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on Confederation of Independent States |
| By: | Nikula, Nuutti; Kotilainen, Markku |
| Abstract: | Abstract: We have defined the Baltic Sea Region as consisting of the following countries: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, and Russia. We investigate foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from 1995 to 2010 to these countries econometrically. We use two basic models: the first one treats aggregate FDI inflows by countries, and the second focuses on bilateral FDI flows between country pairs. Because of limitations in data availability, the second model is built for a smaller group of countries. In this model we take into account the origin country of the FDI. Our results show that macroeconomic factors such as corporate taxes are important determinants for FDI flows. We notice that these factors and their effects vary between the Baltic Sea Region countries. Foreign trade with the investing country is also a statistically significant determinant for FDI, i.e. the countries that have trade with each other also invest in each other. On the other hand distance between countries doesn’t explain FDI flows. Institutional factors such as EU membership or a common currency are not statistically significant in our estimations but this could be because of data limitations and because of the fact that these changes in countries’ international status are incorporated in the other variables and are also foreseen by the investors. |
| Keywords: | Foreign direct investment (FDI), Baltic Sea Region, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, Russia |
| JEL: | F21 F23 F13 F15 |
| Date: | 2013–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:1&r=cis |
| By: | Valeria Andreoni (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Arto Inaki (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Jose Manuel Rueda Cantuche (Pablo Olavide University); Genty Aurelien (European Commission – DG Enterprise); Villanueva Krzyzaniak Alejandro (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | In the recent decades, the increase in the world population, the economic expansion and the globalization of the economy have led to a dramatic growth in the use of some natural resources and in the levels of pollution. These trends have coincided with a growing concern about some critical questions for the future of humankind such as resource scarcity and depletion, climate change, environmental degradation, the limits of growth or the inequalities in the access to natural resources across countries. In this context arises the need to develop a comprehensive dataset of reliable and comparable economic and environmental information that contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of these issues, and supporting evidence-based policy-making. In order to comply with this need, this Pocketbook presents a series of indicators describing the evolution of the use of natural resources and the emission of air pollutants around the world, in relation to production, consumption and trade activities. Based on different analysis derived from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), this publication includes information on 6 environmental dimensions: land use, material extraction, water use, and emission of acid substances, greenhouse gases and ozone precursors. The time frame covered is the period between 1995 and 2008, and the geographical scope includes the EU-27 Member States, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Russia, the United States of America and the Rest of the World. The information presented in this publication can be classified into 3 different groups of indicators: 1. The "Production" or "Domestic" side indicators report for each country the use of resources as primary inputs (i.e. domestic extraction of materials or land cultivated) and the emissions directly generated by national economic activities. 2. The "Consumption" or "Footprint" indicators show the resources or pollution embodied in the domestic final demand of one country, regardless of where these resources/emissions were used/emitted. 3. The "Trade" indicators account for the resources/pollution embodied international trade. This article quantifies for the first time not only the domestic employment effects of foreign EU exports but also the correct number of jobs generated through intra-European trade (Single Market) in the production of such exported commodities. The literature has neglected very often the latter effects mainly due to the lack of an appropriate methodology and database. The empirical evidence shows that the EU has really progressed during the period 2000-2007 towards a more vertically integrated economy, reducing the labour intensity of the goods and services exported outside the EU, trading most prominently within the EU Single Market and subsequently, generating an increasing number of jobs. Despite the reduction in the labour intensity of the European exports, the associated employment grew from 22 to 25 million jobs, out of which 9 million jobs were created due to spillover and feedback effects associated to the Single Market |
| Keywords: | Water, Land, Emissions, Materials, Trade; Input-Output Analysis; EU27 |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc71922&r=cis |
| By: | Valeria Andreoni (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Arto Inaki (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Jose Manuel Rueda Cantuche (Pablo Olavide University); Genty Aurelien (European Commission – DG Enterprise); Villanueva Krzyzaniak Alejandro (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | In the recent decades, the increase in the world population, the economic expansion and the globalization of the economy have led to a dramatic growth in the use of some natural resources and in the levels of pollution. These trends have coincided with a growing concern about some critical questions for the future of humankind such as resource scarcity and depletion, climate change, environmental degradation, the limits of growth or the inequalities in the access to natural resources across countries. In this context arises the need to develop a comprehensive dataset of reliable and comparable economic and environmental information that contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of these issues, and supporting evidence-based policy-making. In order to comply with this need, this Pocketbook presents a series of indicators describing the evolution of the use of natural resources and the emission of air pollutants around the world, in relation to production, consumption and trade activities. Based on different analysis derived from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), this publication includes information on 6 environmental dimensions: land use, material extraction, water use, and emission of acid substances, greenhouse gases and ozone precursors. The time frame covered is the period between 1995 and 2008, and the geographical scope includes the EU-27 Member States, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Russia, the United States of America and the Rest of the World. The information presented in this publication can be classified into 3 different groups of indicators: 1. The "Production" or "Domestic" side indicators report for each country the use of resources as primary inputs (i.e. domestic extraction of materials or land cultivated) and the emissions directly generated by national economic activities. 2. The "Consumption" or "Footprint" indicators show the resources or pollution embodied in the domestic final demand of one country, regardless of where these resources/emissions were used/emitted. 3. The "Trade" indicators account for the resources/pollution embodied international trade. This article quantifies for the first time not only the domestic employment effects of foreign EU exports but also the correct number of jobs generated through intra-European trade (Single Market) in the production of such exported commodities. The literature has neglected very often the latter effects mainly due to the lack of an appropriate methodology and database. The empirical evidence shows that the EU has really progressed during the period 2000-2007 towards a more vertically integrated economy, reducing the labour intensity of the goods and services exported outside the EU, trading most prominently within the EU Single Market and subsequently, generating an increasing number of jobs. Despite the reduction in the labour intensity of the European exports, the associated employment grew from 22 to 25 million jobs, out of which 9 million jobs were created due to spillover and feedback effects associated to the Single Market |
| Keywords: | Water, Land, Emissions, Materials, Trade; Input-Output Analysis; EU27 |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc71919&r=cis |
| By: | Aimad BIADAD (Laboratoire de Recherche sur l'Industrie et l'Innovation. ULCO) |
| Abstract: | Ce rapport présente les différentes technologies de détection des gaz dangereux pour l'homme et l'environnement actuellement sur le marché. Il identifie les avantages et les inconvénients de ces différentes technologies pour permettre à l'utilisateur de faire un choix en fonction de son contexte d'utilisation. Beaucoup d’applications utilisent ce genre de détecteur, mais leur développement nécessite l’amélioration de leurs performances. Côté industriel, le marché global des capteurs chimiques connait une très forte progression (+9,6%/an) depuis la fin des années 2000 avec un volume de 15 milliards de dollars en 2010. Concernant le marché pour les équipements de détection de gaz évalué dans un rapport récent de Global Industry Analysts Inc., il est estimé à 1,24 milliards de dollars US en 2008 et devrait atteindre 1,5 milliards de dollars en 2012. Ce marché, en constante évolution depuis le début des années 90, est partagé en grande partie entre l’Amérique du Nord (USA et Canada) et l’Europe. Ceci étant, avec la rapide industrialisation de pays émergents asiatiques et sud-américains, ce marché promet un essor spectaculaire surtout avec la forte demande due aux préoccupations de notre temps en matière d’environnement, de sécurité et de contrôle des procédés. Ces dispositifs de détection offrent potentiellement des applications dans les principaux domaines qui sont le transport, l’environnement, la santé, l’industrie et l’agroalimentaire. This report presents the different detection technologies of gases hazardous to humans and the environment currently on the market. It identifies the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies to allow the user to make a choice based on its context of use. Many applications use this type of detector, but their development requires improving their performance. On the industrial side, the global market for chemical sensors is experiencing very strong growth (+9.6%/year) since the late 2000s with a volume of $15 billion in 2010. Concerning the market for gas detection equipment evaluated in a recent report by Global Industry Analysts Inc., it is estimated at $1.24 billion in 2008 and should reach $1.5 billion in 2012. This market, evolving constantly since the early 90s, is largely shared between the North America (USA and Canada) and Europe. That being said, with the rapid industrialization of emerging Asian and South American market, this market promises a dramatic growth especially with the high demand due to current concerns in terms of environment, security and process control. These sensing devices potentially offer applications to the main areas that are transportation, environment, health, industry and the food sector. |
| Keywords: | détection des gaz, industrialisation, conséquences environnementales |
| JEL: | Q5 O44 L9 |
| Date: | 2013–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rii:riidoc:260&r=cis |