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on Confederation of Independent States |
| By: | Brainerd, Elizabeth (Brandeis University) |
| Abstract: | How does a shock to sex ratios affect marriage markets and fertility? I use the drastic change in sex ratios caused by World War II to identify the effects of unbalanced sex ratios on Russian women. Using unique data from the Soviet archives, the results indicate that male scarcity led to lower rates of marriage and fertility, higher nonmarital births and reduced bargaining power within marriage for women most affected by war deaths. The impact of sex ratio imbalance on marriage and family persisted for years after the war's end, and was likely magnified by policies that promoted nonmarital births and discouraged divorce. |
| Keywords: | sex ratios, marriage, family, fertility, divorce law |
| JEL: | J12 J16 N34 P23 |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10130&r=cis |
| By: | John V. Nye (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Maksym Bryukhanov (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Sergiy Polyachenko (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Does the educational process itself transform an individual’s world outlook towards pro-market values in transition? Much evidence indicates that education correlates with liberal values. However, it is not clear whether this association is the result of selection into education or whether education itself makes people liberal as education and liberal values both are linked to unobservable characteristics such as cognitive abilities, household traits, and the social environment, implying biased ordinary least squares estimates. We employ unique data from 2 waves of the Russian Longitudinal Measurement Survey (RLMS) which contains individual attitudes towards government price control. To overcome the issue of the mutual correlation of liberal values, education, and predetermined and time stable characteristics (fixed effects), we use regressions in first-differences. A negative link between obtaining higher education and support for government price control is documented. The results are also robust to different indicators of the dependent variable and for different sub-samples. Additionally, based on a cross-section sample, we provide evidence that the psychodynamic channel of educational impact on pro-market attitudes is important: white-collar occupations can be considered as insurance against possible market price shocks. The liberal effect of education shows the importance of research on educational policy in the process of the formation of pro-market attitudes in Russia and in other transition economies. |
| Keywords: | market economy, values, education, Russia, attitudes, RLMS |
| JEL: | P10 I23 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:146/ec/2016&r=cis |
| By: | Стукач, Виктор; Помогаев, Виталий; Старовойтова, Наталья; Зинич, Алла |
| Abstract: | В данной статье рассмотрены проблемы России и стран с трансформируемой экономикой, связанные с обеспечением продовольственной безопасности, созданием региональной инфраструктуры распределения внутренней продовольственной помощи (далее ВПП) нуждающемуся населению, сохранением социальной направленности сельского хозяйства, обеспечением доступности нуждающихся слоев населения к здоровому питанию, государственной поддержкой отечественных производителей в рамках «зеленой корзины» ВТО; использованием малопригодных земель для ведения органического земледелия, получением экологически чистых про-дуктов питания. Расширены теоретические знания относительно неформальных институтов в сфере социальной защиты, поведенческих реакций, нуждающихся на проводимые государством мероприятия по борьбе с бедностью, создания механизмов сочетания рыночных и распредели-тельных отношений. На основе проведенного исследования авторы предлагают программу мер, которые классифицированы по сферам влияния. В сфере государственной поддержки - поэтапное расширение государственных гарантий. В области внутренней продовольственной помощи населению - формирование государственно-частного партнерства в создании и организации функционирования предприятий инфраструктурного комплекса, изменение структуры средств, прежде направляемых на прямую поддержку сельхозпроизводителей, координации взаимодействия участников, входящих в производственную, социальную, кредитно- финансовую и торговую сфе-ры, функционирование расчетно-платежной системы. В научно-технологической сфере - развитие инфраструктуры индустрии питания, технологическое оснащение процесса приготовления пищи путем исключения потерь на отдельных переделах. В развитии ресурсной базы продовольствия - увеличение объемов производства сельскохозяйственной продукции, наращивание производственных мощностей перерабатывающих предприятий, оптимизация потоков продовольствия в технологическом цикле. В изменении архитектуры торгового процесса - введение в состав продуктовых цепочек производственно-логистических центров (ПЛЦ), что позволит производителям, минуя торговые сети, увеличить объем кондиционного продовольствия, соответствующего технологическим требованиям; использование ресурсов транснациональных торговых сетевых структур в развитии логистического потенциала регионов. |
| Keywords: | инфраструктура продовольственной помощи населению, производственно-логистический центр, "зеленая корзина" ВТО, органическое земледелие. |
| JEL: | Q1 Q13 Q15 Q18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:73086&r=cis |
| By: | John V. Nye (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Maksym Bryukhanov (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Sergiy Polyachenko (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Is in utero exposure to testosterone (T), measured by the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), associated with lifetime educational attainment? A growing body of work finds exposure to prenatal T to be associated with aggression, physical fitness, performance in computer science, and type of occupation. However, there has not yet been substantial research its relationship with lifetime educational outcomes. Using a large sample drawn from families in Moscow and in the Moscow region from the Russian Longitudinal Measurement Survey (RLMS), we observe clear links between measured 2D:4D and the levels of education obtained by men. Statistically significant positive associations between higher 2D:4D (lower prenatal T) and higher levels of education were found, using difference in means analysis and generalized ordered logit (gologit) regressions. These findings were also robust to using a different subsample. Weaker findings were seen for women. Since many of the earlier findings have shown the benefits of higher prenatal T for achievement, the current finding of a negative effect of prenatal T on educational attainment raises interesting issues about the ambiguous effects of prenatal T and the degree to which the traits it promotes interact with different tasks and social contexts |
| Keywords: | 2D:4D, prenatal testosterone, education, RLMS, Russia |
| JEL: | I15 I21 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:145/ec/2016&r=cis |
| By: | Bulana, Oleksandra |
| Abstract: | Tax issues pertaining to cross-border trade in goods between related parties (i.e., companies from the same group) represent a major challenge for many national tax and customs administrations. One of the biggest concerns is how to determine the fair market price for such operations. The methodology for determining the tax base depends on the type of tax concerned - i.e., transfer pricing methods for corporate income tax and customs valuation methods for indirect taxes. The two approaches have considerable differences, that may result in negative implications for the fiscal authorities (tax evasion) and taxpayers (disputes with the fiscal authorities, overpaid tax). The article highlights the main differences between the methods of transfer pricing and customs valuation. The author analyzes the recent Ukrainian legal changes pertaining to control over transfer pricing. The author describes potential risks for taxpayers and the areas that require settlement by the customs authorities in relation with the new transfer pricing regulations in Ukraine. The main achievement of this research is development of recommendations for harmonization of transfer pricing and customs valuation in Ukraine, inter alia considering international best practices. |
| Keywords: | transfer pricing, customs valuation, import of goods. |
| JEL: | H25 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:72576&r=cis |
| By: | Ira N. Gang (Rutgers University); Kseniia Gatskova; John Landon-Lane; Myeong-Su Yun |
| Abstract: | We examine vulnerability to poverty in Tajikistan during the global financial crisis, focusing on the roles played by international migration and remittances, using a formal, practical, and easily decomposable vulnerability measure. Our strategy is to estimate a Markov transition probability matrix with the aim of identifying the vulnerability of households to poverty. Importantly, by introducing the index of vulnerability as the weighted probability of a household falling into poverty over a given time horizon, we can use the estimated dynamics to assess the short, medium and long-run vulnerability. We find that during the “recession transition” almost all households were vulnerable to poverty while almost none were during the “recovery period”. Overall, urban households, more educated households and households receiving remittances from international labor migrants were less vulnerable to poverty. While households with a current or very recent migrant did not have a significantly lower measured vulnerability to poverty, those households receiving remittances from migrants had a lower vulnerability to poverty. Our findings stress that the international labor migration from Tajikistan may not be considered as a reliable means of welfare security for the households because external economic shocks and internal political decisions may negatively affect Russian economy and lead to a reduction of remittances flow to Tajikistan. |
| Keywords: | mobility measurement, vulnerability, poverty, inequality, measurement, Tajikistan |
| JEL: | J60 D63 I32 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ost:wpaper:359&r=cis |
| By: | Виктор, Стукач; Надежда, Аникина |
| Abstract: | The paper set a goal: to carry out the analysis used in the world practice techniques for studying organizational behavior and culture. to reveal a measure of influence on the formation of the transaction costs for each of the measurement parameters of the national culture: the distancing power; uncertainly avoidance; individualism / collectivism; masculinity / femininity, long-term / short-term orientation if the time; indulgence / restraint. On the materials in the region to apply the methodology G. Hofstede to measure the parameters of the current organizational culture of the agricultural sector in the region, which are a resource for the creation of social capital, forming an array of transaction costs determine the efficiency of tlie economy. Work provides guidance to the business community municipal and regional governments to regulate the processes of institutional development the reduction of transaction costs |
| Keywords: | transaction costs, organizational culture, methods of G. Hofstede, Omsk region. трансакционные издержки, организационная культура, , методика Г. Хофстеде, омский регион. |
| JEL: | C0 C4 D22 D23 O4 O57 |
| Date: | 2016–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:73204&r=cis |