flow has long been addressed by researchers and practitioners. However, now companies have identified the financial side of the supply chain as a promising area for improvements. In our study we focus on improving the existing working capital management model not only by introducing holistic collaborative supply chain perspective to it, but also by optimizing it in terms of total financial costs. |
| Keywords: | collaboration, financial supply, financial management, working capital, profitability, supply chain, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8669&r=cis |
| By: | Florian Knobloch; Hector Pollitt; Unnada Chewpreecha; Jean-Francois Mercure |
| Abstract: | We take a simulation-based approach for modelling ten scenarios, aiming at near-zero global CO2 emissions by 2050 in the residential heating sector, using different combinations of policy instruments. Their effectiveness highly depends on behavioural decision-making by households, especially in a context of deep decarbonisation and rapid transformation. We therefore use the non-equilibrium bottom-up model FTT:Heat, which allows to simulate policy-induced technology transitions in a context of inertia and bounded rationality. Results show that a decarbonisation of residential heating is achievable until 2050, but requires substantial policy efforts from 2020 onwards. Due to long average lifetimes of heating equipment, the transition needs decades rather than years. Policy mixes are projected to be more effective for driving the market of new technologies, compared to the reliance on a carbon tax as the only policy instrument. In combination with subsidies for renewables, near-zero decarbonisation can be achieved with a residential carbon tax of 50-150Euro/tCO2. The policy-induced technology transition would increase heating costs faced by households initially, but lead to net savings in the medium term. From a global perspective, the decarbonisation largely depends on policy-implementation in Europe, North-America, China and Russia. |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1710.11019&r=cis |
| By: | Ermolaeva, Lyubov A.; Pantic, Bojan |
| Abstract: | It is widely recognized that corporate political ties (CPT) in general lead to better organizational performance and higher firm value (Fisman, 2001; Frynas, Mellahi and Pigman, 2006; Goldman, Rocholl and So, 2009) however there are empirical evidence that the presence of CPT under certain circumstances causes negative effects on firm value (e.g. Aggarwal, Meshke & Wang, 2012; Hersh, Netter & Pope, 2008). The investigated case of RusalÙ³ investments in Montenegrin aluminum plant demonstrates that CPT did not improve the organizational performance but even result in Rusal escaping from Montenegro. The aim of the study is to reveal/uncover the process through which corporate political ties (CPT) transform from valuable asset to a costly liability by unswerving following research questions: why corporate political ties change over time? And how this change impacts the MNE strategy in the foreign market? |
| Keywords: | political ties, EMNEs, multinational companies, entreprises, Balkans, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8619&r=cis |
| By: | Kosheleva, Sofia V. |
| Abstract: | The research aims to explore individual experience of employees' engagement into Innovative Work Behaviour (IWB), along with personal and contextual characteristics as possible antecedents of it, focusing on the corresponding Strategic Human Capital Management approach Ó High Involvement Work System (HIWS). This is a cross-sectional research; however it relies on introspection of employeesÙ performance during the preceding year. The research revealed positive relationship between ܈IWSÝ and Ü©ntrinsic motivationݬ Ü©ntrinsic motivationÝ and Ü£reativityݬ Ü£reativityÝ and ܉WB. HIWS is still new for CIS countries: it increases employees' motivation, however does not lead to the increased IWB. |
| Keywords: | human resource management, personnel management, creativity, organizational behavior, innovation, Russia, High Involvement Work System, HIWS, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8677&r=cis |
| By: | Blagov, Evgeny Yu.; Zhukova, Kiran V.; Pleshkova, Anastasiia Yu.; Koritskiy, Nikita; Soldatkin, Emil O. |
| Abstract: | The goal of research is to figure out knowledge sharing barriers in the administrative processes of the undergraduate educational programs on an evidence of the Bachelor in Management program at one of the Saint Petersburg universities. The study is qualitative, based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with the administrative personnel involved in the programÙ³ management. On the basis of the interview results, methodology of further quantitative research is developed, planning to expand the research to a statistically significant sample of respondents in several universities, as well as practical recommendations for the surveyed programÙ³ knowledge management are given. |
| Keywords: | knowledge management, knowledge sharing, educational management, undergraduate programs, education, Russia, Saint-Petersburg, interviews, iniversities, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8603&r=cis |
| By: | Fedotov, Yuri V.; Iablonskii, Kazimir P. |
| Abstract: | The paper starts with the analysis of regulation on performance measurement of Saint-Petersburg public healthcare organizations (HCOs) issued by the City Administration in 2012. It is followed by critical overview of the approaches to performance measurement in healthcare. Special attention is given to the frontier models of measuring the HCOÙ³ operational efficiency and discussion of obtained results, The latter is extended with the performance model developed according to the NeelyÙ³ Ü°erformance prismÝ (Neely & Adams, 2002) which is then used to benchmark the performance of St.Petersburg public HCOs. |
| Keywords: | public hospitals, performance, benchmarking, St.Petersburg, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:cpaper:8620&r=cis |