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on Confederation of Independent States |
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Issue of 2015‒10‒04
twenty papers chosen by |
| By: | Natalia Kornienko (RANEPA); Elisa Velikova (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | В рамках работы проведен анализ зарубежного опыта в области правового статуса контролируемых иностранных компаний, критериев признания иностранной компании контролируемой, принципов определения налогового резидентства и иных вопросов, которые могут оказывать влияние на администрирование контролируемых иностранных компаний. В частности, рассмотрены способы и механизмы информационного обеспечения применения законодательства о контролируемых иностранных компаниях. Рассмотрено соответствующее действующее законодательство РФ. Выявлены правовые проблемы, могущие препятствовать администрированию контролируемых иностранных компаний. По результатам проведенного анализа даны рекомендации в части правовых механизмов и инструментов для предотвращения аккумулирования прибыли в офшорных юрисдикциях контролируемых иностранных компаний российскими организациями. As part of the analysis of foreign experience in the field of the legal status of controlled foreign companies, criteria for recognition of a foreign company controlled by, the principles of determining tax residency and other issues that may have an impact on the administration of foreign-controlled companies. In particular, we consider the ways and mechanisms of information provision of the legislation on controlled foreign companies. Having considered the relevant current legislation. Revealed legal problems that could hinder the administration of controlled foreign companies. According to the results of the analysis recommendations regarding the legal mechanisms and tools to prevent the accumulation of profits in offshore jurisdictions controlled foreign companies the Russian organizations. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, corporate law, foreign companies |
| JEL: | L22 M14 M16 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:133&r=all |
| By: | Vladimir Mau (RANEPA); Sergey Ulyukaev (RANEPA) |
| Abstract: | The global crisis creates a new economic and political agenda. It requires a rethinking of many of the conclusions of economic theory and practice, which is still considered to be accepted. The paper analyzes the key issues of economic development in the medium term. Among the important for the formation of a new model of economic growth problems are considered: the rate of growth and the likelihood of long-term stagnation, new challenges to macroeconomic policies in connection with a wide spread of its unconventional tools, inequality and economic growth, the contours of the new social state, perspectives of globalization, as well as re-industrialization in developed countries. On this basis, analyzes the nature and causes of the crisis in the Russian economy, compared crises 2008-2009 and 2014-2015 years., There are three main components of the latter. We consider the effects and impact of sanctions on the change in the economic situation in the country, the medium-term structural growth constraints. Examples of medium- and long-term measures that will help to reverse the current trends and bring the economy on the path of sustainable development. Глобальный кризис формирует новую экономико-политическую повестку. Она требует переосмысления многих выводов экономической теории и практики, которые до сих пор считались общепринятыми. В работе анализируются ключевые вопросы экономического развития на среднесрочную перспективу. В числе важных для формирования новой модели экономического роста проблемы рассматриваются: темпы роста и вероятность долгосрочной стагнации, новые вызовы макроэкономической политики в связи с широким распространением ее нетрадиционных инструментов, неравенство и экономический рост, контуры нового социального государства, перспективы глобализации, а также реиндустриализации в развитых странах. На этой основе анализируются характер и причины кризисных явлений в российской экономике, сопоставляются кризисы 2008–2009 и 2014–2015 гг., выделяются три основные компоненты последнего. Рассматриваются эффекты и влияние санкций на изменение экономической ситуации в стране, структурные среднесрочные ограничения темпов роста. Приводятся примеры средне- и долгосрочных мер, которые помогут переломить существующие тенденции и вывести экономику на траекторию устойчивого развития.. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, global crisis, economic policy |
| JEL: | F34 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:126&r=all |
| By: | Alexander Knobel (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Alexey Mironov (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | В последнее время на пространстве СНГ все активнее развиваются собственные интеграционные процессы, и одним из возможных и логичных вариантов дальнейшего их развития может стать создание валютного союза некоторыми государствами-членами Содружества. В работе предпринимается попытка теоретического анализа потенциальной готовности стран СНГ к созданию валютного союза с Россией, исходя из предположений и критериев, выработанных в теории оптимальных валютных зон. В первой части работы описывается ряд критериев теории ОВЗ, которые определяют готовность стран к созданию валютного союза, а также некоторые выгоды и издержки от валютного союза. Затем, на основе отобранных теоретических критериев, выделяется ряд макроэкономических показателей, по которым во второй части работы проводится оценка готовности стран СНГ к созданию валютной зоны с Россией. English Abstract: Recently there have been intensively developing integration processes in the CIS area and one of the possible and reasonable scenarios of their future development seems to be the establishment of a monetary union by some CIS countries. This research attempts a theoretical study of the CIS countries’ potential readiness to establish a monetary union with Russia basing on the presumptions and criteria developed in a theory of optimum currency areas. The first part of the research specifies some basic criteria of optimum currency area theory, which define the readiness of countries to establish a monetary union as well as certain benefits and costs of such a union. The second part of the research assesses the readiness of the CIS countries to establish a monetary union with Russia basing on a range of macroeconomic indicators determined by selected theoretical criteria. |
| Keywords: | integration process, CIS, monetary union, Russia, currency |
| JEL: | E42 F33 F36 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:136&r=all |
| By: | Olga Izryadnova (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | Научные проблемы, связанные с анализом и исследованием структурных сдвигов в российской экономике, включают качественные и количе- ственные оценки потенциала экономического роста, а также разработку и обоснование конструктивных предложений и альтернативных вариантов экономической политики. В работе представлены результаты анализа основных изменений российской экономики на основе исследования динамики и структуры внут- реннего и внешнего спроса. Использованная система показателей адекватно отражает изменения основных параметров экономической политики, характеризует механизм воздействия на показатели эффективности использования факторов производства и повышения конкурентоспособно- сти российской экономики. Работа выполнена на большом массиве статистических данных, обработанных в соответствии с целями исследования. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, structure of the Russian economy, structural shifts |
| JEL: | G18 G28 O11 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:127&r=all |
| By: | Vladimir Komarov (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); V. Ivanov (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Pavel Pavlov (RANEPA); Nikita Rumyantsev (RANEPA) |
| Abstract: | Данная работа посвящена исследованию роли социального капитала в обеспечении модернизации российской экономики. В работе подчеркивается значение институтов для экономического развития, а также предпринимается попытка продемонстрировать, каким образом качество институциональной среды (включая государственное регулирование) может повышаться путем улучшения характеристик социального капитала. Кроме того, в данной работе раскрывается роль социального капитала в обеспечении экономически эффективных институциональных преобразований, преодолении эффекта блокировки экономических реформ. This paper focuses on the research of the social capital impact on the modernization of the Russian economy. Authors underscore the magnitude of the institutes for the economic development as well as attempt to demonstrate in what way the quality of the institutional environment (including government regulation) can be upgraded by improving the quality of social capital. Moreover, this paper unfolds the role of social capital in the transformation of economically efficient institutional changes, overcoming obstruction of economic reforms. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, social capital, human capital, economic reforms |
| JEL: | J38 J24 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:135&r=all |
| By: | Tatiana A. Meshkova (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Evgenii IA. Moiseichev (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to analyse the scope for improving empirical and methodological foundation of global value chains (GVCs) research and for making relevant political decisions, primarily through application of foresight methodology based on the latest trend to combine the approaches of global value chain and national innovation systems research. The authors choose Russia as an illustrative case of an economy in the changing geopolitical context to review major trends of global value chains’ development, specific features of Russia’s participation in them, and the necessary steps to increase the quality and efficiency of this participation. Special attention was paid to theoretical, methodological, and empirical tools of GVC research and of making relevant political decisions – which presently are far from being adequate: they need to be supplemented with the new ones to improve the forecasting potential, and practical and strategic orientation of the GVC approach. To this end, approaches which would make it possible to research interconnection between global processes and trends with regional and national innovation-based development tendencies become of crucial importance. Application of foresight methodology may significantly contribute to researching the GVC phenomenon, being a major logical step towards creating advanced policy tools to mobilise available resources and coordinate stakeholders’ actions to increase Russia’s global competitiveness. The paper presents a number of case studies which describe practical application of various foresight methodology components to analyse Russian participation in various GVCs, by the examples of specific product and service groups (fresh fruit and vegetables, car parts, mobile phones, air transport, electronic payment systems). The authors conclude that both full-scale foresight studies and specific components thereof could be applied for the purposes of GVC analysis, strategic planning and making political decisions |
| Keywords: | global value-added chains (GVCs); trade; competition; globalisation; innovation; foresight |
| JEL: | O14 O25 O31 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:47sti2015&r=all |
| By: | Polterovich, Victor |
| Abstract: | Corporate programs of helping employees to purchase housing are studied. We consider the goals of corporate housing programs (CHP), suggest their classification, and discuss the problem of designing CHP. It is shown how foreign regional housing programs interact with CHP. Typical examples of foreign CHP at the level of individual firms, consortia and partnerships are given, as well as the programs used by US universities. CHP of large Russian companies are described. We suggest a methodology for designing and evaluating of complex mortgage CHP, and formulate recommendations for development of CHP in Russia. |
| Keywords: | mortgage subsidy, mortgage financing, partnership, consortium, savings and loan bank account for housing, modeling of corporate housing programs |
| JEL: | D02 D14 G21 |
| Date: | 2015–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:66981&r=all |
| By: | Olga Berezinskaya (RANEPA) |
| Abstract: | Conducting targeted and effective structural policy and its correlation with the strategic objectives of the national economy has fundamental importance, as it helps enter the target trend growth and the formation of the target socio-economic configuration. This policy is implemented not only States and supranational entities and demonstrate evolution of their priorities of socio-economic development. The paper presents an analysis of the world experience of structural policy, given its scientific basis, provides practical cal mechanisms, institutions and regulations, describes the features integration process of structural projects in the socio-economic nomic policy in Russia. Development and implementation of state structural policy is regarded as the most effective way to achieve the objectives of social and economic Russia's development and consolidation of sub-target parameters supports state policies in a unified strategic document ments planning. Проведение целенаправленной и эффективной структурной политики и ее соотнесение со стратегическими целями национальной экономики имеет принципиальную важность, поскольку способствует выходу на целевой тренд роста и формированию целевой социально-экономической конфигурации. Такая политика реализуется не только государствами, но и наднациональными образованиями, и демонстрирует эволюцию их приоритетов социально-экономического развития. В работе предложен анализ мирового опыта проведения структурной политики, дается ее научное обоснование, приводятся практические механизмы, институты и регламенты, рассмотрены особенности процесса интеграции структурных проектов в социально-экономическую политику в России. Разработка и реализация государственной структурной политики рассматривается как наиболее эффективный способ достижения целевых показателей социально-экономического развития России, а также консолидации целевых параметров всех поддерживаемых государством стратегий в единых стратегических документах планирования.. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, structural policy, socio-economic configuration |
| JEL: | D21 D22 D23 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:129&r=all |
| By: | Tatiana Klyachko (RANEPA) |
| Abstract: | The report examines the main trends in the development of vocational education in the Russian Federation and the challenges that are associated with the changes taking place. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the processes of differentiation of higher education institutions, the problems of quality assessment vocational training, as well as licensing and accreditation in solving problems of higher education. A special place is the study of the situation with access to additional vocational training. On the basis of Federal State Statistics Service and monitoring of continuing professional education, the first wave of which RANEPA conducted in 2013, identified the needs of enterprises in the professional development of their employees, management shortfalls, economic, technical and ICT competencies of staff. Attitude of the employees towards obtaining additional knowledge and skills is also identified, as well as their interest in learning. A positive aspect is the fact that almost half of employees (49%) are willing to invest in their education, pay for it. В докладе рассматриваются основные тенденции развития профессионального образования в Российской Федерации и те вызовы, которые сопряжены с происходящими изменениями. Большое внимание уделено анализу процессов дифференциации вузов, проблемам оценки качества профессионального образования, а также роли системы лицензирования и аккредитации в решении стоящих перед высшим образованием задач. Отдельное место занимает исследование ситуации с получением дополнительного профессионального образования. На основе материалов Росстата и мониторинга непрерывного профессионального образования, первую волну которого РАНХиГС провел в 2013 г., выявлены потребности предприятий в повышении квалификации их работников, в устранении дефицита управленческих, экономических, технических и информационно-коммуникационных компетенций персонала. Определено и отношение самих работников к получению дополнительных знаний и навыков, их заинтересованность в обучении. Позитивным моментом является то, что почти половина работников (49%) готовы вкладываться в свое образование, платить за него. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, vocational education, education reform |
| JEL: | I21 I22 I23 I24 I25 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:132&r=all |
| By: | Peter Havlik (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Summary Russia was in the direst straits even before the Ukraine crisis erupted on a grand scale in 2014. The sanctions imposed after the annexation of Crimea have deterred investments still further and instigated capital flight. The oil price slump of late 2014 and the related collapse of the rouble have inflicted additional pain and boosted inflation. Assuming that the sanctions and oil prices remain at their current (mid-2015) levels, our baseline scenario sticks to an earlier forecast of a close to 4% drop in GDP in 2015, followed by weak recovery resulting from a gradual revival in government-sponsored investment and the sluggish launch of import substitution programmes. The latter, together with more state interventions and changing the pivot from the EU to the East, could provide a modest, yet unimpressive, stimulus to the economy. Nevertheless, the chances for a successful implementation of industrial policies aiming at the diversification of the economy are now even bleaker under the regime of sanctions than in the past, and the economic prospects are accordingly gloomy. |
| Keywords: | Russia, prices, industrial policy, foreign trade, economic integration |
| JEL: | E6 F4 O4 O5 |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:rpaper:rr:406&r=all |
| By: | Vladimir Mau (RANEPA); Tatiana Klyachko (RANEPA) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the future of universities: trends that are increasingly drawing attention, and those who have yet to appear, without getting into the field of view of the majority of researchers in higher education. Debate on the future of the university is due to the emergence of new factors and circumstances, play a significant role in the development of higher education, especially in developed countries. Among the key questions as the proper factors of development education and global context. The former include the rapid growth of costs universities and the emergence of massive open online courses (MEP) as a possible counterweight to rise in the cost of education, as well as the emerging shift from mass to universal higher education. The second group - the course of the global crisis and the contours of the new socio-economic and technological realities that will form as a result of its settlement. After a change in the place and the role of universities and the influence of new social factors, and the change of economic model. Naturally, special attention is paid to the analysis of trends in Russian higher education. The report attempts to examine the consequences of the coming changes and possible fork in educational policy. В докладе обсуждается будущее университетов: те тенденции, на которые все больше обращается внимание, и те, которые еще только проявляются, не попав в поле зрения большинства исследователей высшего образования. Дискуссия о будущем университетов ведется в связи с появлением новых факторов и обстоятельств, играющих существенную роль в развитии высшего образования, особенно в развитых странах. Среди ключевых вопросов как собственно факторы развития образования, так и глобальный контекст. К первым относятся быстрый рост издержек университетов и появление массовых онлайновых открытых курсов (МООС) как возможного противовеса удорожанию образования, а также наметившийся переход от массового высшего образования к всеобщему. Ко вторым — ход глобального кризиса и контуры той новой социально-экономической и технологической реальностей, которые сформируются в результате его разрешения. Ведь на изменение места и роли университетов влияют и новые социальные факторы, и смена экономической модели. Естественно, что особое внимание авторы уделяют анализу российских тенденций в сфере высшего образования. В докладе предпринята попытка рассмотреть последствия грядущих перемен и возможные развилки образовательной политики.. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, education system, higher education |
| JEL: | I21 I22 I23 I24 I25 I28 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:128&r=all |
| By: | Tatiana Klyachko (RANEPA) |
| Abstract: | The education system is one of the major subsystems of a society to ensure the preservation and accumulation of human capital. Due to the fact that human capital is having an increasing impact on the competitiveness of the country, the role of education in modern society is steadily increasing (as well as the problems associated with its development). It is possible to talk about that in the near future competitiveness of the country on the world stage will be determined primarily by the competitiveness of their education systems. In 2011, the Russian Human Development Index (HDI) calculated by UNDP took the 66th place among 187 countries, having entered the group of countries with high human development. At the same time on the set of indices of education, it was on the 41th place, on the healthcare - on the 122th. In other words, in the world "Table of Ranks" Russia's position on education is at a high location (above the country's), while maintaining significant growth potential. Система образования входит в число важнейших подсистем общества, обеспечивающих сохранение и накопление человеческого капитала. В силу того что человеческий капитал оказывает все большее воздействие на конкурентоспособность страны, роль образования в современном обществе неуклонно возрастает (равно как и проблемы, связанные с его развитием). Можно говорить о том, что уже в ближайшее время конкурентоспособность стран на мировой арене будет в первую очередь определяться конкурентоспособностью их систем образования. В 2011 г. Россия по индексу человеческого развития (ИЧР), рассчитываемому UNDP, заняла 66-е место среди 187 стран, войдя в группу стран с высоким уровнем человеческого потенциала. При этом по совокупному индексу образования она оказалась на 41-м месте, по здравоохранению — на 122-м. Другими словами, в мировой «табели о рангах» положение России по образованию находится на достаточно высоком месте (выше странового), сохраняя серьезный потенциал роста. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, education system, human capital, education reform |
| JEL: | I21 I22 I23 I24 I25 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:131&r=all |
| By: | Rogozhnikova Varvara (Department of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University) |
| Abstract: | The article deals with the thesis, that the modern neoclassical model of «homo economicus» corresponds to the real human type, acting in all the spheres of Western and Russian social life today. In support to this hypothesis author comes up with two arguments: social-anthropological and ideological. The first one touches on the transformation in the mode of life of an individual and the whole societies of Western Europe and USA. As the result of this transformation it became possible to speak about the supremacy of the “capitalistic spirit” in the West to the middle of XIX century. The second argument addresses to the ideological basis of such a transformation, and present some evidences of the existence of the «homo economicus» in the Russian social-cultural area. |
| Keywords: | homo economicus, neoclassical economic theory, philosophy of economics, methodology of economics, neoliberalism. |
| JEL: | B40 B41 B5 |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upa:wpaper:0023&r=all |
| By: | Steinbach, Anja; Kuhnt, Anne-Kristin; Knüll, Markus |
| Abstract: | Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit den Anteilen von Eineltern- und Stieffamilien sowie haushaltsübergreifenden Familienstrukturen in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern. Die Frage, wie viele Eineltern- und Stieffamilien es in den verschiedenen Ländern Europas tatsächlich gibt, konnte bislang nicht zufriedenstellend beantwortet werden. Für viele Länder existieren lediglich Schätzungen unter Rückgriff auf Scheidungsraten. Analysen auf Basis der Surveys des "Generations and Gender Programme" (GGP), die mittlerweile für 16 Staaten Europas (Belgien, Bulgarien, Deutschland, Estland, Frankreich, Georgien, Italien, Litauen, Niederlande, Norwegen, Österreich, Polen, Rumänien, Tschechische Republik, Ungarn, inklusive Russland) verfügbar sind, ermöglichen es allerdings, komplexe Familienstrukturen, wie sie bei Scheidungs- und Trennungsfamilien vorliegen, zu analysieren. Insgesamt werden 55.350 Familienhaushalte berücksichtigt, in denen minderjährige Kinder leben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Anteile von Scheidungs- und Trennungsfamilien in den vorliegenden Ländern zwischen 7 und 30 Prozent variieren. Dabei wird ein Nord-Süd-Gefälle deutlich: Während der Anteil an Scheidungs- und Trennungsfamilien in den nordeuropäischen Ländern eher hoch ausfällt, ist er in den südeuropäischen Ländern deutlich geringer. Darüber hinaus ist der Anteil an Scheidungs- und Trennungsfamilien in einigen osteuropäischen Ländern besonders niedrig, in anderen jedoch außerordentlich hoch. Neben der Verteilung von Eineltern- und Stieffamilien hinweg, werden auch haushaltsübergreifende Konstellationen berücksichtigt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass man die Diversität von Familien deutlich unterschätzt, wenn auf der Haushaltsebene verharrt wird. |
| Abstract: | This study deals with the prevalence of single-parent- and stepfamilies in Europe and their linkages in cross-household constellations. The question about the prevalence of these family constellations could not be answered satisfactory in the past. Noumerous studies revert to rough estimations based on crude divorce rates. The analysis presents color-coded descriptive statistics from official sources as well as from the surveys of the "Generations and Gender Program" (GGP), allowing visual comparisons of the prevalence of complex family structures that emerge from divorce and separation as predicted by crude divorce rates and as present in nationally representative survey samples. Data are now available for 16 European states (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, and Russia) and include a total of 55,350 family households with non-adult children. Single-parent families and stepfamilies constituted between 7 and 30 percent of the national samples. A north-south divide is clearly evident such that the share of single-parent families and stepfamilies is much higher in Europe´s northern countries. Eastern Europe, however, includes countries in which the share of single-parent- and stepfamilies was extraordinarily high and countries in which the share was extraordinarily low. Beside the prevalence of single-parent- and stepfamilies cross-household constellations are considered. Analyes emphasize an underestimation of complex family structures because of the persistent neclection of crosshousehold constellations. |
| Keywords: | Scheidung,Trennung,Einelternfamilien,Stieffamilien,Internationaler Vergleich,Europa,divorce,separation,single-parent families,stepfamilies,cross-national comparison,Europe |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:udesoz:201502&r=all |
| By: | Vladimir Mau (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | The development of human capital is now recognized as being the most important precondition of economic growth in modern times. It should be a priority in our socio-economic policy. However, recognition of this fact alone will not produce a qualitative leap in the development of education, healthcare and the pension system. We need fundamental changes in these sectors if they are to become capable of meeting the challenges of post-industrial society. This will mean individualization of the services provided, continuous delivery of these services (over the lifetime of an individual), privatization (an increase in the role of private funding), the internationalization of competition and implementation of the latest technologies in the delivery of services. |
| Keywords: | human capital; education; healthcare, pension system, socioeconomic policy. |
| JEL: | G23 H75 I15 I18 I25 I28 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:124&r=all |
| By: | Tatiana Klyachko (RANEPA); Sergey Sinelnikov-Murylev (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | В двух разделах данной работы рассматриваются проблемы, которые встали перед системой высшего образования в последние годы в связи с реализацией ФЗ-83, последствия целого ряда принятых в этой сфере решений и возможные выходы из создавшейся ситуации. The two sections of this paper deal with problems that the higher education system faced over recent years in connection with the implementation of the Federal Law 83. Authors focus on the consequences of the number of measures taken in this field and making of possible ways out of the situation.. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, higher education reform, higher education funding |
| JEL: | I21 I22 I23 I24 I25 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:130&r=all |
| By: | Lamara Qoqiauri (Doctor of Economy. True Member of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Georgia and Scientific Academy of New York. Director of nongovernmental organization: Foundation of the Financial-Investment Strategy and Policy) |
| Abstract: | Each foreign investor today considers Georgia with its investment environment to be one of the most attractive countries. This is not a casual issue. Our country, with effective economical policy of the government, makes maximal attempts for avoiding multiple obstacles of forming favorable investment climate giving impulses to its actualization.My present work is dedicated to the problematic issues of forming investment climate favorable and attractive to the foreign investors, primary ranges of the industrial system – enterprises and organizations; I tried to represent the factors influencing upon formation of attractive investment environment and to give their new grouping and analyzing. In the preseneted work the following issues are researched: Investment climate and investment attractiveness from theoretical perspective, content and characteristic of principle factors of forming investment climate of the country: Economical factors and their role in creation of investment climate; Influence of administrative-legislative factors upon formation of the investment climate; Influence of social-economical factors upon investment climate; Influence of resources and technical capabilities upon investment climate, within possible bounds,I included practical materials selected for strengthening my theoretical postulates. Consideration of theoretical aspects forming investment climate discussed in the work as well as generalization of four blocks concerning investment climate and the outhors’s recommenations: •to abstain from adoption of laws setting unjustified restrictions to local and foreign investors and delay their development;•avoidance of regulations, restricting competition at the particular markets and promoting separate companies;•Harmonization of Georgian legislation with EU legislation and regulations of international legislative institutions;•Special attention to the environmental issues; share of investments in the basic stock its increase for environmental protection and rational utilization of natural resources;•revision of legislative and regulatory framework of environmental and sanitary-epidemiology monitoring. •solvation and arrangement of rights related to land use, settlement policy and competences of local residents as well as issues related to compensation, will help local and fereign investors to implement investment projects, create attractive investment climate in Georgia and activate investment processes. |
| Keywords: | Economical growth, Investment climate, investment attractiveness, macro-economy stability, legislative base, business, partner fund. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:3105379&r=all |
| By: | Vladimir Mau (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | The development of human capital is now recognized as being the most important precondition of economic growth in modern times. It should be a priority in our socio-economic policy. However, recognition of this fact alone will not produce a qualitative leap in the development of education, healthcare and the pension system. We need fundamental changes in these sectors if they are to become capable of meeting the challenges of post-industrial society. This will mean individualization of the services provided, continuous delivery of these services (over the lifetime of an individual), privatization (an increase in the role of private funding), the internationalization of competition and implementation of the latest technologies in the delivery of services. |
| Keywords: | human capital; education; healthcare, pension system, socioeconomic policy. |
| JEL: | G23 H75 I15 I18 I25 I28 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:wpaper:125&r=all |
| By: | Kuusi, Tero |
| Abstract: | This paper reconsiders the reasons for the Finnish Great Depression.The paper argues that during the crisis Finland experienced institutional adjustments that are largely neglected by the current literature, and argues that both financial and tax shocks may have contributed to the crisis more than it has been previously suggested. It is shown by using a general equilibrium model that together these factors can generate a large and widespread fall in key macroeconomic variables, whereas the results suggest that the direct impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union may not have been as large as suggested before. |
| Date: | 2015–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:wpaper:32&r=all |
| By: | Maya Grigolia; Lasha Labadze; Pavol Minarik; Alena Zemplinerova; Marek Vokoun |
| Abstract: | This report has been prepared in the framework of the project “Transfer of know-how to small and mid-size businesses” of the International Visegrad Fund (IVF) and USAID. It summarizes the conditions of the SME sector (small and medium size enterprises) in Georgia, identifies the main problems in their development and provides recommendations for further interventions based on the Czech experience, existing literature and a survey implemented among SME stakeholders.Georgia generally receives favorable evaluations of its business environment. It ranks high in indices of economic freedom and is among the top countries with respect to ease of starting and doing business. On the other hand, the SME sector suffers from several problems. The most serious obstacle to SME development seems to be in the area of finance; access to finance is difficult for SMEs and the cost of credit is high. Human capital and innovations are among the weak points of Georgian SMEs as well.The different shortcomings of the environment and markets call for different interventions. The paper is roadmap of concrete activities – it contains a set of recommendations to support SMEs development drawn on three different sources: first, the theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship policy, second, the Czech experience and know-how in the SME sector, and finally, the ideas of local experts and stakeholders generated during interviews and workshops.Activities and recommendations have been divided into “generic,” which relate to a particular determinant of business environment and have an impact across industries and sectors such as access to financing, education, developing skills training, R&D, innovation, export strategy, start-ups, and those which are “sector-specific,” such as banking, health and agriculture. Political stability, the main problem in Georgia, is beyond the scope of possible interventions. |
| Keywords: | small businesses, competition, liberalization, innovation, venture capital, business financing, skills and education |
| JEL: | D04 F23 L26 L30 M13 O25 O00 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sec:cnrepo:0123&r=all |